Petemberi - chii ichi? Shoko rokuti "petemberi". Petemberi mu akitekicha

Petemberi - ichi ndechimwe chikuru pezvokuvamba European mavakirwo temberi. Izvi izwi rinorevei? Apo zvinoitika? Ndezvipi chikuru zviri mberi nokudzoka shure pakati mapurani? Izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya nyaya yedu.

Petemberi - nayo ... The Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti

Temberi akitekicha iri unoshamisa zvechokwadi uye hunoyemurika. Kutarisa machechi makuru rwakavakwa spiers uye hombe Stained magirazi mahwindo, zvakaoma kudavira kuti runako uyu akasika munhu. On rimwe zvinokosha yetemberi mapurani ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Chii petemberi? Iri izwi rinoreva chikamu chivakwa chekereke, akagadzirirwa chete nokuti kugara akatendeka. Chii chinorehwa neshoko "petemberi"? Izvi mapurani izwi rinobva muchiLatin shoko navis, rinoreva "chikepe."

Zvechokwadi, kuti petemberi - a longitudinal nhengo pakuvaka temberi, nzvimbo, chaizvo nowenyika chikepe kana chikepe. Haasi netsaona ane elongated chimiro, inomiririra rurefu rwokuenda ruponeso wechiKristu. Nemamwe mashoko, kereke - hazvina sechikepe kuti vachaita mutendi wechokwadi kuburikidza zvose yemadutu uye mafungu nedutu munyanza upenyu.

Basilica sezvo rudzi kuvakwa

Basil (kubva muchiGiriki - "imba yamambo") - rinokosha mhando kuvakwa, rectangular mu urongwa. It rinoumbwa ane vasinganzwisisike uwandu mberi nokudzoka shure, zvakasiyana kureba.

Basil zvinosanganisira wandei mapurani okunze. Ivo:

• naves (nechepakati, lateral);
• transept;
• sredokrestiem;
• narthex;
• bhero shongwe;
• chapero;
• apse;
• kwaya;
• Ambulatory.

Kana mberi nokudzoka shure pakati chechi vashoma, vari akakamurwa muzvikamu kana mbiru. Akati nechepakati (kazhinji soro) pamusoro weDanho rechipiri nokuvhenekerwa mahwindo mukati meimba.

Wokutanga Basilica akatanga kuvaka vaGiriki vekare. Zvino ichi mhando kuvakwa yakatorwa ezvivako hweRoma.

Saka, chii chiri petemberi temberi mapurani, takakurukura. Zvino ngationei muudzame maatomu akafanana izvi.

Petemberi mu mavakirwo machechi

Saka, muna petemberi mutemberi mapurani anonzi longitudinal pakukoka chikamu mukati, izvo shoma (rimwe kana mativi) mwanda pembiru.

Most kazhinji machechi European matatu naves (kanenge - imwe kana shanu). Panyaya iyi, musimboti wacho nguva dzose inosimbiswa kureba uye upamhi. Weboka Zvivako kutemberi mberi nokudzoka shure Muruvoko Gothic mapurani uye Baroque uye classicism.

chaikosha iri rinoshandiswa kwete chete mutemberi mapurani, asiwo zvenyika. Saka, Somuenzaniso, imwe-petemberi matatu Mutongo sangano nzvimbo kazhinji kuoneka mukati raibhurari, uyewo vazhinji pevhu zvechitima.

Chii transept?

Transept - chimwe chinhu chinokosha mu mavakirwo zvivako dzakadai Basilica. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiro petemberi, chete muchinjikwa, uye kwete longitudinal. Kunyange zvazvo muchinjikwa mazibota makereke petemberi uye transept anogona kazhinji zvakafanana kureba, maererano wezvamatongerwe muchinjikwa chimiro chakakwana.

Kazhinji, izvi mapurani maatomu akafanana kunosvika mhiri chivakwa. Kwakadaro kumucheto-maberere inonzi apse. The intersecting pamwe longitudinal petemberi Church transept sredokrestiem siyana. It, uyewo, inoita kuti temberi mazibota, shongwe kana spire.

chishongo mberi nokudzoka shure

Naves mukereke kazhinji yakashongedzwa vainzi hwindo-Roses, ayo bordered nokuda stucco zvishongo kana mapatani. Pachavo sezvo hwindo girazi inogona yakashongedzwa Stained magirazi unyanzvi.

Nezvikumbaridzo mberi nokudzoka shure neshongwe tiri kazhinji yakashongedzwa wemaoresa ibwe mifananidzo. Walls zvinogona nechimwe naka mifananidzo. Flamboyant Gothic - ndiwo manyorero mapurani, ane akapfuma kushongedzwa mberi nokudzoka shure zvishongo, mifananidzo uye mapatani ndozvakajairwa. The kupfuura unoshamisa mienzaniso mapurani ichi ndiyo mirayiridzo Cathedral iri Reims, Rouen uye Chartres Cathedral.

Naves-Vatsigiri Europe

The chakarebesa naves mu Europe dziri mune zvinotevera yevakuru:

1. The Cathedral iri Aarhus, Denmark (petemberi kureba - 93 mamita).
2. St Patricks Cathedral iri muDublin, kuIreland (91 mamita).
3. Burzhsky Cathedral, France (91 mamita).
4. Basilica St. Petro, Vatican City (91 mamita).
5. Church of St. Albans, United Kingdom (84 mamita).

The soro naves mu Europe dziri mune zvinotevera machechi:

1. St. Petro Cathedral muna Beauvais, France (kureba petemberi - 48 mamita).
2. St. Petro Basilica iri Vatican City, Italy (46 mamita).
3. Cathedral of Milan, kuItaly (45 mamita).

Pasina mubvunzo, zvivako zvikuru muna Europe basilic mhando ndiyo Cathedral of St. Peter muna Vatican. Ndicho chikuru yechiKristu chechi munyika! St. Peter ndiye musimboti yeRoma Church. rising ake kukwirira 133 metres - imwe yakakurumbira zviratidzo Rome.

Mukati menyika Church - tombstones zhinji uye zvivezwa, izvo mabasa chaiye uri pakati Renaissance. Zvinofadza kuti vari pasi nechepakati petemberi yakaratidza mucherechedzo zvimwe rakaisvonaka machechi zvenyika, umo vose vanogona kuenzanisa saizi yavo pazviruva yetemberi iri Vatican.

St. Petro Basilica - a-petemberi matatu. Below ndiro crypt, iro rinochengeta 23 sarcophagus namadzibaba uye guva St. Peter.

Moscow naves

Naves anogona kuwanikwa Russian guru mapurani. Vazhinji izvi machechi muMoscow --petemberi matatu. Ndiye Kremlin machechi - Arkhangelsk uye kubvuma, kereke yose Boris uye Gleb, uye Chechi Yorumuko muna Sokolniki.

Archangel Cathedral - imwe kereke mukuru mu Russia, iyo yakavakwa pakati XIII remakore. Rine zvitsauko shanu. The weDanho wechipiri chivakwa maigara kwaya. Pasi Cathedral pane necropolis umo nhema dzasara machinda yekare uye madzimambo. Pano vakavigwa Ivan Kalita, Dmitry Donskoy, chevaux Ivan anotyisa nevamwe (dzinokwana 56 vakavigwa).

Church Yorumuko muna Sokolniki yakavakwa mukuvamba ramakumi remakore sezvinoita "ano". Urongwa ane chimiro pamuchinjikwa. Aritari Church inoendeswa rwezasi, izvo kazhinji Orthodox. Mapurani P. A. Tolstyh akashandisa pamasikiro chivakwa yakasiyana nedzimwe nzira: uriri chechi iri tilted kurutivi rwearitari. Izvi zvinobvumira vatendi vose vakasununguka kuchengeta kuzvipikira.

In mhedziso

Saka petemberi - ichi ndechimwe zvinokosha zviri chechi muzvivako. Ari zvinowanzoshandiswa siyana zvivako, asi kakawanda - mutemberi mapurani. "Muvambi" zviri petemberi iri mapurani vaiona vaGiriki vekare.