Patronage - ndiko ... Famous vanoitisana. vanoitisana ano

Charity ... shoko harisi chaizvo avanoziva kwatiri. All vakanzwa kanenge kamwe muupenyu, asi kodzero kutsanangura musimboti rokuti pasi simba haasi munhu wose. Uye zvinosuruvarisa, nekuti nguva dzose Russia rave inozivikanwa kuti rudo uye vakanaka vane chinokosha tsika yaro refu.

Chii vakanaka?

Kana mukakumbira chinhu pakaunda kuti patronage kwakadaro, vanhu vashoma vanogona kuita kuti, pakarepo, kupa mhinduro anobata. Hongu, munhu wose akanzwa vanhu vakapfuma kupa zvemari zvokubatsira mamiziyamu, nherera, zvipatara, zvevana mitambo masangano, vaduku vaimbi, vaimbi uye vadetembi. Asi kana zvose rubatsiro iri patronage? Pane achiri rudo uye kutsigira nemari. How kusiyanisa izvi pfungwa kubva mumwe? Kuti tinzwisise nyaya idzi dzakaoma uye kubatsira nyaya ino.

Patronage - anotsigira zvinhu kana zvimwe kune vamwe vakasununguka vanhu, inopiwa masangano uyewo vamiririri mutsika uye nounyanzvi.

Nhoroondo chidzoke rokuti

Nezvekwakabva shoko vanosungirwa zvechokwadi akamborarama. Gaius Maecenas - pano ane zita zvava anofanana. Noble Jinda Roman, wadzana yaKesari Octavian, aiva nomukurumbira nokuti aibatsira matarenda vadetembi nevanyori akatambudzwa nezviremera. Iye akanunurwa pokufa munyori asingafi "Aeneid" Virgil nedzimwe vemifananidzo zhinji vane upenyu vakatyisidzirwa nezvikonzero zvematongerwe enyika.

Taiva muRoma uye dzimwe vanoitisana ounyanzvi, kunze Gaius Maecenas. Nei zita mhuri uye rava ano izwi? Chokwadi chokuti zvose vamwe vabatsiri vakapfuma vakaramba kumiririra nomudetembi yanyadziswa kana Artist vachitya mambo. Asi naGayo Maecenas aifanira Octavian Augustus simba kwazvo simba, uye haana kutya kuenda kundorwa zvaanoda uye zvido. Iye akaponesa Vergil. Naizvozvo inotsigira enyika vavengi mambo uye nokuda kuti radonha nyasha. Uye chete munhu akauya ake rubatsiro, - anorichengeta. Saka, zita romumwe vanoitisana akarasika kwemazana emakore, uye acharamba nokusingaperi kuramba kuyeuka vaya vachizvipira akabatsira zvose hwake.

Nhoroondo kwaita patronage

Musi chaiwo nechitarisiko patronage hazvigoni kunzi. Chisingarambiki ndiyo chete ndechokuti kudiwa rubatsiro vamiririri uri pamusoro chikamu simba uye upfumi vanhu kwagara. Zvikonzero rubatsiro rwakadaro vakanga vakasiyana. Mumwe vainyatsoda unyanzvi uye akaedza nomwoyo wose kubatsira vadetembi, vemifananidzo uye musicians. Nokuti vamwe, akanga ari mupfumi kana mutero kuveza kana chido kuratidza pachake rupo anopa uye musande aive pamberi pavamwe vanhu. Vakuru vakuru vakaedza kuvazvidza unyanzvi vane maonero kuramba pavari.

Saka, paiva patronage munguva pashure panowanikwa ehurumende. In kare neMiddle Ages vadetembi uye vemifananidzo vaiva mumamiriro nedoro nezviremera. Zvainge mumhuri muuranda. It vanochengetedza chinzvimbo ichi kusvikira pokuwa feudal hurongwa.

Panguva kwakakwana umambo kutsigira nemari anotora chimiro pensions, mibayiro, inorumbidza, dare mbiru.

Charity uye vakanaka - pane musiyano?

Pane zvimwe kuvhiringidzika pamwe nemashoko uye vanodzidziswa vakanaka, rudo uye kutsigira nemari. Vose inoda rubatsiro, asi musiyano pakati pavo huchiri chaizvo chinokosha, uye chiratidzo wakanyatsojeka kwaizova kukanganisa. Zvinokosha tikanyatsoongorora nyaya mazwi. Pakati pfungwa nhatu kupfuura siyana kutsigira nemari uye patronage. Wokutanga izwi rinoreva kubatsira pasi zvimwe zvinhu, kana kuti mari chero basa. Somuenzaniso, kutsigira emhizha anogona kupiwa kuti mupinduriri asian kana taura zita rake nhau. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuti kutsigira nemari iri kugamuchira zvakunotibatsira. Patronage - iri kusafarira uye chisingapembedzwi rubatsiro unyanzvi uye tsika. Maecenas kwete chinotarisa kuwana zvakawanda kubatsira pachavo.

Danho rinotevera topic - rudo. Zviri pedyo chaizvo kuti pfungwa patronage, uye musiyano pakati pavo nepaburi kuchioneka. Izvi kubatsira avo vanoshaya, uye huru vavariro tsitsi rinowanika pano. Pfungwa rudo kwazvo kwazvo uye patronage anoita se ayo chaiyo mhando.

Nei vanhu vachiita patronage?

vanoyamura Russian vanoitisana nguva dzose zvakasiyana kubva Western zvayo nzira kubatsira nhengo hwemashiripiti. Kana isu nezvazvo Russia, kuti patronage - anotsigira zvinhu zviri kunze nepfungwa tsitsi, kuda kubatsira pasina achitora zvakunotibatsira pachavo. Mumazuva West chipo nguva kubatsirwa nerudo sezvo zvinoderedza kana dzisashande kwavari. Naizvozvo, pano kutaura pamusoro kwakakwana kusava noudyire hazviiti.

Nei XVIII remakore Russian unyanzvi vanoitisana vari kuramba kutanga kuvazvidza unyanzvi uye sayenzi, kuvaka mumaraibhurari, mamiziyamu, uye dzemitambo?

The chikuru uchityaira simba pano vaiva nezvikonzero zvinotevera - mukuru zvetsika, tsika uye vanoitisana dzechitendero. Public mafungiro akaita achishingaira vaitsigira pfungwa tsitsi uye tsitsi. Correct tsika uye dzidzo dzechitendero zvakakonzera rakajeka zvakadaro chakajairika munhoroondo Russia somunhu pavapenyu uri patronage mukupera XIX - mangwanani XX emakore.

Charity muRussia. Nhoroondo mavambo uye mafungiro hurumende kuti mabasa akadai

Charity uye vakanaka muRussia vane refu uye rakadzika tsika. Uzvisungire pakutanga kubva chitarisiko chiKristu muna Kievan Rus. Apo rudo iripo sezvo vabatsirwe kune vanoshayiwa. Wokutanga basa rakadaro mubasa muchechi okutanga munzvimbo dzinotarisirwa vanhu varwarisa vakwegura, vakaremara uye ndonda uye chipatara. Tanga rudo akaisa Prince Vladimir, pamutemo vanosungirwa kuita kereke uye chechechi kwezvirongwa rudo.

Zvinotevera magavhuna Russian, zvachose nyanzvi achipemha Zvisinei, vakaramba vatarisire zvechokwadi navanoshayiwa. Tikaramba kuvaka zvipatara, almshouses, nherera nokuda mubvandiripo uye pfungwa anorwara.

Charity mu Russia yakabudirira dzakabudirira inobvuma vakadzi. Kunyanya zviya kubatsira vanoshayiwa pakati Empress Catherine I, Maria Feodorovna uye Elizabeth A ..

Nhoroondo vakanaka mu Russia kubvira kumugumo XVIII remakore, kana inova muchimiro kwerudo.

The vanoitisana yokutanga Russian

Wokutanga munhoroondo Russian Ndiwe anorichengeta anonzi aiva Count Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov. Imwe Varidzi kupfuura nyika, kuti girafu chinonyanya wakakurumbira sezvo norupo kumupi uye nomuteresi. A yakawanda anofambira, Stroganov akafarirawo rokunyora dzakaunganidzwa mifananidzo, matombo uye mari. A yakawanda nguva, mari uye nesimba Earl akabhadhara kukura nemagariro uye unyanzvi, kuti vabatsire uye rutsigiro kune zvakadai vadetembi yakakurumbira sezvo Gabriel Derzhavin uye Ivan Krylov.

Kusvikira kumugumo woupenyu hwake Count Stroganov aiva purezidhendi nokusingaperi pamusoro Imperial Academy of Arts. Panguva iyoyowo, akava mutariri Imperial Public Library uye aiva mukuru waro. Rakanga riri ake urongwa kuvakwa Kazan Cathedral, chokuita hapana wokumwe uye Russian ezvivako.

Vanhu vakaita Stroganov akazarura nzira yokuti nekutambira vanoitisana, vachizvipira uye nomwoyo wose kubatsira kukura tsika uye uri Russia.

The inozivikanwa youmambo yacho Demidov, vakatanga yeRussian metallurgia indasitiri, inozivikanwa kwete chete abatsira zvikuru kuti maindasitiri kukura munyika, asiwo rudo rwake. Chigaro Vamiririri vakatora vatarisire Moscow University uye nheyo bhezari vadzidzi kubva mari shoma mhuri. Vakazarura chikoro rokutanga vezvokutengeserana vana vatengesi. Kuramba kubatsira Demidov Foundling musha. Panguva iyoyo vakanga vaita paungano ounyanzvi muunganidzwa. Razova nyika guru private kuunganidza.

Chimwe yakakurumbira vaichengetedza uye mupinduriri of XVIII remakore - Count Nikolay Petrovich Sheremetev. Aiva connoisseur pakati hwemashiripiti, kunyanya yemitambo.

Panguva iyoyo, akanga akakurumbira nokuda scandalous muchato kunyika yake, musha theatre mutambi Praskovya Zhemchugovoy. Iye nokukurumidza akafa ikazopiwa murume haana kusiya nyaya nerudo. Count Sheremetev akazadzisa wake chikumbiro. Chikamu guru yaaipedza ari rubatsiro nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye roora Mwenga. On kutanga kwake, kuvakwa munzvimbo dzinotarisirwa vanhu varwarisa muMoscow. Iyewo paakapiwa pakuvaka dzimba uye temberi.

A mupiro chaiwo pokumuka vatengesi vakanaka

ikozvino vanhu vazhinji vane zvakaipa zvachose pfungwa pamusoro Russian mushambadzi kirasi XIX-XX emakore. Zvinonzi akaumba pasi pokudzora mumafirimu Soviet uye mabhuku mabasa, umo zvakaturikidzaniswa iri pachena kuti vanhu yakanga kupfuura dziine tsvina, dzisingatarisiki nenzira. All vatengesi musarudzo vosiya ruzivo, pfungwa vachingoshandisa kuita purofiti chero nzira vanhu apo zvachose isina tsitsi uye tsitsi vamwe. Ndiyo pfungwa isiri unopfuura. Chokwadi, kunze nguva dzose ikoko uye achava, asi vatengesi vakawanda vaiva vakadzidza zvikuru uye anodzidzisa chikamu vemo, pasingaverengwi, Chokwadi, kwamachinda.

Asi pakati anokudzwa mhuri vabatsiri vanoitisana aigona kuverengwa iri minwe. Charity mu Russia - zvachose pahwaro mushambadzi mukirasi.

Takatodzidza muchidimbu ambotaurwa, chikonzero nei vanhu vakatanga kuita patronage. Nokuti ruzhinji vatengesi uye vagadziri rudo yava kusvika nzira youpenyu, zvava chinhu chinokosha chinowanikwa chimiro. Pano basa reDare chokuti vatengesi zhinji akapfuma uye vanochengeta vaiva vazukuru Old Vatendi, iyo dzinoratidzwa ukama chaiwo mari uye upfumi. Uye mafungiro vanamuzvinabhizimisi yokuRussia kuti basa rakanga siyanei pane, somuenzaniso, kuMadokero. Kwavari, pfuma - harisi kun'anga, kutengeserana - kwete kunobva purofiti, asi mumwe mabasa zvavakatemerwa naMwari.

Ndakarerwa tsika zvakadzamisisa dzechitendero, Russian vanamuzvinabhizimisi-vanoyamura vaidavira kuti upfumi anopiwa naMwari uye, naizvozvo, nokuti zvakafanira kuti anovimbwa. Kutaura zvazviri, vaidavira kuti mutoro wokuita kuzorodzwa. Asi hazvina uchimanikidzwa. Zvose zvakaitwa panguva kudanwa kwomweya.

Famous Russian unyanzvi vanoitisana remakore rechi19

Nguva iyi anonzi ichatonga zvine mbiri vakanaka mu Russia. Kuvamba nokukurumidza zvoupfumi kukura vakabatsira vanodzedzereka zvokufungidzira kukura uye rupo vapfumi.

Famous vanoitisana XIX-XX emakore - kazhinji vamiririri zvomutengesi mukirasi. Chakajeka Vamiririri - Pavel Mihaylovich Tretyakov uye mukoma wake zvishoma yakakurumbira Sergei Mikhailovich.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti Tretyakovs vatengesi asina nedhimoni nepfuma yakawanda. Asi izvi hazvina kuvatadzisa nokungwarira vaunganidze mifananidzo yakakurumbira vemifananidzo, achipedza pavari rakakomba chitsama. Sergey aiva kufarira Western European kupenda. Pashure porufu rwake, iye ikazopiwa kuunganidza munun'una wake akapinda kuunganidzwa emifananidzo kubudikidza Pavel Mikhailovich. Akatanga muna 1893, unyanzvi maberere ainzi pashure makuru maviri vanoitisana Russian. Kana isu kutaura chete pamusoro kuunganidzwa Pavel mifananidzo, pamusoro oupenyu anorichengeta Tretyakov akapedza pariri anenge miriyoni rubles. An incredible pakuverengwa nguva idzodzo.

Akatanga muunganidzwa wake emifananidzo Russian Tretyakov achiri muduku. Kunyange zvino, zvakanga chaiyo chinangwa - kuti uvhure National yavose maberere, munhu ari akasununguka kuiwana uye kubatana ounyanzvi wokuRussia art.

Hama Tretyakov tinomutenda zvikuru Monument wokuRussia patronage - the Tretyakov Gallery.

Maecenas Tretyakov ndiye chete vaichengetedza of hwemashiripiti kuRussia. Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, mumiririri yakakurumbira youmambo, ndiye muvambi uye muvaki makurusa Russian njanji pakutengeserana. Haana kutsvaka mukurumbira uye zvachose hanya mibayiro. Ake chete chido chaiva rudo art. Savva pachake aiva zvikuru rokusika hunhu, uye kwayakaita mubhizimisi vakamanikidzwa kwazvo. Maererano vomuzuva, aigona kuva zvikuru dhanzi muimbi (iye kunyange aida kuita padariro rokuItari dhanzi imba), uye muvezi.

kuchamuka ake Abramtsevo akatsaukira kuva kugamuchira musha vemifananidzo Russian. Pano nguva dzose paiva Vrubel, Repin, Vasnetsov, Serov, uye Chaliapin. Mamontov Vose akapa mari kubatsirwa uye patronage. Asi mukurusa rutsigiro philanthropist akagovera theatre Arts.

Nemapoka anoyamura mabasa ehama dzake uye mabhizimisi vadyidzani vainzwa Nokupusawo chero paangodira, asi izvozvo hazvina kumumisa. Panoperera upenyu Savva paaizooneka yaparadzwa uye nepaburi akapukunyuka mujeri. Akanga mhosva, asi kuti bhizimisi vakasagona. Kusvikira kumugumo woupenyu hwake chakatsigirwa navose vaakanga kamwe akabatsira Kuzvipira.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov - zvinoshamisa philanthropist mwero kuti wakabatsira Art Theater ndokunge zita rake rirege kutaurwa pamusoro ichi mumapepanhau. Uye dzimwe nhengo youmambo iyi zvakapa rubatsiro zvikuru kukura tsika uye nounyanzvi. Sergey Timofeevich Morozov kuda Russian decoration uye vakashandisa unyanzvi, muunganidzwa wake raiva pakati handicraft Museum muMoscow. Ivan Abramovich aiva vaichengetedza ane zvisingazivikanwi kana Marc Chagall.

modernity

The chimurenga uye zvakazoitika yakapindira tsika yake huru Russian patronage. Uye mushure Soviet Union yakanga yakareba asati kune vanoitisana itsva Russia ano. Kwavari vakanaka - ndiko chikamu nenyanzvi vakarongeka mabasa. Zvinosuruvarisa rudo dingindira iri vakawanda vava muRussia gore negore, inoti zvishoma pamusoro nhau. Voruzhinji inova anoziva nyaya mashomanana, asi akawanda basa Sponsors, vanoitisana uye mari okuyamura dzaidzidziswa vanhu. Kana ikozvino kukumbira chero pakaunda: "Chii vanoitisana ano vanozivikanwa kwamuri", hazvingaiti munhu ichapindura mubvunzo uyu. Zvichakadaro, vanhu ava vanofanira kuziva.

Pakati Entrepreneurs Russian vobatanidzwa parudo basa pakutanga zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti President "Interros" Vladimir Potanin anomira kambani, izvo 2013 akazivisa kuti bequeaths rombo wake nerudo. Yakanga zvechokwadi zvinoshamisa mutsara. Akatanga hwaro ine zita rake, iyo mubasa guru-pamwero zvivako mumunda dzidzo uye tsika. Sezvo sachigaro Board wematirastii of Hermitage, akanga atova akabayira naye mamiriyoni 5 rubles.

Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska, mumwe reRussia vakapfuma uye nesimba zvikuru vanamuzvinabhizimisi, ndiye muvambi wesangano rudo Fund "vakasununguka basa", iro rinotsigirwa nemari kubva mari pachake muzvinabhizimisi. The Foundation vakapedza zvirongwa anopfuura 400, bhajeti iro vakasvika dzinokwana anenge mabhiriyoni 7 rubles. Deripaska ari mubasa parudo mabasa mune dzidzo, sainzi uye tsika nemagariro, uye mitambo. Uyewo, iyo mari anopa rubatsiro kuna Hermitage, dzemitambo dzakawanda, dzemamongi uye nzvimbo dzidzo munyika.

In basa vanoyamura muRussia ano vanogona kuita kwete chete mabhizimisi makuru, asi navabati zvokutengeserana ezvirevo. Charity vaita "Gazprom", JSC "Lukoil", CB "Alfa Bank" uye dzimwe makambani uye mabhanga mazhinji.

Ndinoda kutaura Dmitriya Borisovicha Zimina, muvambi OJSC "Vimpel-Communications". Kubvira muna 2001, kuwana inogona kuenderera profitability wekambani, iye pamudyandigere uye akazvipira zvakakwana rudo. Iye nheyo mubairo "zvivheneko" uye "dzinza" Fund. Maererano zvikuru Zimin, zvose guta guru akapa kune rudo vakasununguka zvachose. Akasika Foundation yave kutsigira nesayenzi inokosha muRussia.

Chokwadi, vanhu vakanaka ano haana kusvika pamwero kuti yaiitwa mu "ndarama" zviri XIX remakore. Zvino patchy, ukuwo vanoyamura kare emakore zvakapa netsika uye sayenzi enderana rutsigiro.

Pane imwe yemberi vakanaka muRussia?

April 13 Kunoonekwa hwakazonaka zororo - neZuva philanthropist uye vaichengetedza of hwemashiripiti kuRussia. Date iri yakarongwa kuti iitike zuva rokuberekwa Gayo Maecenas, weRoma vaichengetedza vadetembi uye vemifananidzo, uye ane zita zvava rakafanana nerokuti shoko "philanthropist". The initiator yomutambo yaiva Hermitage, inomiririrwa wekambani yacho Mikhail Piotrovsky. Nhasi raiva zita rechipiri - Zuva Thanks. First nezvayo muna 2005, uye vaitarisira kuti munguva yemberi haangakurambiriyi rirasikirwe kwayo.

Zvino pane zvakawanda nemafungiro patronage. Chimwe chikuru zvikonzero ndiko zvakawanda mafungiro vakapfuma vanhu vari ezvinhu huripo nhasi, zvose zvakasimba mumagariro stratification. Hapana kupokana kuti kazhinji mari upfumi haisi zvachose zvinogamuchirika ruzhinji kwevanhu kunoreva. Asi pane nhamba vapfumi uye vaya vanopa mamiriyoni kuti kukura uye dzigadziridzwe sayenzi uye tsika nemagariro, uye zvimwe zvinangwa omutsa. Uye kwaizova kukuru kana hurumende kutyira nezvokuti mazita wepanguva Russian unyanzvi vanoitisana vava achizivikanwa navanopinda denderedzwa vanhu.