Nzira uye nzira yekufamba kwenguva refu nekutora. Miitiro yekutamba kwenguva refu

Kuramba murefu kwakatumidzwa zvakakodzera kune acyclic rudzi rwekuvhima. Kuti kubudirire mune mutambo uyu hazvidikanwi kwete kungofanana nekukurumidza, asiwo kwakagadziridzwa. Saka vatambi vanofanira kunge vakareba uye vane uremu hushoma.

Nhoroondo yekusimbiswa kwenguva refu

Kwenguva yokutanga mutambo uyu wakaonekwa muGreece yekare. Aive chikamu chemukati wepentatlon. Zuva chaiyo rekuonekwa kwekuputika kwenguva yakareba kubva kumhanyi-kusvika kune vanyori vezvakaitika kare hazvigone kugadziriswa, asi inozivikanwa kuti vatambi vekare vaiita maitiro ose nemutoro uri muruoko. Kazhinji kazhinji, zviduku zviduku zvakanga zvisingatauriki. Zvigadziro zvakaitwa pavhu rakavhurika kana jecha.

Makwikwi eEmitemo mumutambo uyu akatanga kuitika pamwe chete nekuuya kwemitambo. Uye kare muna 1860 kumhanya kwakabatanidzwa purogiramu huru yemutambo wegore negore weOxford University. Pamakwikwi ekutanga, rekodhi yakanyorwa, yaiva ma 5.95 m. Kwemakore akawanda kubudirira uku hakuna kukundwa nemunhu wese.
Zvisinei, British Britain neLane - yevatambi vekutanga vezvenyanzvi, mazamu akareba akareba kupfuura chikumbaridzo chemamita matanhatu. Mumwechete muna 1868 akakwanisa kusvika mumufananidzo we 6.40 m, uye imwe - 7.05 m (1874). Kwemakore anopfuura makumi matanhatu, rekodi yeLane (7.05 m) yaiva muenzaniso wokutevera. Zvisinei, muna 1935, chiitiko chinoshamisa cheAmerican jumper D. Owen akakwanisa kukunda chiratidzo pa 8.13 m.Nhoroondo iyi yakaguma kusvika kuma1960, apo sangano rekudzivirira kwenyika nevemasikati rakasimbiswa. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, zvese zviwanikwa uye kubudirira zvakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo.

Kana iri yeboka revakadzi, yekutanga chikwata chaiva chiJapanese Hitomi muna 1928, achikwira kusvika ku598 m.Ima mamita matanhatu muna 1939 yakakundwa neGermany Schultz (6.12 m).

Anopinda murefu: nzira

Kusvika iye zvino, kune marudzi matatu ekugadzirira maitiro. Iyi ndiyo nzira dzekumhanya-famba kwenguva yakareba, se "kupfugama", "kupfugama makumbo ako" uye "shisi". Chimwe nechimwe chavo chinoda unyanzvi hwakanaka uye nzira dzekufamba.

Izvo zviri nyore kudzidza nekuita ndezvokukwira kwenguva refu, kupfugama makumbo ako. Chinhu chayo chakakosha ndechekuderera muhutano hwehutema hwemahudyu uye mudumbu. Nokuda kweizvi, mutambi wacho anofanira kukotama ndokukwevera kumakumbo ekubhururuka. Nyaya yacho inofanira kukanganiswa zvishoma. Nokudaro maoko anotorwa kubva mberi, uye kumusoro. Apo kufamba kwendiza kunoderera, kuunganidza kunotanga. Nguruve dzinofanira kukwidzwa kumusoro, uye makumbo adzo anoderedzwa pachena. Mutumbi unotamira mberi, uye maoko anotama kubva kumusoro mberi, ipapo pasi uye shure. Panguva yekudzika, makumbo anofanirwa kururamiswa pamabvi. Chinhu chinonyanya kuoma mune iyi nzira iri kuchengetedza.

Nzira iyo "yakanamatira" inoda kudzidziswa kwakawanda, sezvo ine dambudziko rekugadzirisa zvakanyanya apo rinodzokorora. Pakati pokutiza, mutambi wacho anofanira kuderedza tsoka dzake ndokubva adzorera kumashure. Maoko anoita sveruvha rwechidimbu kubva kumaodzanyemba kumusoro. Parizvino, mutambi wacho akapinda mumuviri. Nokutambanudza mishonga yepamuviri, zviri nyore kusimudza makumbo paunenge uchisvika. Tichiyerera zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvemugwagwa, jumper inofanidza kuisa shini kusvika mberi zvakakosha, kutsika mabvi. Izvo zvakaderera zvegadziriro iyi ndeyekuti vatambi havagoni kuona zvose zvavanokurumidza simba.

Nzira dzataurwa pamusoro apa dzekukwira pakupedzisira dzinofanana kune mumwe nemumwe. Zvisinei, zvakasiyana-siyana zve "scise" zvinoreva chikamu chakasiyana uye chakaoma kwazvo. Pano paunenge uchizadza mutambi wacho anofanira kuramba achifamba-famba (achifamba nemhepo). Maererano nemitemo, jumper inofanira kuita zvinenge 2.5 nhanho. Pakati pechiito ichi, nyaya yacho inofanira kunge yakatsauka kumashure. Maoko anoita mizunguro yechiringi seyynchronously nemakumbo avo kuti varambe vachienzanisa. Iko kuunganidza pakusvika kune imwechete.

Kuramba murefu: maitiro

Basa guru remutambo uyu nderokukunda mararamiro akawandisa pakureba. Nzira yekuita shanje murefu inoda acyclic chimiro chekufamba. Kubudirira kwekurovedzwa kunotsanangurwa nekwaniso yevatambi kukura nekukurumidza. Chinokosha pakubudirira kwekufamba kwenguva refu hakusi kungokwanisa kukurumidza kumhanya uye kusimba zvakasimba, asiwo kukwanisa kufamba zvakanaka panguva yekufamba. Iyi ndiyo nzira chete yekuwana zvikamu zvepamusoro mune iyi fomu. Uyewo zvinokosha ndiyo nzira yekugara.

Nyanzvi dzemitambo dzinowanzoshandisa nzira dzakadaro dzokudumbuka se "kumira" uye "zvisi". Chikonzero chekuvashandisa ndicho chinonyanya kukosha mubhururuka. Nzira yekuita shanje yakareba neimwe nzira idzi inoda ruzivo rwakakwirira rweunyanzvi, hukuru hwakanaka uye simba. Nzira yakanyatsogadziriswa yekugadzirisa urongwa inokosha zvakare.

Mune zvikoro zvekudzidzisa, nzira iri nyore yekuita "kupfugama makumbo ako" inoitwa. Iyo inobhururuka murefu, nzira dzokudzidzira dzisingatsvaki nguva yakawanda uye unyanzvi hunokosha, dzakanyanya nyore kuita kunyange pazera duku (makore 9-10). Mumakirasi ekudzidzira muviri, murairidzi anofanirwa kubhadhara vatambi vekutanga kune nzira yekutiza uye kuunganidza. Kana zvisina kudaro, mikana yekukuvara yakakwirira.

Chikamu chekuita kusvetuka murefu chakaparadzaniswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Pakutanga, kutora uye kukanganisa kunoitwa, mushure mokunge ndege iri kuenderera mberi. Chikamu chokupedzisira chichave chichienda.

Nzira yekutanga kumhanya nenzira yakarurama

Chiratidzo chikuru chechiito ichi ndichokurumidza. Pakukurumidza mutambi wacho anomhanya sei, rutivi rwekuenda kwake runobva pane zvakananga, ndiko kuti, mugumisiro wokupedzisira. Nharaunda kunzvimbo yekudengenyeka uye nhamba yematanho anotorwa nemutambi mumwe nomumwe anosarudza pachake. Aya ndiwo maitiro evanhu anovakirwa pamusana pemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo ejumper.

Nyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika pakubviswa pamakiromita 50 m dzinoita mapeji anenge 22-24. Madzimai, kureba kubva pakutanga kusvika kune bhanhire rinotyisa riri mamiriyoni 40. Chikamu ichi vanokunda mu 20-22 matanho. Mumitambo yemitambo (semuenzaniso, dzidzo yepanyama), kusvetuka kwenguva yakareba kunotanga nekutanga kwemamiriyoni 20. Nhamba iyi yematanho anotorwa haachengetwi.

Kubviswa kwacho kunowanikwa muchidimbu muzvikamu zvitatu: kutanga, kukurumidza uye kugadzirira kushandurwa. Nharaunda yekutanga inogona kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kana kubva kune imwe nzira. Kutanga kwemhanya kunotarisa kufambira mberi uye simba rekumhanya, saka anofanira kubhadhara zvakanyanya. Paunotanga kubva panzvimbo iyo mutambi wacho anotanga kufamba achibva pane imwe nzvimbo, achisimudza gumbo rimwe pamberi pake, uye rimwe - kumashure kune zvigunwe. Pano zvakakosha nuance ndeyekutinhira. Kana mutumbi uchifambira mberi uye kumashure, mutambi wacho anovhiringidza nemaune pakati pekumhanya kwepasi, achigadzirisa mukana wakakwana. Kutanga kubva pane nzira inodikanwa kunosvika pakurongedza nheyo nemamwe tsoka, mushure mokunge kuverenga kutanga kunotangira maererano nemitemo inogamuchirwa. Paunenge uchinyorera kukurumidza, ukuru hwemakumbo nemaoko kunofanira kuva yakawandisa sezvinobvira. Zvakakosha kuti kutenderera kwemuviri kunosvika kuma80 degrees. Pakuguma kwekupararira, trunk inofanira kutora nzvimbo yakananga. Panguva yekumhanya, unofamba kufamba zvakananga mumugwagwa wakarurama kuitira kuti iwe unokwanisa kubva pakarepo kubva mumugwagwa zvakanaka uye zvakasimba. Nhanho shomanana mberi kwekudzika, kukurumidza kuwedzerwa kunofanira kunge kwakanyanya. Panguva ino mafudzi anofanirwa kudzorerwa kumashure, uye mapepa acho anotorwa mberi zvikuru.

Nzira yekuvaka sei

Nzira yekutsvaira kwenguva refu kubva pakutora hakurevi kungokurumidza uye kutiza, asiwo pfuriri pachedu, iyo ndiyo chinhu chinoita kuti uve nechibereko chakanaka. Nzira yakarurama uye yakasimba mutambi wacho anokonzera nzira, mifananidzo yake yokupedzisira ichakwirira. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chikamu ichi chekumhanya hachirevi nechisvo chimwe chete pamakumbo.

Kutaura zvazviri, kukanganisa kunotanga nekuisa rutsoka kune rimwe ruzivo rwemiganhu. Parizvino, rutsoka runogara kune imwe kunze, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vatambi vanoshandura mukati mekukura kwechitsitsinho kubva pasitsitsinho kusvika kune zvigunwe pakarepo. Chero mamiriro ezvinhu, kusvetera kwetsoka mberi kunofanira kuva kubva pa2 kusvika ku5 cm.

Kugadziriswa kwakanaka muhudhu rurefu kunowanikwa nechigaro chakakosha chetsoka. Rutsoka rwekugunzva rinofanira kunge rakasvibiswa makumi degrees makumi manomwe uye rakanamatira pamabvi. Vatangi vekutanga vasati vakakurudzirwa nzvimbo iyi, nokuti mitsipa yemakumbo haisati yakagadzirirwa zvakakwana uye jumper inogona kurasikirwa nekuenzanisa, mune mamwe mazwi, usatarisana nemaitiro emagariro ekutsigirwa kunoitwa pamakumbo ake nemuviri. Mushure mokutanga kubuda kubva kumusoro, huputi nemabvi zvinosungirirana hazvina kukodzera. Panguva ino, gumbo rinokurudzira rinotungamirirwa mberi uye zvichikwira, zvakanyatsogadzirisa. Iyi nguva inoratidzirwa nekuputika kwakakosha kwemutoro pamusana uye mune inertial system ye jumper. Ichi chinzvimbo mumitambo chinonzi vertical. Munguva yekudengenyeka, zvakakosha kuita maoko nekufamba. Izvi zvichawedzera simba rinoguma rakasimba.

Basa rekuzvidzivirira nderekuita zvakanyanya kufanana nekukurumidza kwekubva pane kufamba kwakakwana (kutora). Iyo inokurumidza kukurumidza, iyo yakakwirira iyo inokwira yakakwirira. Nzira yakanaka yekuenda ichava 22 degrees. Vatangidziri vanobvumirwa kusvibiswa kupi kwemuviri, asi bedzi pamwe chete ne-axis of motion.

Nzira yakarurama yekufamba

Mushure mechikamu chekudzoka kubva mumugwagwa kuti mutambi wacho anotanga zvakanyanya kuoma - kufamba mumhepo. Kubhururuka ndiyo yakanyanya kuoma kuita chinhu. Nzira yekutsvaira kwenguva refu kubva pakutora hakudi kungochengetedza nzvimbo yakakwana uye nzvimbo yakakodzera yedanda, asiwo kusikwa kwehutano hwakanaka hwekuuya.

Nzira uye kuenzanisa kwekufambisa kunobva maitiro anoita mutambi wacho. Vakuru vakakurudzira vemutambo uyu vanomhanya kusvika kusvika 10 m / s. Panguva imwe chete, kureba kwekumusoro kunenge masendimita 60. Pakuporesa, gumbo rekumhanya rinofanira kugara mushure momuviri kwechinguva, uye gumbo rekumhanya rinofanira kunge rakanamatira kumwero wakakwana. Yakadaro yakareba nzira yekushandisa inoshandiswa chero ipi zvayo, kunyange mu "scise". Muviri unofanirwa kuomeswa zvishoma mberi. Maoko anofanirwa kugadziriswa uye kutungamirirwa pamwe chete nekubatana kwekufamba munzira dzakasiyana.

Chikamu chokudzivirira chinobva pane nzira iyo jumusi inoshandiswa nayo. Kana chiri chikwata chekupedzisira, mutumbi nemigumo yemutambi wacho inofanira kutora nzvimbo inokosha - kuunganidza. Kwenguva pfupi isati yasvika, makumbo maviri anofanira kunyoreswa uye kutsvaira mberi, kufanana nechepamusoro. Maoko anofanirwa kuita miviri yakaoma kuti igare yakaringana, saka inofanira kutorwa zvakare sezvinobvira.

Nzira yekuita zvakanaka sei

Kugadzirira kwechikamu ichi chekumhanya kunotanga panguva iyo nzira yekufambisa inotanga kuderera. Panguva ino, zvakakosha kuti uise boka zvakanaka. Nekushanda zvakanaka, chengeta makumbo ako munzvimbo yakatarisa kuti kuratidzika kwavo kwemarefu kunenge kwakanyanyisa kunyorera kusvika kune yakakwirira. Nzira yekutambira kwenguva yakareba nekutora inorevawo kutarisana kwakakodzera nenzvimbo yekugara. Zvakakosha kutarisira kusiya chikamu chekufamba. Kuti uite izvi, zvakakosha kuti usunungure gumbo rimwe, kune iyo nzira yekufambisa ichaitwa, uye panguva yekubatana nepamusoro, kuisa muviri. Kutarisira kunoitwa kuburikidza neshure (kumashure), kutora zvose mafudzi uye ruoko panguva imwechete. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kusati kwadzingwa kubviswa kwedu iri munzvimbo iyi kunogona kutungamirira pakuderedza kwemakumbo uye kusangana kwekutanga nechokumusoro.

Mitemo yepamutemo

Migumisiro yekumhanyira murefu yakatarwa mumutsara wakarurama zvakananga kune imwe nzvimbo, kutangira kubva mumutsetse wekumhanyira uye kuguma nemugwagwa wemutambi (chero chikamu chemuviri). Kubva kubva mugomba kunobvumirwa chete kumativi kana mberi.

Iyo inotamba yakareba inotonga kusagadzirisa chigumisiro kana mutambi wacho, paanodzokorora, akatora mutsara wakafanana nebha. Uyezve, zviratidzo zvekupedzisira hazviverengi kana mutambi wacho asina kusvika mukati megomba kana kuti chikwata chekuvhara chisati chakasara pane dope. Kubata kwekutanga kwejecha kuchaverengwa sechikamu chepakati. Mukuwedzera, iyo yakareba yakasungira mitemo inosarudza nhamba yekuedza iyo mutambi anogona kuitisa asati achinyorera chikamu chake chokupedzisira (chakanaka). Nhamba yezvinzi zvinonzi mikana inokwana kusvika 6 nguva. Kusiyanisa kune makwikwi umo vatambi vanopfuura 8 vanotora chikamu. Muchiitiko ichi, inoita rutivi rwakakodzera rwema 3 kuedza kwe jumper imwe neimwe. Muchikamu chokupedzisira, vatambi vasere vane unhu hwakanaka.

Kazhinji Yakagamuchirwa Nemaitiro

Mune unyanzvi uye unyanzvi yemhando, mitemo inosiyana zvikuru. Maitiro ekureba kwemajaya kubva mukomana kubva pamakore 9 kusvika ku10 anobva kubva pa 1.90 kusvika ku 2.90 m Mikana yevasikana vemazera aya, maharasi aya anofanira kunge ari kubva kubva pa190 kusvika ku 2.60 m. Chimiro che 3.30-3.90 m, asi kuvasikana iko 2.80-3.30 m.

Muchikamu chechimiro chepamhizha (kubva pamakore gumi nemana), zviratidzo zvinofanira kunge zvakanyanya. Maitiro ekureba kwenguva refu kubva pakutorwa kwevarume kubva pa 3.80 kusvika ku440 m.Zvakadzi, chigumisiro chekupedzisira chinofanira kunge chiri pakati pe 3.10 kusvika 3.60 m.

Kuti uwane zita re "candidate kuti ave nemutambo wemitambo" jumpers inoda kudarika basa rekuita amateur kaviri. Kune CCM, mutemo ndewe 7.20 m. Kana ari "nyanzvi yemitambo", muganhu unobvumidzwa unotanga kubva pa 7.60 m.Unodiwa hweMSMK hunobudirira semugumisiro wekudzidzira kudzidzisa kwenguva refu. Chimiro che "nyanzvi yemitambo yenyika yose" ndeye 8.00 m.

World records

Maererano nehuwandu hwevatambi vane unhu hwakanakisisa mumutambo uyu, United States inonyanya kutungamirira. Kusvika iye zvino, rekodhi renyika (refu kutamba), ndeyeAmerican Mike Powell. Pakushamwaridzana kwakasununguka kuTokyo muzhizha ra1991 mutambi wenyika akakwanisa kukurira chiratidzo che 8.95 m. Izvozvinyorwa zvakafanana zvevakadzi ndezvenyika yeSoviet jumper Galina Chistyakova. MunaJune 1988, yakazosvika pakureba 7.52 m.

Mhedziso yepasi rose (kureba kwenguva refu kubva pakubviswa) nenhamba yemigumisiro inoshamisa ndeyeAmerican Ralph Boston. Kubva muna 1960 kusvika muna 1965, akakwanisa kudarika vamwe 'uye maxim maximums 6 times. Mutambi weSoviet chete aikwanisa kuisa muAmerica kurwisana ndiIgor Ter-Hovhannisyan. Akave akave mucherechedzo muna 1962 (muYerevan) uye muna 1965 (muMexico City).