Novgorod kwavabati. Zvinoitwa Novgorod weutungamiriri

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi12 remakore muna Kievan Rus yakaumbwa 15 zviduku zvemisoro. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi13, nhamba yavo yakawedzera kusvika 50. Pokuwa ehurumende akanga kunaka kwete chete (attenuation pamberi nechisimba eMongolia), asi zvakanaka.

Russia munguva feudal kusabatana

Mune dzimwe ukuru Estates vakatanga kukurumidza kukura maguta akatanga kuumba uye vave kutengeserana ukama kuBaltic States uye vokuGermany. Kuoneka vaiva kuchinja yomunharaunda mutsika: yaMakoronike vakasikwa, kuvaka zvivako zvitsva uye zvakawanda.

Countries Major

In hurumende paiva dzakawanda zvemisoro makuru. Izvi, kunyanya, vanogona kunzi sezvo chernihiv, Kyiv, Seversk. Zvisinei, chikuru vaionekwa zvitatu: Galicia-Volhynia kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero, Novgorod uye Vladimir-Suzdal iri kuchamhembe-mabvazuva. Ndivo enyika huru nzvimbo hurumende panguva iyoyo. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti vose vaiva yavo nevamwe zvinhu. Next, ngatimbotaura pamusoro chii vaiva zvaiva Novgorod weutungamiriri.

tsananguro

Hazvina achiri kwete zvachose pachena mavambo, kubva rakatanga kukura Novgorod weutungamiriri. The dzokutanga kutaurwa huru guta nharaunda ndezvaJehovha 859-fung gore. Zvisinei, zvinofungirwa kuti apo venhoroondo havana kushandisa zvinyorwa okunze (ivo akazviratidza 10-11 remakore), uye vakaunganidza avo ngano kuti zvave kupfuura akakurumbira pakati pavanhu. Pashure Russia akatora pamusoro Byzantine netsika rokunyora nyaya, hachishandi vaifanira kuita nyaya, vakazvimiririra kupima zuva risati ratanga zvinyorwa okunze. Chokwadi, ichi ndicho kudanana kururama kure, saka regai kuvimba naye zvizere kunotevera.

Kwavabati "Novgorod Land"

Chii chaiva nharaunda kare? Novgorod zvinoreva "itsva guta." A guta riri Rus yekare chainzi akakombwa kugarwa wakakomberedzwa masvingo. Vanochera matongo vakawana nemisha vatatu vakanga riri mundima iri mubasa Novgorod hugota. The nenzvimbo nzvimbo munzvimbo raanotaura rimwe yaMakoronike. Maererano ruzivo nzvimbo kuruboshwe kumahombekombe Volkhov (pane zvino Kremlin).

Nokufamba kwenguva namagariro akabatanidza kupinda chimwe. Residents akavaka simba uchitikurudzira. Iye akanzi Novgorod. Mutsvakurudzi Bow yakazokudziridzwa hunotovapo maonero kuti nhoroondo mugadzi muguta idzva raiva guta rekare. Raiva zvishoma yakakwirira pedyo panobva Volkhov. Maererano yaMakoronike, mumusha macho yekare aiva dzakavakirirwa ugari. Yakaramba machinda Novgorod weutungamiriri navabati vavo. Local dzekare kunyange akaratidza chaizvo akashinga kubvuma kuti dzokugara akararama uye Rurik. Akapiwa izvi zvose, zvaigona angapokana kuti kugarwa nyaya iyi uye Novgorod hugota. Geographical nzvimbo pazvikomo anogona kunzi sezvi- nharo. Ikamira pamusoro Volga-reBaltic nzira uye aionekwa panguva imwe zvakarurama guru zvokutengeserana uye raanoziva, zvechiuto uye administrative pfungwa.

Zvinoitwa Novgorod weutungamiriri

Muzana remakore ayo kuvapo rokutanga, mumusha macho rakanga diki (nezvinodiwa ano). Novgorod akanga emapuranga zvachose. Raiva kumativi maviri murwizi, yaiva chaizvo yakasiyana chakajairika, nekuti kakawanda misha yaiva pachikomo uye rimwe divi. Vagari vokutanga kuvaka dzimba dzavo pedo nemvura, asi kunyanya pedyo nawo, nokuda panzvimbo kakawanda mafashamo. Migwagwa dzakavakwa perpendicular kuna Volkhov. Papera chinguva vakanga vakabatana ne "kuvhuna-panze" mukoto kuti wakamhanya zvaivapowo kurwizi. Kuruboshwe kumahombekombe chirefu madziro Kremlin. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga duku zvikuru pane munhu anomira Novgorod nhasi. Kune rimwe bhengi iri Slovenian musha yaiva Manor uye dare iri yomuchinda.

yaMakoronike Russian

Novgorod kwavabati ambotaurwa muzvinyorwa zviri zvakakwana diki. Zvisinei, izvi mashoko vashoma zvikuru kukosha. In yaMakoronike yomusi 882, gore, akataura pamusoro danidziro Prince Oleg kuna Kiev kubva Novgorod. Somugumisiro, isu zvikabatanidzwa maviri makuru Eastern necheSalvic madzinza: Fields uye Ilmen Slavs. Yakanga kubva nguva uye anotanga nyaya Old Russian mamiriro. Record 912, gore vanoti Novgorod hugota akabhadhara Scandinavians mugore kusvika 300 Hryvnia mu kwerunyararo nerugare.

Records vemamwe marudzi

Novgorod kwavabati anotaurwa Byzantine yaMakoronike. Somuenzaniso, Mambo Constantine VII akanyora pamusoro Rousseau mu rechi10 remakore. Mugore Air sagas uyewo aibudisa Novgorod kwavabati. The tanga ngano akazviratidza kubva ushe kwevanakomana Sviatoslav. Pashure porufu rwake, pakati pavanakomana vake vaviri Oleg uye Yaropolk kurwirana simba. Mugore 977 gore fung hondo kwakaitika. Somugumisiro, izvozvo Jaropolk akakunda mauto Oleg uye vakava Grand Duke, vakasimwa Novgorod posadniks dzavo. Paivawo hama wechitatu. Asi kutya nokuurayiwa, Vladimir akatizira dzekuma Scandinavia. Zvisinei, ake kusavapo rakanga pfupi-pfupi. Muna 980, gore akadzokera Novgorod kwavabati pamwe vanobhadharwa VaViking. Ipapo vakauraya posadniks uye takatamira Kiev. Ikoko Jaropolk Vladimir akabviswa pachigaro choumambo uye akava Muchinda Kiev.

chitendero

Novgorod kwavabati chinhu ichava kukwana kana tisina kutaura pamusoro kukosha kwokutenda muna hwevanhu. The 989 akabhabhatidzwa. Chokutanga, zvakanga muKiev, uye panguva iyoyo Novgorod. Power yakawedzera tichiregeredza chitendero chechiKristu uye ayo mumwechete. sangano chechi yakavakirwa panzvimbo hierarchical nenzira. Zvazova chishandiswa chine simba paumbwe Russian statehood. Negore rubhabhatidzo Novgorod akatumwa Joachim Korsunianin (Byzantine mupristi). Asi, ndinofanira kutaura kuti chiKristu haasi chete yakaramba. vagari vazhinji vaiva vasina kukurumidza kuparadzana nokutenda yemadzitateguru avo. Maererano matongo Zvakafukunurwa, tsika dzakawanda dzechihedheni vakapona kusvika 11-13 emakore. Uye, somuenzaniso, Mardi Gras rinopembererwa nhasi. Kunyange zvazvo zororo iri akapa vamwe coloring Christian.

Activity Yaroslava

Mushure Vladimir akava Muchinda Kiev, akatumirwa Novgorod Vysheslav mwanakomana, uye pashure porufu rwake - Yaroslav. Zita racho kufanana kuedza kubvisa pokudzora Kiev. Saka, muna 1014, gore Yaroslav akaramba kubhadhara mutero. Vladimir akazoziva nezvazvo, akatanga kuunganidza kukupfura, asi mukufamba gadziriro akafa pakarepo. Akakwira chigaro Svyatopolk mhosva. Akauraya vanun'una vake Svyatoslav Drevlyansky uye zvadaro semunhu musande uye Boris Gleb. Yaroslav aiva chaizvo akaoma. Kudivi rimwe, akanga zvachose pamusoro kupambwa simba muKiev. Asi Ukuwo - kukupfura ake haana simba zvakakwana. Ipapo vakasarudza kuenda kutaura Novgorod. Jaroslav akakurudzira vanhu kuti vabate Kiev, achidzoka saizvozvo pachavo shure zvose zvakanga kubviswa muchimiro mutero. Residents akabvuma, uye pashure penguva nenguva Hondo Liubech Svyatopolk musoro akakundwa akanga ndokutiza kuPoland.

zvimwe zviitiko

Muna 1018, gore, pamwe chikwata Boleslaw (baba wake uye Mambo Poland) Svyatopolk kuRussia. Muhondo vakakunda Yaroslav kwazvo (iye achibva kumunda akamhanya varwi vana). Aida kuenda Novgorod, uye ipapo vakaronga kutamira dzekuma Scandinavia. Asi vanhu havana kumutendera kuzviita. Ivo akatema ose rooks, vakaunganidza mari, uye uto idzva, kubvumira Prince kuramba kurwa. Panguva ino, chivimbo rinogarira zvakasimba zvakakwana pachigaro choushe Svyatopolk akanga vakakakavadzana Mambo kwePoland. Kunyimwa rubatsiro, akarasikirwa muhondo pa Alta. Jaroslav pashure Hondo Novgorod akasunungura kumba, achivapa anokosha zvitupa - "Chokwadi" uye "Zvipupuriro Association". Maererano naye, vaifanira kurarama. Panguva emakore akatevera, Novgorod hugota uyewo vairarama Kiev. First sezvo gavhuna Yaroslav akatuma mwanakomana wake Ilya. Ipapo akatuma Vladimir, uyo muna 1044, gore vakaisa nhare. Gore rakatevera, yake murayiro chakatangwa kuvakwa ibwe chechi itsva pane emapuranga Sophia (izvo akapisa). Kubvira panguva iyoyo, temberi rinomiririra kunamata Novgorod.

enyika

Iye yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma. Two kwenguva dzibude munhau. Pakutanga kwaiva feudal zvokuvhoterwa, iyo yaitongwa muchinda. Uye yechipiri - kudzora vaiva oligarchy. Panguva yokutanga nguva iri Novgorod kwavabati iripo zvose zvikuru nhengo weHurumende simba. Higher Institute anofunga Boyarsky Council uye Chamber. Varikutonga simba rakanga hunopiwa tysyatsky uye nematare kwomuchinda, burgomaster, meya, volosteli nokudzorana volostelyami. Veche aiva anokosha. Zvaionekwa simba soro pano uye vakanakidzwa simba kupfuura dzimwe zvemisoro. Veche akagadzirisa nyaya mudzimba uye vatorwa hunhu, ndokudzingwa kana akasarudza munhu mutongi, Suburban nevamwe vakuru vakuru. Naicho repamusorosoro. Chimwe muviri ndiye Council of boyars. Nhengo Izvi dzirambe yose dzomumaguta hurongwa zvakanaka. The Kuronga Council akanga wakapindwa yokufeva vepamusoro, vakuru, tysyatskiye, posadniki, Archbishop uye Prince. Of yomubati simba rakanga ratova mune zvinhu uye vhoriyamu, asi zviri pachena mutungamiriri ari utariri mitumbi. First candidacy yomuchinda ramangwana chakakurukurwa panguva Council of boyars. Pashure paizvozvo, akakokwa kuti kusaina chesungano ratification. It yacho. pamutemo uye hurumende mamiriro uye mabasa nezviremera chokuita mutongi. Muchinda akagara dare rake kumucheto Novgorod. The mutongi aiva nekodzero kuti mitemo, kududzira hondo kana runyararo. Pamwe chete Posadnik Prince akaraira mauto. The iripo constraints haana kubvumira vatongi kusimbisa guta akazviisa pakati pehurumende panzvimbo.