Ndechipi pulsar: tsananguro, maitiro uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Pulsars dzakafukurwa netsaona pakati pezana 60-ies pamusoro XX remakore. Izvi zvakaitika panguva zvaanorumbidza pamwe redhiyo materesikopu, izvo pakutanga akanga chakagadzirirwa kuongorora zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana mune shimmering mukudzika unexplored nzvimbo. Ndezvipi izvi nzvimbo zvinhu?

Kuwanikwa pulsars Vatsvakurudzi British

Boka remasayendisiti - Dzhoslin Bell, Entoni Hyuis nevamwe - tsvakurudzo kuCambridge University. pulses aya awakawana zvikamu zviri 0.3 chik., uye kakawanda yavo yakanga 81,5 MHz. Zvadaro, nyanzvi havasati nezvazvo kuti pulsar chokwadi ndechipi pezvawakaita. Chinhu chokutanga vakaona - izvozvo zvinoshamisa vakawana kakawanda "mashoko". Mushure zvatinosiita kudzima kwakaitika imwe runobva nzira. Kunyange pakati masayendisiti zvave kuti zviratidzo izvi uchapupu kuedza kubatsira chavanhu ane extraterrestrial budiriro. ndiye Chirungu chidimbu zvaireva zvishoma mitema varume ( "muduku mitema varume") - LGM zita wakatangwa kunan'anura navo. Vatsvakurudzi akatanga kuita chakakomba kuedza decipher risingazivikanwi "bumbiro", uye izvi mwoyo inozvikudza unyanzvi-bumbiro-namapoporodzi kubva pasi pose. Zvisinei, kuedza kwavo havana kubudirira.

Mumakore matatu akatevera, nyanzvi dziri 3 matsime akafanana zvakawanikwa. Zvino, masayendisiti akaziva kuti pulsar ichi. Wakazviratidza nechimwe chinhu zvakasikwa, hapana hukama extraterrestrial dzomunyika. Panguva iyoyo pulsars ndokucherera zita rayo. Nokuti avo kuwanikwa musayendisiti Entoni Hyuish akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna Physics.

Ndezvipi Nyuturoni nyeredzi?

Asi pasinei nokuti kuvhurika ichi zvakaitika kare, vakawanda vachiri kuziva mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti, "chii pulsar." Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti havasi vose vanogona kuzvikudza kuti kwake kuchikoro kana kuyunivhesiti nezvenyeredzi kumbodzidziswa soro chechetere. Mhinduro yomubvunzo: pulsar - munhu Nyuturoni nyeredzi, iyo yakaumbwa mushure imwe yatanga imwe supernova. Uye saka kushamisika kwakaita nguva dzose munguva pulsation kunogona nyore akatsanangura - mhaka iri kutsiga vachishandisa kutenderera Nyuturoni nyeredzi.

Nezvenyeredzi, pulsars vari akasarudzwa mana digit nhamba. Zvino digits maviri okutanga anoratidza zita wachi, uye anotevera maviri - maminitsi, zviri kuitika zvakanaka akwira tichimhanya. Uye mberi digits vanoiswa tsamba mbiri, izvo encoded nokuda dzakashama. Wokutanga zvose kuwanikwa pulsars ainzi CP 1919 (kana "Cambridge Pulsar ').

quasars

Ndezvipi pulsars uye quasars? Takatoona afunga kuti pulsars vari redhiyo matsime simba ane nemwaranzi iri kusimbiswa munhu pulses imwe maitikiro. Quasars ndezvimwewo zvinofadza zvikuru zvinhu zvose. Vanodawo zvikuru chinopenya - vanokurira vamwe simba nesimba chikuru pamusoro mwaranzi emapoka yakafanana hweGwara Way. Quasars dzakafukurwa nevanhu vanoongorora nyeredzi sezvo zvinhu dzakakwirira redshift. Maererano nerimwe nevakawanda pfungwa, quasars - mapoka enyeredzi ari ichi mangwanani padanho kukura, mukati umo pane supermassive dema buri.

Pulsar, chakajeka munhoroondo

Chimwe chezvinhu ihwai zvinhu muChadenga ari pulsar muna Crab Nebula. Izvi yawanikwa inoratidza kuti pulsar - ichi ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza zvinhu zvose.

Nokuputika imwe Nyuturoni nyeredzi iri Crab Nebula pari yakanga yakasimba zvokuti haatombokwanisi kufanira mune ano dzidziso zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika. Muna 1054 BC. e. padenga richipenya A nyeredzi itsva, iyo nhasi anonzi SN 1054. Kuputika zvakanzi vakachengeta kunyange masikati, rakanga vanopupurirwa muna China uye Arab yaMakoronike. Zvinofadza kuti Europe haana kuona kuputika - ipapo vanhu yakanga saka muzvinhu zvekufamba pakati Pope wake wokuSiriya, Cardinal Yorkshire the humber kuti hapana nyanzvi iyoyo haana kunyora kuputika mumabasa ake. A emakore mashomanana panguva nzvimbo kuputika kwave akawana nebula itsva, gare gare chakazonzi Crab. akawana Its, William Parsons, nokuti vamwe chikonzero akayeuchidza wawo gakanje.

A pulsar PSR B0531 + 21 yakatanga yakawanikwa 1968, uye kuti pulsar yakanga pakutanga, kuti masayendisiti kuzvibatanidza vakasara imwe supernova. Kunobva pulsation, kana kutongwa zvikuru zvakasimba haisi nyeredzi, uye kunonzi yeplasma yechipiri iyo achiumbwa munyika remagineti kutenderera pamwe nyeredzi breakneck nokukurumidza. The kakawanda vachishandisa kutenderera pulsar ari Crab nebula kakapetwa 30 pasekondi yoga yoga.

The kuwanikwa, izvo hakukodzeri kupinda yechinangwa ano dzidziso

Asi pulsar ichi Zvinoshamisa kwete chete nokuda kokubwinya kwayo uye maitikiro. Recently zvakanzi vakawana kuti PSR B0531 + 21 inongorira radioactive mwaranzi ari siyana kuti akapfuudza chiratidzo mabhiriyoni 100 volts. nhamba Uyu miriyoni nguva kupfuura nemwaranzi, iro rinoshandiswa zvokurapa zvokushandisa, uye gumi nguva kupfuura mutengo kuti inorondedzerwa ano dzidziso wegamma mwaranzi. Martin Schroeder, American zvomuchadenga anoti nenzira iyi: "Kana maviri chete adarika, iwe akabvunza chero mubvunzo zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika, izvi mhando dzinogona kuonekwa kana mwaranzi maizogamuchira imwe inonzwisisika" kwete ". dzidziso iyi, izvo zvinogona tirambe rakavhurika chokwadi nyore haako. "

Ndezvipi pulsars uye sei vakanga aumba: a chakavanzika yezvenyeredzi

Nemhaka kutsvakurudza of Crab Nebula pulsar, masayendisiti ane pfungwa nezvokuva izvi chisinganzwisisike nzvimbo zvinhu. Zvino unogona zvakawanda kana zvishoma zvakajeka pfungwa zviri pulsar. chitarisiko chavo rinotsanagurwa ndechokuti kwokupedzisira padariro ayo shanduka, dzimwe nyeredzi putika uye kuputika chihombe mafayawekisi kuratidza - pane Kuberekwa supernova. Kubva kwomuzvarirwo nyeredzi ivo Munokudzwa nokuda nokupenya goho. Just muboka redu renyeredzi mune anenge 100 panomuka akadaro gore. Mashoma mazuva kunowedzera luminosity mumwe supernova mune miriyoni kakati.

Pasina kunze, vose nebula uye pulsars kuonekwa panzvimbo supernova kuputika. Zvisinei, chengetai pulsars haagoni residues zvose izvi mhando miviri yokudenga. Hazvifaniri kunyonganisa vanoda nezvenyeredzi - mushure pulsar anogona chete kuonekwa zvaitika kuti riri imwe angled kuti kutenderera. Uyezve, nokuda kwavo hunhu pulsars "kurarama" yakareba kupfuura nebula umo vari aumba. Masayendisiti achiri havagoni kuona zvikonzero kuti two chilled uye sokuti refu-akafa nyeredzi anova tsime simba redhiyo mafungu. Pasinei nokuwanda hypotheses, mhinduro yemubvunzo uyu, vanoongorora nyeredzi kupa mune ramangwana.

Pulsars pamwe pfupi nguva kutenderera

Zvichida, avo vari kushamisika kuti chii chiri pulsar, uye ndedzipi nhau kubva zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika zvinhu izvi yokudenga, uye zvichava zvichifadza kuziva uwandu rakavhurika musi nyeredzi dzakadaro. Nhasi, masayendisiti vanoziva kupfuura 1300 pulsars. Uyezve, chihombe mari - vanenge 90% - nyeredzi idzi pulsate ari zvinobva 0.1 1 wechipiri. Panotova pulsars vane nguva kunyange zvishoma - dzinonzi millisecond. Mumwe wavo akawanikwa vanoongorora nyeredzi muna 1982 mune renyeredzi Vulpecula. Panguva yacho kutenderera aiva mumasekonzi 0,00155 chete. Schematic cherudo pulsar rinosanganisira Kutenderera akabatana, remagineti uye redhiyo mafungu.

Kwakadaro pfupi kutenderera nguva pulsars, uye vakashanda huru nharo vachida kubvuma kuti pachisikirwo kwavo vari kutenderera nyeredzi Nyuturoni (pulsars kwakafanana okuti "Nyuturoni nyeredzi"). Pashure zvomuchadenga muviri pamwe rotational nguva inofanira kuva batana chaizvo. Studies izvi zvinhu ichiri kuitika. Paakaziva kuti Nyuturoni pulsars, masayendisiti havana kumborega kare yakawanikwa chokwadi. Pashure pezvose, nyeredzi dzaifara zvinoshamisa - Kuvapo kwavo aigona kuva zvinogoneka chete pasi ezvinhu kuti Centrifugal masimba dzinomuka nokuda kutenderera idukusa ari rinokweva masimba kusunga pafuma pulsar.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana Nyuturoni nyeredzi

Gare gare vakawana kuti pulsars vane MS nguva Kutenderera havasi vechiduku, nekusiyana, pakati mukuru. Uye pulsars vari muchikwata ichi vaiva dukusa minda rinobva.

Panewo rudzi Nyuturoni nyeredzi, inonzi X-ray pulsars. Ava miviri yokudenga kuti emit X-ray. Naivowo ndezvaJehovha muchikwata che Nyuturoni nyeredzi. Zvisinei, pulsars uye nyeredzi kuti emit maekisirei, vanoita zvakasiyana uye vane nzvimbo dzakasiyana. Kokutanga kwakadai pulsar rakaonekwa muna 1972 mu renyeredzi pamusoro Hercules.

Hunhu pulsars

Kana vaongorori chete vakatanga kudzidza chii pulsars, vakasarudza kuti Nyuturoni nyeredzi dzine chete zvisikwa uye arambe achirema sezvo nuclei kwemaatomu. mhedziso iyi yakasvika nokuti zvose pulsars kwese zvakaoma nemwaranzi - zvakangofanana, iyo kuitwawo uye zvenyukireya siyana. Zvisinei, mamwe Masvomhu akabvumira vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi kuti mamwe mashoko. Mhando nzvimbo anoramba "pulsar" - muviri yokudenga kuti akafanana mapuraneti hofori (zvimwe kunzi "nyeredzi michini").