MUENZANISO pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa uye vakagwinya vakasarudzwa. Mienzaniso pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa matanho

Muenzaniso of pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa - zviri dzinongoitika selection, chokuita nevanhu vane chikuru Kutsauka unhu tichienzanisa paavhareji zvazvingava.

Features sarudzo

chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinozadzwa kubvisa mhuka, iyo waisiyana Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri avhareji parameter pane zvimwe zvikonzero. Muenzaniso vakadengezera kusarudzwa zvakasikwa kunofambidzana nokuchengetedzwa yezvakanga vemo. Nokuti zvizere kuvapo wevamiriri vayo vari kuedza kunhonga kufadza mwoyo kuchinjira kumamiriro zvimwe zvinhu.

Variants zvakasikwa

Mienzaniso pakudzikamisa rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa zvakasikwa - kufadza mupiro majini mudziva zvizvarwa itsva kupfuura iwane vanhu. Asi masayendisiti vaigona kuratidza kuburikidza vakawanda zvaanorumbidza inongoitika nevanhu vane mhuka neshiri, kuti chokwadi zvinhu siyanei. In pamberi vakawanda kako dendere zvokudya navo vakanaka zvakaoma, saka havana duku zvikuru uye simba kupfuura avo kuti kurai avhareji. Saka, vatsvakurudzi vaigona yakavimbika asimbise mienzaniso kuitwa pakudzikamisa selection, kusimbisa anochinjika kurarama mu shiri, vane neavhareji mwero wembereko.

Kusarudza vachifarira Avharenji

Kana kuenzanisa shiri nedzimwe nhamba yevana zvakanzi vakawana kuti pane chiripo zviratidzo zvinoverengeka kuti unhu mienzaniso pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa fomu. Vachangoberekwa mhuka vane yakaderera uremu, uyewo muviri yakawandisa uremu, zvikurukuru vakaurayiwa vhiki 1-2 zera. Kana wechiduku pamwe paavhareji parameters, vari nyore kune wekutanga shoma vhiki ivepo, yakatanga, akafa shoma chechetere.

Funga muenzaniso vakadengezera kusarudzwa chokuita shiri. Apo, panguva kuedza, kwakasarudzwa kuongorora kukura wamapapiro shiri kuti vakafa pashure dutu, kwakaonekwa kuti vakawanda vavo vakanga kana yakapfupika, kana, Ukuwo, mapapiro refu kwazvo. muenzaniso uyu vakadengezera kusarudzwa inoratidzawo nani kupona vanhu avhareji zvinhu.

The zvinokonzera yakaderera kugwinya

Kufunga nezvemuenzaniso kubata pakudzikamisa chimiro rwokuzvarwa selection, edza kuziva kukonzera pasi kugwinya yevanhu zvachose mamiriro ezvinhu aripo. Sei kushandisa rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa hazvigoni kucheneswa imwe vakawanda kudzivisa sadikanwa siyana? Chikonzero chiri kwete chete pakuti sezvo kuberekwa mwana mutsva kuitike kunotouraya siyana, asiwo nokuti kuti kazhinji zvinorarama vanhu heterozygous genotypes. Panguva kuberekesana vopa kukamurwa vana, uye kune zvizvarwa itsva homozygous, izvo substantially akaderedza anochinjika kuti zvinhu yokupona. kutanga kwakadaro anonzi pakati nepakati polymorphism.

mienzaniso polymorphism

Mienzaniso Major kuti pakudzikamisa chimiro rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa (polymorphism) - jeko muchitokisi kupererwa neropa. Iri zvakakomba chirwere ropa kuonekwa vanhu homozygous kuti mutant alleles pamwe Chizenga (HbS), zvinotungamirira kurufu vachiri vaduku. Vazhinji kwevanhu ane pasi kakawanda allele ichi, inobatanidzwa zvimwe kunotouraya. Asi masayendisiti vakakwanisa noukama pakati kuvapo womunhu nomuviri majini uye kuvapo nemarariya munharaunda. Zvabuda akaratidza kuti HbS heterozygote mhando kuva yepamusoro nemishonga kuti chirwere zvakadai semarariya, pane pamwe zvakajairika homozygote allele.

variability mashandiro

Mienzaniso pakudzikamisa uye anozunungusa kusarudzwa mashandiro vamwe kuunganidza variability dzinongoitika vanhu. Kokutanga kwakadaro pachena kuchiitwa pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa aizivikanwa chinoshamisa musayendisiti I. I. Shmalgauzenom. Akakwanisa kuratidza kuti kunyange mumamiriro akatsiga ezvinhu okurarama kweminiti haagumiri dzinongoitika selection, mhindumupindu mberi. Kunyange panguva dzose phenotype vakawanda kuramba ichishanduka. Akaona muenzaniso pakudzikamisa chimiro kusarudzwa dzakatsigira zvachose kuchinja majini sezvamunoita. Nokuda pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa zviri kuvabereki remudunhu kwakadaro, iyo inopiwa nomukombiyuta kusikwa zvakasiyana siyana genotypes Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri phenotypes.

Chinangwa pakudzikamisa chimiro rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa

It anokwanisa kudzivirira genotype aumba kubva akaipa zvinokonzerwa mutation kwacho. Muenzaniso pakudzikamisa muchimiro kusarudzwa ndiyo kuvapo izvi kwemarudzi vekare vakadai Ginkgo, Tuatara. Zvinonzi pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa akachengetedza kusvikira nhasi "mhenyu zvisaririra" kuti vararame ezvinhu mudanga dzezvakatipoteredza:

1. Tuatara, iro rine zvinhu zvinokambaira zvaiitika munguva Mesozoic yaitonga.
2. Coelacanth ari muzukuru Crossopterygii, kujairana kubva Paleozoic yaitonga.
3. North America opossum, marsupial iyo iripo kubvira Cretaceous nguva.
4. Gymnosperms yemiti Ginkgo, kufanana huni siyana, yakatotsakatika mune Jurassic nguva yacho Mesozoic yaitonga.

Mabasa pakudzikamisa chimiro rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa yakadaro kusvikira nguva kwakadaro pane zvinhu pasi iyo imwe chepfungwa kana pfuma rakaumbwa.

Mugumisiro kwezvakatipoteredza variability

Constant ezvinhu havasivo chete kwenguva yakareba nguva hazvo. Nokuda dzose kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu chinhu kwadzakabva pachishandiswa pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa kwavari vamwe vanhu. Pane kuchinja kubereka zvinogara kuonekwa vechiduku yakatanga panguva nguva apo pane mari yakakwana zvokudya mari kuti tirarame. ivo kana vana vanoberekwa ambotaurwa kana gare gare pane zvaaitarisira nguva, zvinopedzwa nokuda pakudzikamisa vakasarudzwa. Sei nemhuka "ziva" pamusoro kutanga chando? Pfupi achideredza pamusoro tembiricha rinonyengera chaizvo. Uyezve, gore negore, vanoshanda nemiganhu zhizha nechando. Animals kuti nokukurumidza sei kuti anonongedzera vanogona kusiya pasina mwana. Saka, shiri dzakawanda uye mhuka vanotungamirirwa ya masikati. Raiva mureza mazhinji ezvinhu mhuka iri tide kutanga zvinokosha kushanda: molting, kutama, kubereka. I. I. Shmalgauzenu akakundikana kuratidza kubatana pamwe zvakasikwa kwadzakabva kuti pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa.

Options abnormalities

Pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa zvachose anoramba zvarakasiya zvose kubva yakasimbiswa ndozvakajairwa, kunosimudzirawo paumbwe majini zvigadziriswe kuti pave kukura izere uye inotungamirwa akanaka phenotypes inobva genotypes siyana. The Zvichaguma dzakazara kushanda muviri kunyange apo kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza nokufamba.

Dzidziso A. Wallace uye Charles Darwin

A dzidziso rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa yave sechinhu chikuru okusika simba kuti kutungamirira chirongwa shanduka uye anosarudza chimiro chayo. Natural vakasarudzwa vakatanga kufunga neurongwa hwakashandiswa kurarama uye nevana vanhu chete vaya nhaka rinobatsira chaizvo dzinogarisana mamiriro nhaka unhu. Pakuongorora zvakasikwa kusarudzwa tichitarisa genetics, tinogona kugumisa pamusoro kukosha kwayo kuti kusarudzwa zvakanaka kunotouraya uye nemagene mubatanidzwa. Vanogona anozviratidza kuburikidza pabonde kubereka, uyewo kuvapo vemo nani kuburikidza culling kunaka anofambidzana uye kunotouraya.

Utachiona vari substandard majini havagoni kurarama mune zvimwe zvinhu, vanourayiwa. Natural vakasarudzwa anokwanisa "basa" pahwaro kubereka vana zvipenyu, kana simba vanhu vasina kugadzirira dzakazara vana, kana regai kusiya mwana. Muchiitiko chino, kwete chete ndiye Kusarudzwa uye kuramba zvimwe unhu akaipa mupenyu Muviri, uye vakaparadza zvachose genotypes kuti itakurwe zviratidzo zvakafanana.

Pamafomu rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa

Panguva iyoyo, Akasarudza govera zvinotevera nzira kusarudzwa kwakadaro, zviri pamusoro pavo, anotaurwa muna zvipenyu kuchikoro mabhuku.

1. Pakudzikamisa rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa.
2. Dynamic vakasarudzwa.
3. Kubvisa vakasarudzwa.

Dynamic vakasarudzwa Ndiwo changing rwokuzvarwa ezvinhu, pasi izvo pane chinhu, izvo rakazova mutation. Somuenzaniso, maindasitiri melaninogenez mamirire shavishavi peppered chitemamachira, chokuita kuti achiipa nokuda maindasitiri chin'ai Birch hunde dzacho. Sezvo zvipembenene aigona kuonekwa tikafunga miti "mutsva", vakanga vakakurumidza vaparadzwa shiri. Dark mutant kungozvifunga vararame, kubereka vana, uye zvishoma nezvishoma saka rima shavishavi mutants kuva hune chimiro kuti kupiwa kwevanhu.

Nekuti avhareji ukoshi iya kuti magetsi chinhu zvinotsanangurwa chiitiko psychrophilic nemhuka thermophilic uye zvinomera. The uchityaira mudziyo kusarudzwa kwakatungamirira utachiona,, notumwe utachiona yevanhu mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana namakemikari zvokurima uye mishonga. Dynamic vakasarudzwa anogona kutsanangura panowanikwa rutapudzo kwemaziso mubako vanogara uye moles, uyewo kurasikirwa vamwe wamapapiro shiri. With yakadaro musimboti, kusarudzwa hapana zviratidzo branching, zvichizoita genotypes dzakatakura zvishoma nezvishoma ne vamwe, kwete wezvamatongerwe kutsauka uye Transitional siyana.

Kubvisa kusarudzwa unobereka mhando akanyanyisa mano, zvose zvenguva siyana vari kufa kunze. Nokuda anonetsa vakasarudzwa aumbwa maviri kana kupfuura siyana variability kuti kuguma polymorphism. Zviri kurwira kuvapo ndiwo chinokosha, inova huru mashandiro chero rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa. Makwikwi, predation, amensalizm vaiona marudzi makuru matatu kutamburira chokuvapo.