Muenzaniso nezvakatongwa zvamboitika munyika. Pakutonga muenzaniso seinokonzera mutemo

Kuti abudirire kushandisa kodzero mashandiro avo, inofanira kuva kwayo kwokunze okuti. dzidziso Legal pasi muchimiro kuratidza kuda, zvaigara. Kuti iye ari pamutemo tsime. Kazhinji, mune dzidziso pane mhando ina vavo nyaya muenzaniso, chibvumirano, murau hwatenderwa tsika.

Pakutonga muenzaniso seinokonzera mutemo

Vakawanda munyika sezvo rinokosha rine mutemo kusiyanisa muenzaniso. Kuvapo nezvakatongwa muenzaniso kunoratidza kuti vavimbisana mumabasa mutemo rokuita munyika dzakadaro.

Pakutonga muenzaniso - nayo zvinyamusi, akaisa kana kubvisa dzepamutemo dzemunharaunda kusarudza dare rakashandurwa neimwe nyaya. Hazvina fanira nokuda chete kana dare repasi kudzidza dzakafanana kacho sezvo muenzaniso chinoshanda tsime mutemo. Munyaya ino tichakurukura zvakadzama zvose chokuita pfungwa iyi.

Muenzaniso zvokutonga muenzaniso muRussia - kududzirwa mubumbiro dzemunharaunda of reConstitutional Court. Izvi zvinoitwa pakuongorora kuita mitemo, zvisarudzo Supreme Court, kuti Dare Repamusoro kuyananisa, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Pakutonga muenzaniso: mavambo, muenzaniso

Saka, chii ichocho? Pakutonga muenzaniso somunhu rine mutemo rave richizivikanwa kubvira munguva dzekare. Sezvazvakanyorwa akatarisa? MuRoma yekare, muenzaniso munyaya zvisarudzo vaiva vatongi, uyewo madhigirii tenzi wacho. Pane vakuvara uye kunanzvana mashoko. Pakutanga neizvi kana tichifunga zvakafanana kacho vakanga tichisunga chete akatora vanatenzi vavo uye kuti yakananga kumwedzi. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vamwe vakabudirira zvikuru magwaro vawana vachiwana hunhu uye vakatsva kazhinji tichisunga dzemunharaunda - nayo pretorskoe zvakanaka.

KuMiddle Ages kushandiswa muenzaniso rinoshandiswawo nevakawanda. Capture England muna 1066 kwakaita kuti chidzoke mutemo, zvakajairika yose nyika. navi mhando Matare youmambo akatanga kusikwa. Ivo kugadzirisa kusawirirana nokuda Crown, vakasvika panzvimbo yacho. Zvishoma nezvishoma, sarudzo rakatorwa nevatongi vakatanga kuvimbwa nayo kana tichifunga zvakafanana zviitiko dzimwe nevatongi. Saka pakanga anokwana kuEngland yunifomu ezvinhu - mutongo muenzaniso, muitiro wakanga pane mazana akasiyana kacho.

Kugadzirwa muenzaniso muRussia

The muenzaniso zvatakawana zvakavhenganiswa kupima. In pre-echimurenga Russia, vamwe vanoita uye theorists akaziva Chiitiko chiri mubvunzo kunobva mutemo. Zvisinei, ivo akacherechedza kuti zviri kutamba kutsigira kana nopindirana basa pachinhu nemurairo. Mamwe theorists uye vanoita nekusiyana, haana poga sezvo yakazvimirira pamutemo kunobva.

Post-echimurenga Russia mudzimai sayenzi yepamutemo akaramba asina kuziva sezvo muchimiro mutemo inokurukurwa nesu pfungwa. Legal theorist RZ Livshits anotsanangura normative kusvika muSoviet sayenzi pamutemo uye mafungiro pamutemo.

Kubvira 1985, kufambira mberi hwevanhu kwaita kuti njodzi dzinongoitika kuchinja kwemitemo rinodzora. Izvi zvakaitika nekuti normativist nzira akarega kuva akakodzera. Izvi uchiumba kuziva jurisprudence pamutemo kunobva.

mhiri kwemakungwa

Funga nzvimbo nezvakatongwa muenzaniso mune dzimwe nyika. Zviri ikozvino mumwe chikuru manyuko pamutemo rokutonga muenzaniso mune nyasha pamutemo mugadziriro Great Britain, USA, Canada nedzimwe nyika. Zvinenge chetatu nyika ichiri maererano nenheyo akanga aumbwa pasi mutemo Chirungu. Chimbofunga pfungwa vachiridza basa rinokosha mukusika mutemo European.

Countries ane repamutemo ezvinhu anogona kushandisa mutongo muenzaniso munzira dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, muna England zvaakatonga neizvi mutemo zvachose kutevedzerwa, sezvo pane mutemo wakajeka. In the US, nekusiyana, kutonga pfungwa haisi zvakaoma nokuda peculiarities ari yeUnited nemamiriro nyika.

Wezvamatongerwe muenzaniso ikozvino

Kutonga anogona kushandiswa senzira pamutemo muenzaniso muna Russian Federation. Muenzaniso Fani iyi, funga izvi Sub-nyaya.

Izvi zvingava chisarudzo dare inotungamirira kuti kurovererwa kuti midziyo haisi mutongo wose kana yose mhinduro, asi chete zviri pamutemo nzvimbo rakatorwa mutongi, pachishandiswa iyo chisarudzo chakaitwa.

Paaiva nedzidziso muenzaniso zvinzvimbo rinonyatsooneka chinhu chisarudzo - ndicho chechipiri. Kuti rine pafuma yacho. Dzasara chisarudzo yevatongi haafaniri kuonekwa kunyorerana, asi tiri kwokunyengetedza muenzaniso. Somugumisiro, achipfuura kubva kudare rokumusoro chinzvimbo pamutemo nharo anomiririra wemaoresa mutemo mitemo Pfungwa Kazhinji muenzaniso. Asi pane zvagara. Tiri kutaura zviitiko apo pane muenzaniso kuti pakatarisana hunhu zvakafanana mhosva.

Uyewo hunogutsa muenzaniso zvokutonga muenzaniso kunogona kuva chisarudzo roruvanze, riri vakuru vakuru pazasi muviri, izvo anokokwa kutora zvakafanana mutongo.

Zvinoumba chisarudzo dare

mutongo wedare ine wandei zvinoriumba.

1. Kuziva aripo zvakananga kana rinobva chokwadi.
2. Mashoko pamutemo zvinoshanda pamusoro mumatare nyaya kunobva dzakananga ezvinhu.
3. Pachishandiswa zvikamu zviviri zvakawanwa mutongi wokutanga. Ndivo chetatu. Zviri nokuti mapato chinhu chinokosha, sezvo asimbisa mitoro uye kodzero pamusoro mubhizimisi zvigadziko.

Rokutonga muenzaniso pachinhu mutemo

Kana toreva mutemo nezvakatongwa muenzaniso zviri hunhu somuranda. Nei izvi? Mutemo anogona kubvisa mutongo. Somugumisiro, chero mutemo vakapfuura vari ramakanzi nomutoo, uchava kunyorerana pasi kushanda mudare. The simba ane kuita, akapiwa mitemo kugamuchirwa, kutanga pamutemo muenzaniso. Mienzaniso Fani iyi Russia pachinhu murayiro vakawanda. Somuenzaniso, kuvapo imwe nyaya zvokutonga muenzaniso, kwakavakirwa dzemunharaunda mutemo. Gare gare, mitemo aya akadzima kana kushandurwa. Somugumisiro, zviri pamutemo muenzaniso havagoni kushanda hereinafter.

Case mutemo Russia ine zvakawanda zvakanaka zvatariswa: dynamism, pamutemo uye nechokwadi.

Rokutonga muenzaniso mu England

British mhosva mutemo anotora mhuri pamutemo ine nzvimbo. Izvi imhaka yokuti dare iri kudzidza zvinhu kunotema chokwadi kana yakafanana nyaya vakanzwa asati kana kwete. Kana paiva chinhu chakadaro, kana kusarudza dare runodzorwa kare wokurera asati mutongo uyu zvakafanana mhosva. Zvinorevei? Rakundwa kamwe chisarudzo anoonekwa kuva mutemo unoti mureza zvinotevera zvakafanana mhosva. Muchiitiko chino, pane akanyatsorongwa roruvanze iro mwero kunyorerana muenzaniso kunoenderana. Zvinonzi zvakare Kunyatsoteerera. Pakutonga muenzaniso ndiro tsime mutemo muEngland. Kune vanenge mazana masere zviuru mananara pasi kukurukurwa. Uye nhamba yavo iri kuwedzera ose gore.

Sangano raJehovha rokutonga ezvinhu England

MuEngland, chikuru dare iri Imba Lords. Chisarudzo kubatwa zviri Vanosungirwa mamwe matare.

Magweta Body unotora nezvikamu zviviri (mhosva uye vehurumende). Dare vanosungirwa kuremekedza pachake neizvi ayo uye neizvi pamusoro raPamusoro. Mutongo muChivanze Appeal dzinoshanda pamusoro kwemitemo miviri oruvanze ezasi.

The High Court, kusanganisira matavi zvose ukama, kunofanira kutungamirirwa pakusarudza neizvi Vakuru vaviri. The mutongo repamusoro iri fanira kuti omurume miviri.

Matare Lower vari vatongi uye edzimhosva eruwa. Vanofanira kuremekedza neizvi zviri kwirirei. Solutions dunhu uye edzimhosva vatongi 'havaumbi neizvi yavo, uyewo mutongo pamusoro Crown.

Not richengetwe nemutemo tsotsi vari anoverengeka Institutes of mukuru chikamu, sezvazvakanyorwa wakaiswa nezvaakatonga neizvi muEngland. Mienzaniso mamwe mananara vari mubvunzo vane ukama McNaught mitemo. Inosanganisira hamusi Chirungu mutemo kupenga zvinodiwa.

Rokutonga muenzaniso muUnited States

Sezvo US hurongwa mutemo rakaumbwa pachishandiswa mitemo-Saxon mhuri zvemitemo, kwainyanya iri pamutemo muenzaniso. Inguva kubatana inokosha mumutemo. Case mutemo rinoratidza kuvapo akanyatsorongwa munyika ezvinhu muenzaniso. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, sarudzo rakatorwa nedare yakakwirira dzinoshanda miviri yakaderera.

It ari kugara inofamba, uye takatsunga ne vamiririri pamutemo hurongwa dzematare muUnited States. Mienzaniso zvinogadzirisa wakashandiswa ramangwana kushandisa dzakananga nyaya kune mamwe zvakafanana zviitiko. Kana mumwe mapato haribvumirani nepfungwa nechisarudzo rakatorwa mutongi, mumiririri dare yepamusorosoro vanosungirwa funga zvakaitika maererano zvokudya yapfuura rokutonga muenzaniso pane yakafanana chiitiko.

MUENZANISO muenzaniso muna U.S.

Funga inozivikanwa muenzaniso US zvokutonga muenzaniso. Ivo nokutonga Miranda. Nyaya chitarisiko chake akatanga muna 1963 muna Arizona. Ikoko, nokuti basa tsotsi chiito yave asungwa Ernesto Miranda. nokuzvidira munhu uyu akareurura kuti mhosva. Asi sezvo akanga asina kuudzwa pamusoro zvavo Maitiro kodzero, US Supreme Court rakatonga kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro hakusi uchapupu mhosva nokuzvidira kuziva mabasa. Nokudaro akaberekwa ndozvakajairwa, maererano izvo fungira inofanira kuziviswa kwavo Maitiro kodzero. Chete ipapo zvichava kuonekwa sezvo uchapupu mhosva.

Miranda kuzvitonga munyika, iyo Rinowanikwawo dzakawanda mudare nyaya muUnited States. Mienzaniso Fani iyi anosanganisira mumwe vakuru pokutonga unorambidza chikoro kudzivisa kutaura vadzidzi pamaonero. Kutonga uku akauya panguva Vietnam War. Ipapo mumwe Iowa School vadzidzi vaipfeka dema armbands mumaoko ake, inomiririra ari kutsutsumwa chokuita kurwa. Achipindura izvi kutaura maonero chourongwa wechikoro akarayira kuti wairambidza kwokupfeka makona. US Supreme Court vaiona chisarudzo kutyorwa kuti kodzero. Pashure paizvozvo, urongwa uhwu yava muenzaniso.

Russian muenzaniso

Funga nezvomuenzaniso nezvakatongwa muenzaniso muRussia. Vanogona kushanda chisarudzo dzamavanze yakakwirira maringe omurume masimba. Zvakazvinakira pavazhe, akamira yepamusoro vakuru vakuru, havana kubatanidzwa. Asi asati agadzwa vanomirira nezvamakatonga muenzaniso. Mienzaniso iri muRussia mananara mu mubvunzo inogona kureva mhosva, vehurumende, administrative uye dzimwe nyaya.

Somuenzaniso, Regional Court ari tsotsi nyaya rwave. Gare gare, yakafanana nyaya iri ruwa Paramende. Pakusarudza Matare maduku akanga vakashandisa tsika Vakuru kazhinji. Kuti iye ndiye rokutonga muenzaniso seinokonzera mutemo. Mienzaniso munyaya dzemhuri kunogonawo muenzaniso. Somuenzaniso, Chiitiko chiri mubvunzo, chokuita yokuzvigadzirisa nokubatira vana.