"Mitochondrial Eve" uye "Adhamu majini" - the kumadziteteguru wevanhu

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20 zviri mubishi kudzidza maumbirwo pakati majini remitemo , bazi idzva sayenzi. Iye pakuzivikanwa se samolecular paleontology. It yakawanikwa kuti ari munhu genotype anogona kuzivisa zvisaririra dzidziso kwazvakaita. Masayendisiti akadzidza sei dzosa umboo kubva zvisaririra zvemhuka mapfupa enzvimbo zvisikwa aigara kare. The Zvakawanikwa yekudyidzana achinja ataiita tanga zvokukura emunhu. Mhedziso akatanga kutsvakurudza itsva. Zvavanenge vawana agodzivisa pfungwa humwe pamusoro mufananidzo shanduka yorugare nyika.

Studies A. Wilson

California Professor of University of Berkeley vakati kumadziteteguru wevanhu vakabva mumwe mukadzi. Noumwe nguva yairarama Africa. Zvizvarwa Her akazogara pane dzimwe mumakondinendi. Somugumisiro zvakawanda kufambiswa yakabuda majini siyana kwevanhu. A boka rinotungamirirwa Wilson kuti pfungwa mbiri dzinokosha umo aidzidzisa yakanga yakagadzirwa.

Pfungwa huru

Maererano migumisiro ine okufananidza kuongorora zviri mapuroteni zvakanzi vakawana kuti mukufamba samolecular shanduka pamwero kugara ane kuunganidza kwazvakarerekera kunotouraya. Iri raiva rokutanga pfungwa Wilson. The zvazvingava panguva iyo kuchinja kuitika majini kwazvakarerekera pfungwa kunotouraya yakafanira, muupenyu nguva. Panyaya iyi, unogona kushandiswa sezvo rudzi shanduka chronometer, naro kuti dziti zvinoyerera maduramazwi bazi kubva huru hunde. Izvi zvakanga pfungwa yechipiri. Somugumisiro, anouya pasi kusvika panzvimbo nyore svomhu basa apo pa anozivikanwa aimhanya uye waivako parameters zvakakodzera kurondedzera sangano nzira nguva.

okufananidza zvidzidzo

Vakanga vatanga muna 1987, kwete zvenyukireya, uye mitochondrial DNA akabatwa kuti chidzidzo Wilson. Ekupedzisira duku tenderera Morekuru. Inoitwa 16 zviuru. BP. Vanoumba magene 37. Of mari iyi, kukwanisa kunotouraya kuwana zvinopfuura 2%. Izvi imhaka yokuti vazhinji majini kunokosha. Nuclear deoxyribonucleic asidhi zvinosanganisira mabhiriyoni 3.2 nechimwe yezvinoita.

Zvichakadai, kutituma haana chete rakakura riri mitochondrial DNA. Wilson akanga wakatungamirirawo nemamwe zvinodiwa. Zvikurukuru, kwakaonekwa kuti X-chromosome nhaka chete munhukadzi mutsetse. Panguva Fusion kuti dzisingaoneki uye zai panguva pakusangana dzisingaoneki organelle kuparadza rikaitika cytoplasm. Somugumisiro, kubva embryo zvaitambidzwa X-chromosome chete kubva mai. ezvinhu Izvi zvinoita kuti chamber hwomunhu vamutangira ari munhukadzi mutsetse.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mumwe munhu anogamuchira mitochondria kubva mai, izvozvo - voga uye zvichingodaro. Saka, zvinokwanisika kuvaka mutsetse, kuburikidza paunogona kutarira kure zvikuru kare. The mitochondrial DNA yokusava kunotouraya kuunganidza pamwero kugara. Uyezve, hapana recombine. Zvinoreva kuti kusiyana nucleotide nziyo zvinokonzerwa kunotouraya chete.

mhuri muti

Aratidza kuvapo vose vagere panyika yose chronometer, Wilson akatanga kuongorora womunhu dzinza. Nokuti kudzidza 182 mimwe rakasiyana-siyana mtDNA kubva 241 vanhu vakatorwa. nhamba iyi zvinosanganisira vamiririri nhangemutange neimwe marudzi 42. Chokwadi, vaduku marudzi zvakawanda dzakafanana mune nemagene mupfungwa, asi nokuti mukuru hunhu hombe chakarondedzera kunotouraya kuti vaunganidza mukufamba chokuvapo kwavo. Mukana kuti muenzaniso machisi DNA kubva chokuita nevanhu ndiko 10-15, kururama zvitupa - 10-7. Ose ugere panyika kusiyana nemamwe nucleotide 1 ari chiuru.

boka Wilson kwakaita Akaongorora D-loop. Ichi chinokosha hypervariable DNA mugove, kureba chawo mbiri 300. Chinhu kwazvakarerekera wenyika. On nzvimbo iyi yokuvamba kunotouraya haanamati pathologies uye regai kupa mukana kune varidzi mamwe sequences. Somugumisiro, Wilson akavaka mhuri muti. It akanongedza kuvapo avakuru kusiyana mitochondrial majini mu Africa. mimwe All adzidza vakasvika pakudya chete chepakutanga nucleotide kutevedzana.

Saka, Wilson vakatsanangura kwakabva vanhu kubva mukadzi. Zvisinei, haana kutaura kuti aiva munguva iyoyo kure, chete panyika. Pachishandiswa migumisiro kwemasvomhu Modelling, kwakaonekwa kuti chinobudirira yevagari saizi haana asingasviki zviuru 10.

Research nevamwe masayendisiti

Awana kuti mitochondrial Evha - chete amai vasina zvose vanhu vanogara panyika, Wilson vakaenda. Muchiziva kumhanya mutation, akakwanisa kumisa zera rake. Wilson akawana kuti mitochondrial Evha akararama zvuru 200-150. Marita. kare. Mukadzi uyu aiva mukuru Neanderthal.

Information pamusoro kuongorora deoxyribonucleic acids kunge vakawana vamwe vatsvakurudzi. Somuenzaniso, Satoshi Horan akataura kuti vanhu ano vaiva zvuru 200. Makore akapfuura Africa. Kubva ipapo, vakabva yakatamira Eurasia uye nokukurumidza vasiyiwa Homo erectus. Muchiitiko chino, musanganiswa mitochondrial genotypes akapotsa haana kuitika. Kwapera nguva, Satoshi kwaya vakaedza calibrate mashoko "chronometer". Maererano nedzimwe data, zera yanhasi murume 143 zviuru. Years.

Vamwe vakaonawo kuti munhu wokutanga akaonekwa Africa. Panyaya iyi, masayendisiti vakaongorora renyukireya magene. Resettlement, maererano vaongorori, hakuna pamberi 100 zviuru. Marita. kare. Masayendisiti okuBritain akadzidza Chidimbu zviratidzo zvenyukireya, riri basa kwetunhu B-globin. Nzvimbo iyi yagara vakaongorora kubva vanhu 349 kubva siyana kumatunhu nenyika. Maererano Ongororo kuti mavambo vanhu chokuita munharaunda Africa. Kugumisa Similar vakataurirwa uye mamwe masayendisiti akawanda.

Saka, kuwanikwa Wilson vakapa kurudziro kune dzimwe ongororo mumarabhoritari siyana munyika. All mabasa, dzakanga kuitwa akazvimirira masayendisiti anoratidza kuti panzvimbo paiva mitochondrial Eve, ndiye East Africa.

Tichienzanisa mitauro muti

Achiedza kuongorora samolecular genetics uye kupararira pezvakaitwa mutauro yakaitwa Kvalli-Sforza. Fananidzo akaratidza kuti muti rakavakwa kwakavakirwa migumisiro nemagene zvidzidzo, izvozvo rinoenderana kwomutauro. Saka, yakanga akazivisa mubatanidzwa Gene jogirafi uye dzinza jogirafi.

Mitochondrial Evha Y-chromosome Adam

Muupenyu hwake, Wilson aiva vachiedza kuronda dzemadzibaba mutsetse vose vanhu vanogara panyika nhasi. Maererano rokutanga date pachisara zvakanga hwakasimbiswa kuti muna Africa ipapo Mitochondrial naEvha uye majini Adam. Kudzidza akasimbisa anoverengeka dzinonakidza chokwadi.

Y-chromosome ane kukura nucleotide mbiri mamiriyoni 60. Iye asingaiti recombine, uye saka kusiyana mamiriro inokonzerwa mutagenesis. Zvidzidzo More hwakadzama yaiitwa nevanhu Professor Underhallom. Akaunganidza mashoko ongororo kubva zvinenge zvose kumatunhu panyika. Y-chromosome ndiyo chete varume. Saka, zvinova chete kubva baba mwanakomana.

Maererano nenyaya, kwakaonekwa kuti munhu wokutanga akazviratidza yakakomba nguva sezvo Mitochondrial Evha -. About 150-160 zviuru apfuura. The zera musiyano anoiswa mukati nzira kukarukureta zvikanganiso. Kugumisa Similar vakanyengerwa kubva rimwe tsvakurudzo boka yakazvimirira, izvo zvakaita M. Hammer.

Mitochondrial Evha: ari zvinonzwisisika achinyatsoramba akasimbisa pfungwa

Kubva apa anogona uswedere zvinotevera mhedziso. In Africa, vanenge zviuru 150-180. Makore apfuura pakanga vanhu vokutanga. Inenge 100 zviuru. Makore akapfuura, vakatanga tama ecumene. Panguva iyoyowo, akachinjanisa hominids zvose vanogara mundima, kwete mhuka dzirambe dzichiberekana navo. About 40 zviuru. Makore akapfuura vanhu vokutanga akaonekwa Europe. Uyezve ongororo vakapa inoshamisa chaizvo zvabuda. Saka, Professor Svante Paabo akakwanisa dzokubvisa mitochondrial DNA kubva chaenga vertebra kuva Neanderthal, iyo yokutanga yakawanikwa 1856, uye akararama vanenge 50 zviuru. Makore akapfuura. Maererano migumisiro okufananidza pachisara zvakanzi vakawana kuti ichi haisi hominid haisi chinhu kuti tateguru, uye kunyange yepedyo vanhu ano.

Siyana mirayiridzo-shanduka

The rairatidza misiyano vakanga zvinokosha kuti vaongorori vakagumisa kuti shanduka bazi kwemarudzi uye vaigona, chaizvoizvo, vaifanira kuenda kwakasiyana-siyana 600 zviuru. Makore akapfuura. The huripo siyana mitochondrial DNA Homo sapiens 24 inotsiviwa uye Neanderthals - 32. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti ekupedzisira Voda mhiri howa variability vanhu. Saizvozvowo, Neanderthals zviumbe shanduka negwara uye vane nezvirimundima uye panguva imwe chete mudanga bazi.

simbiso mhedziso

Studies kwaitungamirirwa Pääbo, yokuchinja pfungwa anthropology. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, zvakava zvakakodzera ritsigire zvakawanwa boka akazvimirira masayendisiti. Chidimbu che Neanderthal mapfupa akadzidza M. Stoneking, muteveri Wilson. Aongorora zvasara mwana, uyo akararama. Years vanenge zviuru 30 apfuura, musayendisiti vakagamuchira chete mashoko sezvo Pääbo. Saka ndezvipi wekupedzisira anotsigirwa zvakazara. Kwapera nguva, boka vaongorori German aidzidza Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA kuongorora. Results akasimbisawo kwokutanga pfungwa. Maererano Mazvikokota K. Stringer, vanhu ari kuda rokuumba rakabatana dzidziso umo wokubatanidza matongo, kuvabereki, paleo-anthropological uye mitauro uchapupu muenzaniso African.

The zvokunamata chinotaurwa

The kwetunhu ose pamusoro nzvimbo zvinogona kuunza vanhu kuti chakavanzika chacho mavambo. Zvichakadai, maererano vamwe vanyori, anthropogenesis haigoni kuderedzwa mibvunzo evasingatombonamati nesayenzi. Maererano navo, kusvika vanhu munyika hakusi chete zvinhu asiwo chinoshamisa pakunamata. The Vanyori kumbotipa mukutsigira kwavo nzvimbo zvinobva mudzidziso Matsvene. Nekuti pane zvasara zviri pedyo munhu pamusoro morphological unhu mumuviri, pane mubvunzo kuziva nzvimbo nedanho shanduka, umo munhu anova Chokwadi, munhu.

mhedziso

Rugwaro harutauri chinhu pamusoro mashandiro yokusika. Muchiitiko chino, zvinonzi pamusoro pokugadzwa munhu waMwari. Chinhu chikuru ichi kwacho kwaiva spiritualization muviri, nokuda iyo munhu akarega kuva mhuka. Sezvo ini akacherechedza kutaurirana. Filaret Moskovsky, haana kusika munhu mumwe-nguva chiito, uye dzinoumba kuramba uye zvishoma nezvishoma. Ndiwo uyu nguva chitsvene - apo Mwari akafemera muviri Mutsvene - ndiko kutanga wechokwadi chomunhu, maererano vatsigiri vezvitendero dzidziso. I kurukura ichi wenyaya uye St. Grigoriy Nissky. Mubhuku rake rinonzi, akanyora kuti munhu anga akaronga pashure wokupedzisira zvinomera uye mhuka. Nature zvimwe chinja nzira yakanga pakukwana. Zvisinei, izvi pacharo haitsananguri Magwaro. Panguva iyi, zvokunamata dzidziso anosvika standstill. Zvinofungirwa kuti nzira kutevedzera "pamukwidza changamire" kunofanira kuva masayendisiti.