Microbiological nzira yokudzidza mvura, ivhu uye mhepo

Micro-zvinenge -, zvisikwa kunyanya chimwe-celled duku, izvo zvakapararira zvakasikwa. Ivo zvinowanika vezvenhau vose (mhepo, ivhu, mvura) muvanhu nemhuka, zviri zvirimwa.

Qualitative kusiyana uye uwandu zvipenyu kuvimba achinyanya muviri yeimwe. Asi zvinokoshawo sezvo mwando, tembiricha, aeration uye chiito chezuva uye zvimwewo.

природных сред позволяют выявить наличие патогенных микроорганизмов, определить их количество и, в соответствии с полученными результатами, выработать меры по устранению или предупреждению инфекционных заболеваний. Nzira dzekufambisa utsanana uye microbiological zvidzidzo zvakasikwa nevezvenhau anogona kuona pane utachiona uye kuti vaone uwandu hwavo maererano ndawana zvabuda, kutanga matanho kubvisa kana kudzivirira zvirwere. Uyezve, quantitative nhoroondo runodikanwa mararamiro Modelling uye kukura zvakasikwa dzinotsanagura utungamiriri. . Ngatimboongororai zvimwe ndezvipi nzira microbiological bvunzo.

ivhu

It anoonekwa nenyanzvi somumwe inobvira migwagwa zviri kupararira kwezvirwere zvakawanda zvinotapukira pathologies. With secretions dzevanhu kana mhuka murwere ivhu rakapinza utachiona. Vamwe vavo, zvikurukuru, spore, anogona kuramba muvhu kwenguva refu (dzimwe nguva kwemakumi emakore). позволяют определить "микробное число" (кол-во микроорганизмов в грамме грунта), а также коли-индекс (количество кишечных палочек). Ivhu nokuwa utachiona zvirwere zvakadai ngozi dzakadai tetenasi, hwechigwadara, zvanga zvine utachiona uhu, uye zvichingodaro. Nzira utsanana-microbiological kudzidza ivhu kubvumira kuti chaunoti "microbial count" (nhamba tusingaoneki muvhu ane giremu), uye coli indekisi (nhamba E. coli) .

Soil ongororo: muchidimbu

следует в первую очередь отнести прямое микроскопирование и посев на плотную питательную среду. Nzira dzekufambisa microbiological kuongorora ivhu kuti zvikurukuru vanofanira kunzi yakananga microscopy uye tsika pane hwakasimba inotonhorera svikiro. akasiyana pamusoro taxonomic chinzvimbo uye zvipenyu mashandiro nevanhu zvigare uye mapoka avo kuti vagere ivhu,. In sainzi, vanobatana pasi Generic rokuti "ivhu Biota." Primer - dzinogarisana kuwanda tusingaoneki. In giremu ivhu aripo kubva 1 kusvika 10 bhiriyoni emasero dzavo. In ezvinhu ichi, achishingaira anotora manyowa pamusoro makemikari nyaya, pamwe kutora chikamu siyana saprophytic tusingaoneki.

Zvidzidzo roga pamusoro microbiological nzira: matanho

Kuongororwa svikiro rinotanga zvakabudiswa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kare akasvuura uye grated doro banga (nefoshoro inogona kushandiswa). Pashure paizvozvo, mharidzo gadziriro. Danho rinotevera - kuverenga masero yakasvibiswa smears. Funga danho rimwe voga.

zvakabudiswa

Mune Kuongororwa okurima nevhu vanowanzotevedzera mharidzo wakatorwa kubva kudzika yose rukoko. First akabvisa 2-3 masendimita pamusoro pasi, sezvo zvingava aripo munzvimbo extraneous microflora. Zvadaro, ane nzvimbo zvevhu akadzidza tora monoliths. Kureba neimwe anofanira kutevedza pakukora zvakaturikidzaniswa kubva izvo zvaunoda mharidzo.

On a chomunda 100-200 ba. 7-10 mamita yakasarudzwa ivhu. Kurema rimwe - of Unorudzi 0.5 makirogiramu. The mimwe inofanira kusanganiswa kwazvo muhomwe. Zvadaro tora avhareji mharidzo yairema anenge 1 kg. Zvinofanira kuiswa yematehwe (chena) pasuru akanyudzwa mumucheka mubhegi. Asati kutungamirira kuongorora mharidzo mumabhatiri mufiriji.

Survey Preparation

The vakamutsa Ivhu akadururira napavhu rinoonekera. Its pre-pukuta ne doro uye kupisa pamusoro burner. Aine spatula ivhu hwakakanyiwa kwazvo uye kuwedzerwa zvakaenzana. Zviri fanira kubvisa midzi uye dzimwe dzimwe zvinhu. Kuti aite izvi, kushandisa tweezers. Asati nokushanda tweezers uye spatula pamusoro burner dzakaparira uye kubvumirwa zvichitonhorera.

Pakati siyana ivhu kwokurangana dzakagoverwa pamusoro girazi, akasarudza zvikamu zviduku. Vakayera ari porcelain dhishi rimwe unyanzvi pamwero. является специальная обработка образца. Fanira danho roga nzira microbiological zveBhaibheri ndiyo kubudiswa chaicho mharidzo. 2 unofanira kugadzirira pachine chena chinu. saizi kwavo hazvifaniri kupfuudza Rine mamiririta 250. Mumwe mumidziyo yakadururirwa 100 ml pombi mvura. Nekuti zvinotora 0.4-0.8 Rine mamiririta mvura nzwisa ivhu uye yakakanyiwa kuti namatidza. Musanganiswa anofanira kutongokwizwa munhu munwe kana rabha nomutswi kwemaminitsi 5.

Mvura kubva pakutanga chinu zvaitambidzwa muvhu gobvu maturo chinu. Uyezve, vachidzipukuta shure kwake. Pashure vakawanda iri kune imwe chinu pedyo burner womoto. Mudziyo pamwe ivhu kuturika yakazununguka pamusoro shaker nokuda 5 min. Zvadaro, aibvumirwa kugadzirisa masekondi anenge 30. Izvi zvinokosha kuti kubvumira nezvimedu makuru kugadzirisa. Mushure hafu paminiti gobvu inoshandiswa mukugadzirira kugadzirira.

Cell hazvibatsiri pamusoro wakaiswa smears

, разработанному Виноградским. Direct nemaziso kudzidza ivhu rinoitwa nomudzimu nzira microbiological zvidzidzo, yakatanga Vinogradskii. Mune dzimwe Vhoriyamu kuturika akaverengwa nhamba masero zvigare. Kudzidza pazvinhu smears vanogona kuchengeta zvinodhaka kwenguva refu uye kuita Masvomhu chero nguva.

Preparation zvinodhaka sezvinotevera. Mumwe yakawanda slurry (yemanyorero 0.02-0.05 Rine mamiririta) rinoshandisirwa aine micropipette angonanga ondomoka. To ichi mhinduro Wakawedzerwa kuderera Hagari-Hagari (polysaccharide agaropectin muvhenganiswa uye agarose zvikaramba kubva mashava uye tsvuku algae Sea Black), vakamutsa nokukurumidza uye vakapararira pamusoro imwe nzvimbo 4-6 ba. cm. pap mhepo-kuomeswa uye wakaiswa kwemaminitsi 20-30. doro (96%). Zvadaro, mushonga chakakanyiwa kwakadonhera mvura uye akaisa muna rs p-p carbolic erythrosine 20-30 min.

Pashure staining zvinonzi kushambidzwa uye waoma mumhepo. Cell Munhau anoitwa kubva kunyudza izvo.

Kudyara pamusoro hwakasimba nevezvenhau

позволяют выявить большое количество микроорганизмов. Nemaziso nzira nokuti microbiological kuzviongorora anogona kuona vakawanda tusingaoneki. Asi pasinei neizvi, nzira inoculation ndicho uchidzidzira. Chaizvoizvo Its kunoratidzwa seeding chitsama zvinodhaka (ivhu kuturika) ari Petri dhishi rimwe hwakasimba svikiro.

позволяет учитывать не только количество, но и групповой, а в ряде случаев и видовой состав микроскопической флоры. nzira iyi microbiological tsvakurudzo inorangarira kwete chete uwandu asiwo boka, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko, uye mhando Kuronga nemaziso kasvisto. Anoverenga nyuchi anobudiswa, kazhinji kubva pasi Petri dhishi muchiedza zvitange. On the akaverenga nzvimbo akaisa chiratidzo kana neingi dot.

mvura Analysis

The microflora mvura muviri, sezvo mutemo, unoratidza microbial Kuronga ivhu inoipoteredza. имеют особое практическое значение при изучении состояния конкретной экосистемы. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, nzira utsanana-microbiological kuongorora mvura uye ivhu zviri zvikuru inoshanda kukosha kudzidza mamiriro imwe mararamiro. The mvura yakachena ine, sezvinoita mutemo, cocci, mabhakitiriya tsvimbo serin'i.

Anaerobes nemvura inowanikwa diki zvakawanda. Kazhinji, ivo kuwandisa nechepasi kwemiviri dzemvura, mumatope, anotora rutivi muitiro yokuzvinatsa. Microflora mumakungwa uye makungwa advantageously kumiririrwa halophytic (halophilic) utachiona.

Mumvura, matsime chitubu vari kushanda hapana tusingaoneki. Izvi nokuda mupise vanokwanisa ivhu rukoko.

считаются определение микробного числа и коли-титра либо коли-индекса. Kwakajairika nzira microbiological tsvakurudzo mvura vaiona tsanangudzo microbial uye coli-titer kana kana-indekisi. Chokutanga chakarurama inorondedzera nhamba utachiona muna 1 Rine mamiririta mvura. Coli indekisi anomiririra nhamba coliforms aripo ari ity remvura, uye kana titer - shoma nhamba kana kunonyanyisa dilution mvura umo vanogona kuonekwa.

Kutsunga microbial nhamba

Izvi nzira utsanana microbiological kuongorora mvura sezvinotevera. Muna 1 ml mvura akatsunga kuwanda mesophilic uye facultative anaerobes (zvenguva) aerobes anokwanisa nyama-peptone Hagari (chikuru svikiro) pa 37 cant. masikati kuti kuumba mapoka zvinoonekwa pane imwe magnification pamusoro 2-5 p. kana chinoabatsira.

является посев. Chinokosha danho iri nzira microbiological kuongorora mvura inodyarwa. Nekuti chimwe nechimwe mharidzo chinodyarwa kanenge 2 mavhoriyamu siyana. Kana pombi mvura kuongorora muna mukapu imwe neimwe chakagadzirwa 1-0.1 ml yakaisvonaka emura uye utachiona 0.01-0.001 Rine mamiririta. Nokuti inoculation pamusoro 0.1 Rine mamiririta kana vhoriyamu maduku Urume rakasanganiswa kwakadonhera (chena) mvura. Uchingogara kugadzirira grade dilutions. 1 ml nomumwe wavo chakaitwa Petri madhishi maviri.

Rutoto vakazadzwa inotonhorera Hagari. Zvinofanira kutanga zvinonyauka uye cool 45 cant. Mushure vakasvikapowo, zvinoshingaira svikiro inosaririra chinjikira penyika kuti solidification. At madhigirii 37. zvirimwa vari akura yose zuva. позволяет учитывать результаты на тех чашках, где количество колоний находится в пределах от 30 до 300. The vaiona nzira microbiological tsvakurudzo mvura inorangarira migumisiro ndiro avo umo nhamba nyuchi dziri kuwanda 30 kusvika 300.

mhepo

It anonzi dzaifanoiswa pasi kuti zvigare. являются седиментация (оседание) и аспирация. The chikuru nzira microbiological ongororo dziri mhepo sedimentation (pakugadzirisa) uye chido.

Microflora mhepo mamiriro ezvinhu ari pamadiro akakamurwa shanduka uye kugara. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira mbiriso, chromogenic cocci, spore-kubereka bacillus coli uye mamwe majemusi husingakwanisi nokuomesa, kugara chiedza. Representatives shanduka microflora, rakapinza mumhepo yavo yekushandisa dzinogarisana, refu kuramba simba ravo.

Mumhepo mumaguta makuru tusingaoneki zvikuru kupfuura mudenga hwaiitwa mumaruwa. Over makungwa, masango vari utachiona shoma chaizvo. Air yokunatswa zviite kunayisa: chando uye mvura. Mumba tupukanana zvikuru kupfuura yakazaruka dzezvimwe. nhamba yavo yakawanda yechando tisina dzose kufefetedza.

sedimentation

считается простейшим. nzira iyi microbiological kutsvakurudza zvidukuduku ichaongororwa kuva nyore. Kwakavakirwa pakugadzirisa pamusoro mumate nezvimedu pamusoro Hagari pamusoro munzvimbo isina Petri dhishi pasi negiravhiti. sedimentation nzira murege zvakarurama kuziva nhamba utachiona mudenga. Chokwadi ndechokuti munhu mukombe rakazaruka kubata wakanaka chikamu seguruva uye mumate kwemabhakitiriya zvakaoma. Pamusoro pemvura zvabatwa nezvimedu kunyanya guru.

Nzira iyi haisi kushandiswa mhepo kuongorora. zvakatipoteredza ichi dzinoratidzwa guru nokufamba pakukurumidza mhepo kuyerera. Sedimentation anogona Zvisinei, kushandiswa pasina yakagozha mano kana Magetsi kunobva.

Pakusarudza uwandu microbial kwakaitwa Omelyansky nzira. Maererano nazvo, kwemaminitsi 5 pamusoro pechiso nzvimbo 100 mativi Hagari. masendimita rinopedza dzinoverengeka utachiona aripo muna 10 litres mhepo.

Rayirai 535 "On kubatanidzwa microbiological nzira kuongorora"

Bacteriological ongororo kune nzvimbo inokosha iri kunzwisisa kurapwa uye rabhoritari mabasa zvainanga nechirwere, kudzivirirwa uye vabatwe siyana zvinotapukira. Zvisinei, kudzidza kwezvakatipoteredza, ivo hakugumiri.

Zvikuru kukosha ndiyo bacteriological kuongorora zvoutachiona zvinhu muzvipatara. Yokutsvakurudza inoitwa outano, vakawedzera zvinodiwa. Chinangwa Order "On kubatanidzwa microbiological nzira kuongorora" ndiko kuti kunatsiridza bacteriological pachisara kunatsiridza uye kunyatsoshanda kuti microbiological Diagnostics.

Nemaziso Kuongorora smears vakadzi

Zviri nzira kiyi kuongorora kuti chirwere kutapukirwa, zvirwere zvinopfuudzwa pabonde, uye mikana zvirwere (mikana utachiona).

Nemaziso kuongorora kuongorora Qualitative uye quantitative Zvinoumba microflora, tarisa Kururama zvakabudiswa. Somuenzaniso, kuvapo kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi epithelium mu swabs akatorwa kubva remuromo Canal rinoratidza kutyora mitemo kusarudzwa ane zvipenyu mharidzo.

Zvinonzi microbiological kuongororwa iyi nyaya iri kazhinji anoteverwa zvimwe zvinetso. Ivo vane ukama chokuti iri nechepazasi yokubereka turakiti rinowanzova kuuya siyana microflora kuti zvinyamusi panguva mazera akasiyana. Kuti uvandudze Kushanda kutsvakurudza uye vakava kwezvipimo mitemo.

Chirwere kubva kutapukirwa noutachiona

Zvinonzi kuitwa nzira Detective RNA uye DNA utachiona. Vari zvakavakirwa zvikurukuru kutsunga nucleotide sequences mune pathological zvinhu. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kuti samolecular Yatanga Kuongorora. Vari artificially anogadzirwa nucleic acids nopindirana kuti (nopindirana kuna) ari nemavhairasi acids wakanyorwa ane radioactive chitaridzi kana biotin.

The peculiarity nezvenzira inodzokororwa nokukopa chaiyo DNA chinyorwa chine mazana mashomanana (kana makumi ezviuru) nucleotide yezvinoita. kuberekana (kungatonziwo) ndiko kuti kuwedzera angatanga chete mune zvimwe dzakabatana. primers (primers) rakashandiswa kusika navo. Ndivo synthesized oligonucleotides.

PCR Diagnostics (polymerase cheni maitiro) zviri nyore zviitwe. Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti nokukurumidza kuwana mugumisiro nokushandisa shoma pathological zvinhu. Uchishandisa PCR Diagnostics rinozivisa chakasimba, chirwere uye Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa (zvakavanzika) zvirwere.

Kana aikanganiswa kuti nzira iyi anonzi zvinodiwa. Zvisinei, kuitika bvunzo hurongwa havasi kuvimbwa zvakakwana, saka PCR zvokuongorora haagoni zvachose kutsiva nemakwenzi.