Mashoko okuchengetera anosvikirwa ari nomudonzvo pemashanga. Ancient chengetedzo zvenhau

Tine anenge mazuva ose nokushandisa CD-disks, nokupenya Zvifambiso, uye mapepa, asi regai kunyange kuziva kuti vezvenhau ava ine nhoroondo yacho. Uyezve, pakuonekwa akanga pakurukurwa dzimwe nzira okuchengetera uye kupararira mameseji, mimwe rinogona ikozvino kuwanikwa, zvichida, chete mamiziyamu. Old Vezvenhau nani kukura unyanzvi hwevanhu. Mumwe mutsva pakuonekwa akanga rerukei uye tibudirire pane yapfuura. Nhasi kuchengetera svikiro kubva dzakanzi Dzvuku, ematebwe yekare, kana evhu kuudza masayendisiti zvakawanda nezveupenyu kure kare. Vamwe vavo vari kure mberi analogues ano kwenguva ya kuchengetera mashoko.

In mimvuri mumapako

Wokutanga Vezvenhau, anozivikanwa masayendisiti - ichi rusvingo mufananidzo. Vanosangana mumapako munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika. Pakutanga, kushanda pamwe akashandisa coloring nziyo. Over nguva zvakaonekwa fragility kuti mapatani zvakadai, uye sechinhu simbi akashandisa matombo unopinza. Ivo ndikamumara pamasvingo petroglyphs (zita rinobva echiGiriki okuti "dombo" uye "shinda"). The chikuru yemisoro dombo uri - ari kuvhima, mhuka, Genre zvatinoona. Nhasi, zvazvinosarira chinangwa kujeka pamusoro vanodhirowa dzakadaro. Vakaratidza shanduro kuti vakanga zvechitendero zvakasikwa kana akagadzirirwa vashongedze misha, uye anogona kunge nzira kuudza mashoko vedzinza.

Mienzaniso kupfuura yekare padombo uri ane refu chaizvo nhoroondo. Vanochera matongo vanodavira kuti zvakasikwa makore anopfuura chiuru makumi mana apfuura.

ivhu

Evolution zvenhau raiva kutsvaka nzira nezvinhu, mushandisi-ushamwari uye inogona panguva kuponesa shoko chero zvichibvira. Panzvimbo petroglyphs uye padombo uri akasvika evhu. mavambo wavo kwakabatana kwakabva achinyora muIjipiti uye Mesopotamia. Chii vaiva vezvenhau izvi? Table yaiva pamahwendefa zvemapuranga ane mutete rukoko ivhu. Chinyorwa vatambi vaishandisa ibwe kana emapuranga zvimiti. Akanyora ivhu nyoro uye piritsi ipapo yaoma. Next kwachiri unogona kuita imwe nzira mbiri: kana kuti kusiya uye, kana zvakakodzera, kudzima akanyorwa, inyorovese nemvura kana kubheka. Mukupera nyaya, mashoko inochengeterwa kwenguva refu, asati kuparadzwa mutakuri. Zvakasaririra Mahwendefa dzakadaro, vanochera matongo zvinoratidza kuti nhasi. Ichi chinhu chinokosha chaizvo zvakabudiswa angataura zvakawanda pamusoro sei akararama madzitateguru edu.

Kunewo ivhu mahwendefa rakanyorwa ecuneiform, tanga kwakamboitwa munharaunda Sumer yekare chiuru chemakore chechitatu BC. Vanhu vazhinji akashandisa kwakadai inotakura mashoko kusvikira pakuonekwa papepa.

manda

MuRoma yekare run vakanga Mahwendefa wakisi. Vakanga zvakagadzirwa boxwood, Beech kana pfupa uye aiva indentation nokuda Paraffin. By wakisi navo pamwe chinyoreso, munhu wakarodzwa simbi netsvimbo. zviratidzo zvakadai zviri nyore kuti kuzodzosera kushandiswa: zviratidzo nyore kusiya. Zvinosuruvarisa, tembiricha mamiriro havabvumirwi kuchengeta dzakawanda zvakarekodhwa nhau dzakadaro. Zvisinei, mimwe mienzaniso zvasvika nhasi. Mumwe wavo - the polyptych (akawanda waakaita redehwe anosungira Wakisi Mahwendefa) yaiva Novgorod Codex, dzawanikwa nharaunda muguta rekare.

Mashoko okuchengetera anosvikirwa ari nomudonzvo pemashanga

In ose mahwendefa, uye akanga ari yematanda mabhuku imwe drawback - vanoyera chaizvo. Hazvishamisi, saka, kuti pakuzadzisa nzira yokuchengeta uye kuparadzira mashoko vachifamba kutsvaka nzira raita chawo. VaEgipita tega mhinduro. In yechipiri yezana remakore rechitatu BC, vaikwira kuchengetera svikiro iri ipwa pemashanga. Raiva nhokwe, yakaitwa kubva chete chirimwa. Nepo hama iyi petsanga zvaizoparadzirwa murwizi Delta. Nhasi, mhuka mhando nenhokwe iri dzotsauka.

Michina

Mutakuri mashoko kubva dzakanzi nenhokwe zvakasikwa mumatanho dzakawanda. Chokutanga, anatswa chirimwa omuti uye paro richivezwa kupinda matete rinoparadza. Next, avo vakaisa sandara pamusoro batana rukoko. Pashure pacho, chikamu rinoparadza pakuiswa pamusoro yaora kurudyi pamakona. All akafuka sandara ibwe, uye pashure penguva chakasara zuva. Kana zvichiita jira inofambidzana zvakakwana awome, sando nayo vamutye uye ndokudzora.

Papyrus kazhinji rangano glued pamwe. Zvinovhiringidza RIBBONS akanaka refu, zvakanga zvakachengetwa dziri mipumburu. Nhokwe yokutanga akanzi "protokolon". Face mupumburu ndiye apo fibers akanga chinjikira.

reusable

Papyrus, pikicha iyo iwe kuona chero Website kuna nhoroondo yeIjipiti, rinowanzoshandiswa kanopfuura kamwe. Kana Mashoko pachiso, zvinova sabatsira kana kungoti zvisingakoshi vakanyoresa akazara turnover. Kazhinji zvino dzichengeterwe siyana mabhuku mabasa. Dzimwe nguva anova kufanira rwezuva kurutivi rworudyi kushambidzwa.

Enhokwe muIjipiti yekare uye akaisa magwaro matsvene uye zvinyorwa chokuita nezuva epamba. Mutakuri mashoko kubva dzakanzi Dzvuku, sezviri pachena, iye akamuka pano panguva iyoyo nokuberekwa kunyora, mune predynastic yaitonga. Kazhinji kuwanikwa pamapeji anogona kuwanikwa mipumburu mufananidzo.

Found

Enhokwe - kwete chakavimbika kupfuura zvirambe zviripo. Zvisinei kuvaponesa vari unaltered chimiro zvinogoneka chete pasi zvimwe zvinhu, mumamiziyamu kuonekwa akaisa mumabhokisi girazi rakavharwa mukati izvo zvakafanira tembiricha uye mwando. Papyri dzinoshandiswa nharaunda yose Girisi uye Roma, asi achiripo chete makopi, akaramba ari muIjipiti: okunze munyika ino makapfeka kusimba rutsigiro acho ari zvishoma unokuvadza.

Nokuda Mamiriro ezvinhu ari Valley murwizi, matongo uye vanyori vakakwanisa tinyatsoziva chete "Constitution of vaAtene" Aristotle, Latin nhetembo "Alcestis Barcelona", vamwe mabasa Menander uye Philodemos Gadarskogo. Mipumburu vane mimwe izvi mabhuku ekare akawanikwa muIjipiti.

kupera nguva

Evolution, vakanga yekare nhau, haana kumira. Pemipumburu dzaishandiswa chaizvo kuMabvazuva kusvikira VIII remakore BC. Zvisinei, muna Europe mukutanga Ages nayo chikatsiviwa akarekodwa svikiro kubva ganda mhuka. Aitsigira sechinhu pfupi pasherefu upenyu yenhokwe (akaramba asina anopfuura makore 200), uye kuderedza zvinomera muIjipiti.

Ganda mhuka sezvo zvirambe zviripo

Matehwe akazviratidza V remakore. BC. e. muPezhia. Kubva ipapo akanga ari Ancient Greece, kwaakabereka nani kushingaira pamwe II remakore BC. Rakanga panguva ino, Egypt vakarambidza aina yenhokwe kubva munyika. Chisarudzo kwakadaro kwaizoita kuti kusimudzirwa pamusoro Library cheArekizandiria tichienzanisa iri muPegamo muAsia Minor. Zvino vaGiriki navaPersia akarangarira kuvamba yavo, dzakavandudza zvemichina uye kushandisa zvinhu zvitsva. Panyaya iyi, kuchengetera svikiro ganda mhuka uye akanzi "yematehwe". MuGreece, nokuti ayo kugadzirwa kushandiswa zvikuru kurapwa namatehwe makwai nembudzi.

bepa yaitonga

Yematehwe yaishandiswa huru yokunyorera kusvikira nucleation Kudhinda. Zvino kwechinguva skinning mhuka anoshandiswa kufanana papepa. Zvisinei, kunzwisisa kugadzirwa yematehwe akatitungamira zvishoma nezvishoma kusiya mune nyasha nhau itsva.

Pepa, maererano Chinese yenhau, yagadzirwa mukuvamba remakore rechipiri AD, cai Lun. Archaeological Kucherwa, zvisinei, anoratidza chimwe kwokutanga kwakabva zvinhu (munenge II remakore BC). Cai Lun, maererano redzidziso ano, michina yemhando yepamusoro akaita mapepa isingadhuri uye zvakawanda vafuke. Kugadzira muitiro kunyora zvinhu panguva kunyorwa kwenyaya: huru mbishi zvinhu (jira, dota, hemp) akatanga kuwedzera guruu, starch uye coloring nevamiririri. Zvisinei, ruzhinji Kuronga ano bepa haasi zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva pakutanga.

Mugore XI-XII emakore itsva mashoko vezvenhau vakasvika Europe uye akadzinga yematehwe. With kukura mapepa okudhindira kugadzirwa vakatanga kuwedzera yekudyidzana. Humwe Kushandurwa ichi mutakuri mashoko kwave kunonyanya kukonzerwa nani kugadzirwa nzira, zvishoma nezvishoma achichinja kubva Chinyorwa kune michini gadzira.

Nhasi pepa zvishoma nezvishoma kuribvisa ne digitaalinen uye zvemagetsi dzomuzana. The chikuru cho zvenhau munguva yedu - uwandu ndangariro. Paper iri zvishoma nezvishoma kurasikirwa kukosha kwayo, kunyange anogadzirwa kuchiri vazhinji. Yematehwe uye enhokwe, mapikicha vari nyore kuwanikwa paIndaneti, chinhu chekare, kunyange zvazvo aimbova rinoshandiswa nhasi vemifananidzo. Nhoroondo nhau zvinoratidza chido revanhu kubudirira, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange yenguva dzose hunhu muupenyu.