Kufamba goko paNyika: zano uye mhando

Pakutanga, ivhu pasi petsoka dzenyu sokuti kuti zvachose wakaiswa, asi chaizvoizvo hazvisi. The Earth ane chinjwa marongerwo inoita fambisa siyana. Sangano renyika nechepasi, kuputika mubasa Kakawanda kacho, dzinogona kutakura wakakura simba rokuparadza, asi pane dzimwe kufamba, kunonoka uye usingaonekwi chinoabatsira kwevanhu.

Yokuti Wepasi goko kufamba

goko The nyika inoumbwa guru tectonic mahwendefa akawanda, chimwe nechimwe anoita inofamba vakadhakwa yomunyika pezvakaitwa Wepasi. Kufamba pasi goko - zviri kunonoka kwazvo, ungati, rokunyika chakajairika asingatadzi yekudyidzana nhengo kwevanhu pfungwa, uye asi izvi wakakurira rakakura muupenyu hwedu. Zvinoonekwa kuratidzwa kutamira tectonic mahwendefa - ndiye paumbwe ngetani gomo, achiperekedzwa nokudengenyeka.

The zvinokonzera tectonic masangano

Solid chezvinonhuwira redu - ari lithosphere - inoumbwa zvitatu akaturikidzana: musimboti (zvakadzamisisa) jasi (zvenguva rukoko) uye goko (pemvura chikamu). Chinoumba uye nejasi kukwirira tembiricha kunokonzera yakasimba nyaya kupfuura munhu Urume hurumende kuti vaumbe gasi uye pressurization. Sezvo shoma goko jasi uye nejasi fuma haagoni kuwedzera inzwi, somugumisiro kune mugumisiro wenyika hwemvura bhaira kana kuitika muura dzenyika kusashanda pezvakaitwa crustal kufamba. Kana uku tectonic ndiro simba munzvimbo pamwe kumusoro tembiricha uye aomerwa jasi napachivivo chokumusoro akaturikidzana ari lithosphere.

History of kudzidza

Pazuva zvaibvira kuchinja kwezvakawanda panyika wafungidzira kare munguva yedu. Saka, nhoroondo yokutanga kuvazivisa zano wekare musayendisiti Greek - Strabo. Iye hypothesized kuti zvimwe zvikamu Earth simuka nguva nenguva uye kuwa. Papera Russian weduramanzwi Lomonosov akanyora kuti tectonic kufamba pamusoro goko - haioneki kune kudengenyeka dzevanhu. Ndinofungidzira kufamba panyika uye vagari Ages dzekuma Scandinavia, avo vakaona kuti musha wavo, kamwe inobva mune mumhenderekedzo yegungwa vematunhu, kuburikidza emakore vakawana pachavo kure nemhenderekedzo.

Asi kufamba pasi goko, volcanism vakatanga zvinechinangwa uye pamwero mukuru ongororo yezviri kukura nesayenzi uye michina mberi uko kwakaitika XIX remakore. Studies anoitwa sezvo yedu Vanodzidza Russian (Belousov, Kosygin, tete, etc.) Kana uyewo masayendisiti vatorwa (A.Vegener, Dzh.Uilson, Gilbert).

Kupatsanura pakati mhando crustal masangano

crustal sangano zano achiumbwa nezvezvikwata zviviri:

• Chinjikira.
• Vertical kufambira tectonic kwamahwendefa.

Vose zvipenyu izvi tectonics andinenge, pasina mumwe uye anogona kuitika panguva imwe chete. Vose yokutanga neyokupedzisira kutamba chinokosha basa kuumba kwakaita nzvimbo yacho yedu. Uyezve, marudzi kufamba pasi goko ndivo chinhu nokudzidza Vanodzidza, sezvo vari:

• Ndivo mhaka kukura uye Kutendeuka ano landscape, uye kudarika uye regression vamwe zvikamu zvomumvura munzvimbo akananga.
• Paradzai chinonyanya ruyamuro kubva akapeta mamiriro, oblique uye discontinuous mhando, nokusika panzvimbo yavo vatsva.
• Kupa kupanana zvinhu pakati jasi uye goko, uye kupa goho magma fuma achishandisa pemvura.

Horizontal tectonic fambisa pasi goko

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pose redu chine tectonic mahwendefa iro makondinendi uye nyanza vanoiswa. Uyezve, Vanodzidza dzakawanda nguva yedu vanodavira kuti paumbwe kuitika mufananidzo makondinendi kwaiva kuchikonzerwa chinjikira misha akawanda izvi idzodzo enyika nechepasi rakakura. Kana tectonic ndiro panofamba, pamwe naye unotii uye yakaoma, riri pamusoro payo. Nokudaro, chinjikira uye nokudaro kwazvo kunonoka kwebasa enyika goko zvakakonzera pakuti nenzvimbo mepu kumamiriyoni akawanda emakore kushandurwa, zvakafanana makondinendi Akakukurwa vega.

Most kunyatsotevera kudzidza tectonics wekupedzisira matatu emakore. Crustal kufamba panguva ino chikuva kuongororwa tichibatsirwa mukuru-zvakarurama midziyo, akavonga izvo takazoziva kuti chinjikira tectonic misha Nyika pevhu zviri chete unidirectional uye kukurira chete masendimita mashomanana pagore.

Kana kuchinja tectonic mahwendefa dzimwe nzvimbo vaungana, uye mune dzimwe diverge. In mahwendefa kudhumhana mapazi vakaumba makomo, uye munzvimbo siyana kwamahwendefa - makatsemuka (mitswe). Muenzaniso unoshamisa pakati lithospheric mahwendefa kusabvumirana vakachengeta panguva ino, anonzi Great vagadzirisane Valley. Havasi chete kureba mukurusa makatsemuka panyika nechepasi (anopfuura 6000 km), asi zvikuru kushingaira. Vagadzirisane of kondinendi African zvakadaro kutsanya, kuti zvichida kwete yemberi iri kure, rokumabvazuva chikamu kondinendi achaparadzanisa uye dzinoumba munyanza itsva.

The mira kwebasa pasi goko

Vertical kufamba pamusoro lithosphere, anonziwo TOUR, sezvo anodzivisa chinjikira wezwi vari, kaviri kuti, nyika inogona vachamutswa uye ashaye pamusoro nguva. Mhedzisiro wehunyambiri kufamba vari lithosphere uye anosimudza (kudarika) richikwidibira (regression) pegungwa. Emakore-kare crustal kufamba uye pasi, kwakaitika emakore akawanda akapfuura kunogona kurondwa kusiya zvisaririra, dzinova Naples chechi, yakavakwa kare 4th remakore BC, panguva zviri panzvimbo kukwira vanopfuura 5 metres pamusoro pegungwa, asi mbiru dzayo akafukidzwa anoshongwa pamusoro mollusks. Ichi chiratidzo pachena kuti temberi yakanga chagara pasi mvura, saka chigamba iyi ivhu iri zvakanyatsorongwa vakatamira mu hunyambiri inoenda vachikwira akabatana, muna nekuburuka hurongwa. kutenderera ichi rinozivikanwa vibrational kufamba mhando crustal kufamba.

regression yegungwa kunotungamirira zvakanga kamwe pegungwa akava nyika yakaoma uye akaumba mumapani, pakati inova North uye West Siberian Plain, ari Amazon, iyo Turan nevamwe. Panguva ino, pane nyika yakakwirira muEurope (the Air Peninsula, Iceland, Ukraine, Sweden) richikwidibira (Holland, kumaodzanyemba England, kuchamhembe kweItaly).

Kudengenyeka uye kuputika basa sezvo migumisiro kwebasa lithosphere

Horizontal kwebasa goko kunotungamirira munhu kudhumhana kana mhaka tectonic mahwendefa, kunoratidzwa nokudengenyeka kunosiyana simba, iyo akayera paRichter scale. Zvizivikanwe nemichina mafungu anosvika 3 dzinokosha pamwero uyu haisi akanzwa munhu, pasi inofamba ane kwakakura 6 9 vari kare akakwanisa kukonzera dzinokosha nokuparara uye kurasikirwa neupenyu.

Nokuti chinjikira uye wehunyambiri kwebasa lithosphere pakuparadzira kuumbwa panguva miganhu tectonic mahwendefa, pasi kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu jasi zvinhu unokandirwa pamusoro pepasi. Izvi zvinonzi volcanism, izvo tinogona muzviite muchimiro anoputika, geysers uye ushamwari matsime. On Earth, kune makomo akawanda anoputika, mamwe acho achiri kuputika nanhasi. vanogona kuva vari panyika pasi mvura. Pamwe chete magmatic Parodi ivo kuputika mumhepo mazana ematani utsi, gasi nemadota. Yepasi pemvura anoputika ndivo chikuru kukonzera tsunami, ndivo mukuru pasi nesimba nezvirwere. Pari ruzhinji kuputika idzodzo nemuGungwa vari vakaneta.

The ukoshi nokuti tectonics dzevanhu

Muupenyu vanhu crustal kufamba kuridza rakakura basa. Uye ichi rinoshanda kwete chete kuti paumbwe pamatombo, zvishoma nezvishoma kukanganisa okunze, asiwo chaizvo upenyu mumaguta hwose.

Somuenzaniso, gore negore kudarika Venice anotarisana guta kuitira kuti zvichava pasi mvura mune ramangwana. Similar zviitiko munhoroondo kakawanda, misha yakawanda yekare akaenda pasi mumvura, uye pashure imwe nguva, zvakare akazviratidza pamusoro pegungwa.