Ko ropa rinobva mumishonga inopinda sei mune mitsetse? Physiology yeropa rekupararira. Ropa uye kupararira kweropa

Nekushanda kwemaitiro ose uye zvirongwa zvemuviri wemunhu, zvakakosha kuti nguva dzose ugovapa nemuviri uye oksijeni, uyewo kubviswa panguva yakasara kwezvinhu zvakasanganiswa uye zvidhinha. Kubudirira kwezvinhu izvi zvinokosha kunosimbiswa nekupararira kwemazuva ose. Muchikamu chino, tichaona kutenderera kwevanhu, uye kurondedzera kuti ropa kubva mumatrichi inopinda mumaketani, kuti rinopararira sei mumidziyo yeropa uye kuti nhengo huru yemutambo wekufamba-shanduka, mwoyo, unoshanda sei.

Kudzidza kweropa rekupararira kubva kubva kare kusvika kumazana zana nemakumi maviri nemashanu

Kupararira kweropa kwevanhu kwakave kwakakosha kune masayendisiti akawanda kwemazana emakore. Kunyange nyanzvi dzekare, Hippocrates naAristotle, vaifunga kuti nhengo dzose dzakabatana nenzira imwe neimwe. Vakatenda kuti kupararira kwomurume kunosanganisira zvirongwa zviviri zvakasiyana izvo zvisingawirirane. Zvechokwadi, maonero avo akanga asina kunaka. Vakatsoropodzwa nachiremba wechiRoma Claudius Galen, uyo akaratidza kuedza kuti ropa rinomutsa mwoyo wake kwete chete nemumitsipa, asi zvakare kuburikidza nemishonga. Kusvikira muzana remakore reXVII, masayendisiti vaiva nemaonero ekuti ropa rinobva kurudyi kusvika kuruboshwe kuruboshwe kuburikidza ne septum. Muna 1628 chete pakanga pane kubudirira: English anatomist William Garvey mubasa rake "Anatomical yekudzidza kwekufamba kwemoyo neropa mumhuka" yakatanga chidzidzo chake chitsva chokubuda ropa. Akaedza kuratidza kuti inofambisa mitsetse kubva kumhepo inobva mumhepo, uye inodzoka kuburikidza nemaketeni kuenda kuAria uye haigoni kubudiswa zvachose muchiropa. William Harvey ndiye wokutanga kuenzanisa kubuda kwemwoyo. Pachikonzero chebasa rake, chirongwa chemazuva ano chekupararira kwevanhu, kusanganisira miviri miviri, yakasikwa.

Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvehutachiona

Kwenguva yakareba mubvunzo unokosha wakanga usinganzwisisiki: "Kuti ropa kubva mumariti inopinda sei mune mutsvo." Pose pamagumo ezana remakore rechigumi nemana Marcello Malpighi akawana ruzivo rwakakosha yemidziyo yeropa - capillaries, iyo inobatanidza mitsipa nemishonga.

Gare gare, masayendisiti akawanda (Steven Hales, Daniel Bernoulli, Euler, Poiseille, nezvimwewo) vakashanda padambudziko rekupararira kweropa, kusanganisira kuyerwa kwemafupa, kupisa kweropa, kuwedzera kwemakamuri emwoyo, kuwedzera kwemasimba uye zvimwe zvikamu. Muna 1843, musayendisiti Jan Purkine akapa svondo remasayendisiti pfungwa yokuti kupera kwe systolic muhutano hwemwoyo kunobatsira kutsvaira pamucheto wepakati wekumapapu. Muna 1904 IP Pavlov akaita mupiro unokosha kune sayenzi, zvichiratidza kuti pane mapompo mana mumoyo, uye kwete maviri, sezvakafunga kare. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, zvakange zvichibvira kuratidza kuti sei kuoma mukati memwoyo yematambudziko kunopfuura kwemhepo yakamanikidzwa.

Zvisikwa zvehupenyu zvekuparadzirwa: mishonga, capillaries uye arteri

Kuvonga kune vese vesazvesayenzi yatinoziva iye zvino kuti ropa rinoramba richifamba nemapapiro akakwirira, ane rutivi rwakasiyana. Havana kupindira uye kupfuurira kune vamwe, nokudaro vachigadzira imwechete yakavharwa yevirongwa. Pose, mitatu yemidziyo inozivikanwa: arterium, veins, capillaries. Vose zvavo vakasiyana mukugadzirisa. Mitsetse ndiyo midziyo inopa ropa kutenderera kune nhengo kubva pamwoyo. Mukati, iwo akabatanidzwa ne-single-layered epithelium, uye kune kunze vane bundu rinoshandiswa. Nzvimbo yapakati yebhandi yepamusoro inosanganisira misoro yakashata. Imbwa huru kupfuura yose ndeyoyo aorta. Mune nhengo uye mishonga, mitsetse yakaiswa mumidziyo miduku, inonzi arterioles. Izvo, iyo inoshandiswa, inoshandisa ma-capillaries, ayo ane e-single-layer epithelial tissue uye ari munzvimbo iyo iri pakati pemasero. Maapillaries ane mapiro anokosha ayo ayo mvura, okisijeni, glucose nezvimwe zvinhu zvinotapurirwa muhutachi. Ko ropa rinobva mumishonga inopinda sei mune mitsetse? Kubva kubva munhengo iyo inofamba, isina oxygen uye inogadziriswa ne carbon dioxide, uye inotungamirirwa kuburikidza nemapapillari kupinda mumavhuvhu. Ipapo inodzokera kune imwe nzvimbo yakarurama pamakona ezasi, kumusoro uye mumakungwa. Mipfupa yakanyanyisa uye ine masheji anokosha anoshandisa kufamba kweropa.

Zviratidzo zvekupararira kweropa

Izvo zvose midziyo, kubatanidza, kuita mapoka maviri, ayo anonzi makuru uye maduku. Yokutanga inoita kuti kugadziriswa kwemuviri uye nhengo dzomuviri uye neropa rega-oxygen. Denderedzwa guru rekupararira kweropa rinotevera: i-atrium yakasara pamwe chete nekodzero inoderera, nokudaro nekuita kuti kubuda kweropa kusvika kuruboshwe kuruboshwe. Kubvira ipapo, ropa rinotumirwa kune aorta, iyo inoramba ichifamba nemamwe arterio ne arterioles ichienda nenzira dzakasiyana kusvika kune maviri emuviri wose. Zvadaro ropa rinodzoka kuburikidza nemasipiti uye rinopinda kune inrium yakarurama.

Ropa uye kuparadzirwa: denderedzwa duku

Denderedzwa rechipiri rekupararira kweropa rinotanga mu ventricle yakarurama uye rinogumira kuruboshwe rwenyamu. Nayo, ropa rinopararira mumapapu. Izvozvo zvehutano hwekupararira mumutsara muduku ndeyotevera. Kupindirana kwevashandi yakarurama kunoita kuti utungamiri hweropa hupinde mumutumbi wepermonary, uyo unotanga kusvika pakadzika yakawanda yeplumineti capillaries. Ropa, kupinda mairi, rakazara neokisijeni kuburikidza nekuputika kwemapapu, uye rinodzokera kuruboshwe rwenyamu. Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti mabhiri maviri emaropa anoshandiswa anovimbisa kufamba kweropa: kutanga, inofamba pamwe chete nedenderedzwa rakakura kumatavi uye kumashure, uye ipapo pamwe chete nedenderedzwa duku kupinda kumapapu, uko yakazara neoksijeni. Pane kupararira kweropa kwomunhu nokuda kwechimiro chemuviri wemwoyo uye kupikiswa kwemaarteri uye mitsipa.

Circulatory system: moyo

Nzira yekutenderera kwevanhu inosanganisira, kunze kwekugadzirisa, midziyo yevenous uye capillaries, mwoyo. Icho chine musungo, mukati mekunze uye ine chimiro chechimiro. Mwoyo, uri muchifuva chechifuva, unosununguka uri mubhagi ye pericardial, inoumbwa nemagetsi. Bhegi inopa nguva dzose kuwedzera kwemhepo yepamusoro, uye inotsigirawo zvipfeko zvayo zvepachena. Madziro emwoyo anoumbwa nematatu matatu: endocardium (mukati), myocardium (pakati) uye epicardium (kunze). Chimiro chemuviri wemwoyo chinenge chakangofanana nemakumbo akaoma, asi ane chimwe chinhu chakasiyana - kukwanisa kubvumirana zvibvumirano pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu kunze. Uyu ndiwo anonzi automata. Zvinowanzoitika nekuda kwemasero ehutano chaiwo ari mumutsipa uye anogadzira rhythmic kukurudzira.

Maitiro emwoyo

Icho chimiro chemukati chemoyo chinotevera. Iyo yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri, kuruboshwe uye kurudyi, kugovera kwakasimba. Nhengo imwe neimwe yakadaro ine madhipatimendi maviri - iyo atrium uye ventricle. Izvo zvakabatana nehomwe inowanikwa nevhavhavha yevhirivular iyo inotanga kumhepo. Muchikamu chekuruboshwe chemoyo, irivhavha ine mavhavha maviri, uye ari kurudyi - matatu. Muchidimbu chakanaka, ropa rinobva kumusoro, pasi rakadzika, uye maronal veins heart, uye kuruboshwe-kubva pamakumbo mana emapemmine. Mhepo inobwinya inokonzera muti wepermon, iyo, yakaiswa mumatavi maviri, inotakura ropa kumapapu. Icho chinonzi kuruboshwe chinotungamirira ropa parutivi rworuboshwe rwe aorta. Pamuganhu wemhepo inonzi ventricles, tron pulmonary uye aorta, kune masadhivha emagetsi ane mashizha matatu pane imwe neimwe. Vanovhara chiedza chedu chemapurmoni uye aorta, uyewo kupfuudza ropa mumidziyo uye kudzivirira kutenderera kubuda kweropa mumhepo.

Zvitsva zvitatu zvebasa remasikirini emwoyo

Kusiyana kwemakumbo uye kusununguka kwemutsipa wemwoyo kunobvumira ropa kupararira mumitsara miviri yekupararira. Pane zvikamu zvitatu mubasa remwoyo:

• Kuvhara kweAric;
• Kusiyana kwezvinyorwa (aka systole);
• Relaxation ye ventricles uye atria (zvisinei diastole).

Chirwere chepfungwa chinenge chichibva kune chimwe kuenda kune imwe chikafu chinoputika. Zvose zvemuviri wepanyama zvine maitiro, uye chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinoumbwa ne systole uye diastole. Mutsipa wemwoyo wakaderedzwa zvinenge makumi manomwe nemazana makumi manomwe neminomwe paminiti (kana muviri uri zororo), iyo inenge zana mazana mashanu pazuva. Panguva imwechete, inoputira zvinopfuura 10 000 liter eropa. Basa rakadaro rakakwirira rinosimbiswa nekuwedzerwa kweropa kune musimba wemwoyo, uyewo nehuwandu hwehutachiona huri mairi. Izvo chirwere chetsitsi, kunyanya dhipatimendi rezvinomera, rinodzora basa remwoyo. Vamwe vane tsitsi vanowedzera kupesana panguva yekukurudzira, vamwe - mavhinga emagetsi - asi zvinopesana uye zvinokanganisa mwoyo. Mukuwedzera kune hurongwa hwemitsipa, basa rehuori rinotungamirirawo basa remwoyo. Somuenzaniso, adrenaline inokurumidza kuita basa rayo, uye zvakakosha zve potassium zvinodzivisa.

Mafungiro emhepo

Pulse inonzi rhythmic oscillations yepambiri yemidziyo (arterial), iyo inokonzerwa nebasa romwoyo. Kufambisa kweropa pamwe nemaritiro, kusanganisira aorta, inoitwa nekukurumidza kwema 500 mm / s. Mune midziyo miduku, ma-capillaries, ropa rinoyerera rinoderera zvakanyanya (kusvika ku 0.5 mm / s). Nhamba yakaderera yeropa inotenderera kuburikidza nemapapillari inokubvumira kupa yose oksijeni nemuviri kune zvimedu, uyewo kutora zvigadzirwa zveupenyu hwavo. Mune mitsemhere, sezvaunoswedera pamwoyo, kukurumidza kweropa kunowedzera.

Chii chinonzi ropa?

Izwi iri rinoreva hydrodynamic yeropa rega mumarriyuta, mitsetse, uye capillaries. Dambudziko reRopa rinowanikwa sechikonzero chekushanda kwebasa rake nemwoyo, iyo inoputira ropa mumidziyo, uye inoramba. Kubwinya kwaro kunopesana mumhando dzakasiyana dzemidziyo. Kushandiswa kwepfungwa kunowedzera ne systole uye kunopera munguva ye diastole. Mwoyo unokanda chikamu cheropa, iyo inotambanudza masvingo e-central arteri uye aorta. Izvi zvinokonzera kukwirira kweropa: iyo yakanyanya systolic maitiro inokwana 120 mm Hg. St., Uye diastolic - 70 mm Hg. Art. Munguva diastole, iyo yakatambanudzwa masvingo anobvumirana, nokudaro inokanda ropa zvakare kuburikidza ne arterioles uye mberi. Apo ropa rinopinda nepakati pemapilisare, ropa rinopera zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika 40 mm Hg. Art. Uye pasi. Apo ma-capillaries anoenda kumapupa, ropa rega rine 10 mm Hg chete. Art. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukanganiswa kwemazimbe eropa pamasvingo emidziyo, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma zvinononoka kubuda kweropa. Mune mitsetse, kudonha kweropa kunopfuurira. Mune mitsetse isina tsvina, inosvika kunyange zvishoma pasi pemhepo. Iyi misiyano pakati pekusadzvinyirira kusina mumakumbo asina kuvhara uye kukudzwa kwakanyanya mumapurmonary arteri uye aorta uye inovimbisa kupararira kwevanhu.

Ropa rekuyeresa chiyero

Kutsigira kwekuita ropa kunogona kuitwa nenzira mbiri. Nzira inopesana inosanganisira kuiswa kwekateti yakabatana nehutachiona hwechiyero kuva rimwe remariti (kanowanzova ray). Iyi nzira inokubvumira kuti urambe uchienzanisa kushanda uye uwane zvakakosha zvakaguma. Imwe nzira isingaiti inosanganisira kushandiswa kwe mercury, semiautomatic, automatic or aneroid sphygmomanometers kuyera ropa. Kazhinji kushamwaridzana kunotaridzika pamusoro pechipfuva, zvishoma pamusoro pekona. Kukosha kunowanikwa kunoratidza kuti kukosha kwekumanikidzwa kuri muiyi iyi, asi kwete mumuviri wose. Kunyange zvakadaro, chiratidzo ichi chinobvumira kutsvaga mhedziso pamusoro pehukuru hwekushandiswa kweropa munyaya. Kukosha kwekupararira kweropa kwakawanda. Pasina kuenderera mberi kwechiropa, chirwere chemaitiro chinowanzoitika hachibviri. Uyezve, hupenyu nekushanda kwehupenyu hazvigoneki. Iye zvino unoziva kuti ropa rinobva mumariti inopinda mumasuruva, uye kuti nzira yekuparadzirwa inoitika sei. Tinovimba kuti nyaya yedu yakakunakira iwe.