Iyo huru mineral inoshandiswa yenyika

Mineral Resources inowanzotaurwa nezvayo semhando dzakasiyana dzemaminera anoshandiswa nevanhu kuti vawane zvido zvavo. Hydrocarbons, chemikemikari michina yakawanda, simbi, mabwe anokosha, zvivako zvekuvaka ndizvo izvo vanhu vanozvitora kubva mumatumbo epasi. Izvo zviwanikwa zvemaminerari munyika muno inofungidzirwa pamabhiriyoni emataundi, asi hazvisi zvisingagumi. Basa ravo rekushandisa ndiro chivimbiso chekuwedzera kubudirira kwehupfumi hwedu.

Kurongwa

Zvigadzirwa zvemaminera zvakagadzirwa zvikamu zvishanu:

• Metare kubva kune iron uye ferroalloys.
• Zvisiri zvesirivha.
• Nhumbi dzinokosha.
• Industrial minerals.
• Mineral fuel.

Uyezve, zvigadziriswa zvenyika zvinogoverwa kuva zvigadziriswa zvekare uye zvisingazogadziriswa. Bhuku rokutanga rinosanganisira zvinhu zvezvakabva: mafuta, marasha, methane, nezvimwe. Nokuda kwekuumbwa kwavo, zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza nemamiriyoni emakore zvinodiwa. Apo kugovera minda nemaminerari (ivo vari veboka rechipiri), kuwanda kwavo kunoderedza kusagadzikana.

Geography yezvicherwa zvepasi rose

Zvigadziriswa zvicherwa nematunhu zvakasarudzwa zvisina kukodzera uye zvinokonzerwa nehutano hwemagariro eharaunda. Hydrocarbons inowanzoita zvigadziro zvezvimedu zve makondinendi ekare. Iyo yakawanda yakawanda inotorwa nemarasha (60%), zvisinei, kushandiswa kwayo nhasi kunogadziriswa nehutaneti uye zvinhu zvakasikwa. Mahombekombe akawanda ezvinyorwa izvi anowanikwa zvakare kumakondinendi ose, asi akawanda emabhazi anotakura marara haasi kukura. Mabhizimisi makuru ekushandisa ari muU.S., Russia, China, Australia, India, Germany, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.

Mafuta uye gesi mineral resources yenyika inoita 27% chete yehuwandu hwehuwandu, asi nerubatsiro rwavo 57% emasimba ose anobudiswa. Simba remafuta nemafuta zvakagadzirwa munharaunda yeVenezuela, Russia (iyo Volga region, Western Siberia), USA (Texas uye Mississippi basin), Nigeria, Canada, Persian Gulf, North Africa, Caspian Sea.

Simba resimbi rinowanikwa munzvimbo yekare yekubhururuka kwemhepo uye munzvimbo dzekushanda kwemakomo. Zvisinei, kuvapo kwemakomo hakurevi kuvapo kwevapfumi vanoisa mari. Somuenzaniso, chikamu chechitatu cheEurope chinotambirwa nemakomo, zvisinei, pane dzakawanda zvakakosha zvigadziriswa zvesimbi, mamwe acho atosimbiswa uye haasisina kukosha kwehupfumi. Pane kudaro, Kursk magnetic anomaly iri mukati memwoyo weEast European Plain, zvisinei, nzvimbo dzesimbi dzakawanda pano. Zvidimbu zveOreta makiromita akawanda akadzika.

Iron

Mineral resources yenyika yakasiyana, asi pakati pavo inonyanya kukosha isimbi. Ichi ndicho chechitanhatu chezvinhu zvakawanda muzvinhu zvose uye zvinowanzovhiringidza chinhu. Inofungidzirwa kuti Pasi rine dhi pamwero we 5% wehuremu hwayo. Iron ore ndiro chikonzero chekugadzirwa kwesimbi nesimbi, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa mumotokari, mashizha emagetsi, zvombo zvekutengesa, zvombo, mabhiriji, madhesheni, tunnel, nezvimwewo.

Kunyange zvazvo simbi inofungidzirwa kuva imwe yezvinhu zvakajairika zvikuru pasi pano, masango ane mari inobatsira mukufambisa haana kugoverwa. IU.SA, Brazil, India, China, neKanada vane pfuma yakawanda kwazvo. Kusiyanisa mari huru muKazakhstan, Sweden, Ukraine, France, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Australia, Liberia, South Africa, Malaysia, North Africa. Russia ine zvigadziri zvakakwana zveiyo inokosha yehupfumi yeyo uye yekutengeserana. Dhaka huru inowanikwa muMagnitogorsk nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeUalals, Kola Peninsula uye vovakidzani Karelia, muKMA, kuSiberia.

Zvisiri zvesirivha

Iyo mineral inoshandiswa yenyika dzenyika yakadzidzwa zvakanaka. Mifananidzo yepaguruva uye nzira dzemazuva ano dzokugadzira zvakave zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuona nzvimbo huru dzekutungidzirwa kwemasimbi esirivha esimbi.

Chinhu chinokosha ndechemhangura. Iko ductile metal ine yakanyanya kupisa uye ye magetsi conductivity. Mhangura yakachena inononoka uye inononoka, iyo inoshandiswa patsva inenge ine ruvara rwebhuruu-ruvara rwemaruva. Inoshandiswa semutungamiri wekupisa uye magetsi, chivako chekuvaka uye chikamu chinokosha chezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi. Mhangura inoshandiswa kwemakore 10 000 uye ndiyo yekutanga yakaumbwa nevanhu.

Iyo haitambudziki nekuora kwakanyanya, iyo ductile uye inosanganiswa zvakasununguka nedzimwe simbi. Iko mutungamiri wakanaka wegesi uye kupisa. Vashandi vese vemhangura ndivo magetsi, zvidziviriro, magetsi, uye motokari. 90% yeisimbi yakaiswa muzvikamu zvishanu zvenyika:

• South Africa.
• Chile.
• Western chikamu cheU.SA.
• Kazakhstan.
• Canada (Sudbury region).

Yakanaka (inokosha) yakasimbiswa

Iyo mineral inoshandiswa yenyika ine maitiro akasiyana. Dzimba dzinodhura zvikuru (kwete kusanganisira pasi risingawaniki) ndizvo zvinonzi zvigadzirwa zvakanaka: platinum, ndarama, sirivha. Ndarama isimbi yakanyorova, inononoka uye isingasvikiki nemucheka wakajeka uye ruvara. Icho chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvisingabatsiri chemakemikari, zvakasimba pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai. Nokudaro, simbi inowanzowanika muhurukuro yepanyama yekutanga (yakasikwa), nenzira yezvikwata kana granite mumatombo, mitsetse uye zvese zvakachengetwa. Zvisiri zvishoma mumaminerari. Pamberi pezvo, zvakawanda zvezvikwata zvakaitwa, izvo zvikwata zvaitsvaga. Iye zvino, yakawanda yegoridhe inotungidzirwa mune zvinyorwa zvakasarudzwa, apo rudzi rune zvinhu zvakakwirira zvezvinhu zvinokosha zvakagadzirwa zvinoshandiswa.

China, Australia, United States, South Africa ndivo vanogadzira zvikuru goridhe panyika. Uye iyo Witwatersrand Mine ndiyo inotungamirira nzvimbo yepamigodhi yegoridhe. Uyewo kune nzvimbo huru yekugadzira ndeye: Rand Fields, Kimberly, Livingstone, Kapa yeGood Hope, Natal nevamwe. Kanada isiriwo guru rinobudisa goridhe. MuRussia, nharaunda dzeUral Mountains, nzvimbo yeBaikal neTransbaikalia, uye Lena mabhasi anozivikanwa. Nzvimbo dzeColyma nzvimbo dzakanyanya kupera. Nzvimbo yakawanda yegoridhe inotungidzirwa muU.SA (Alaska, California, nzvimbo yeRedy Mountains), Australia (Kalgoorlie, Yampi, Mount Morgan), India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh).

Mineral resources yenyika: tafura

Kuzvinhu zvinokosha zvemigodhi zvinowanikwa mazita makumi maviri emasitadhi, hydrocarbons, minerals, technic and materials building. Ngationgororei mikuru mikuru yezvinhu zvitsva uye nyika inotungamirira pakugadzirwa kwavo:

Kuwedzerwa kwezviwanikwa kunofanira kuitwa "ne ziso munguva yemberi". Nyika dzakawanda, dzichigadzira zvigadziro zvavo, dzakasangana neiyo inonzi inoshandiswa nenzara. Kuti varambe vaine hupfumi, vanomanikidzwa kutengesa zvigadzirwa. Kushandiswa kwemashoko kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvipo ndeye chivimbo chekugara kwenguva refu.