Hydration pamusoro Propylene: mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kuita

Organic zvinhu vane nzvimbo inokosha muupenyu hwedu. Ndivo chikuru chinoumba Polymers zvose zvakatipoteredza, zviri mapepa akasungirwa, uye rabha, uyewo nezvimwewo zvakawanda. Polypropylene anofukidza mune dzino hakusi rokupedzisira danho. Zvinonzi mune siyana zvinhu uye rinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri zhinji dzakadai kuvakwa, musha kushandisa ave mashoko epurasitiki nemikombe nezvimwe diki (asi kwete pamwero production) anoda. Tisati tataura pamusoro yakadaro kwacho, sezvo hydration pakati propylene (naro, panzira, tinogona kuwana isopropyl doro), tarisai nhoroondo kuwanikwa fuma iyi zvinokosha kuti indasitiri.

nyaya

Zvazvakadaro, yokutanga musi propylene haaiti. Zvisinei, ayo polymer - Polypropylene -Ndiwo chaizvoizvo akasvinudzwa muna 1936 yakakurumbira kemisiti German Otto Bayer. Chokwadi, hunonzi, zvazikamwa somunhu anogona kuwana nyaya yakadaro inokosha, asi tsika iyi hakusi kubudirira. It kubudirira chete muzana mid-maviri kana chiGerman uye Italian mishonga uye Ziegler Nutt akazarura unsaturated yeHydrocarbon polymerisation tiwedzere (kuva mumwe kana kupfuura zvisungo miviri), iri vakabva uye zita: Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Kusvikira panguva iyi zvakanga zvachose hazviiti kuti polymerization maitiro akadaro zvinhu kwabva. Vakazivikanwa polycondensation maitiro, kana nokuva gombedzero pasina kukanganisa fuma chokuita kuti polymer cheni, nokudaro achiumba ne-zvigadzirwa. Asi unsaturated Mahydrocarbon havabudiriri.

Chimwe chinokosha muitiro chokuita fuma iyi, akanga hydration ake. Propylene munguva mavambo kushandiswa kwayo kwakanga chaizvo chaizvo. Uye kuvonga ichi zvose kune hutsva siyana mafuta uye gasi kubudiswa Makambani mushonga propene (uyewo dzimwe nguva anonzi fuma inorondedzerwa). The Cracking kuti oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo aiva ne-chigadzirwa, uye kana akatendeuka kubva kuti rinobva kwayo, isopropyl doro, ndiyo hwaro pamusoro kwetunhu zvakawanda zvinokosha kuti vanhu, makambani akawanda, zvakadai senguva BASF, patented nzira yavo kugadzirwa uye yakatanga hombe kutengeserana muna ichi. Propylene Hydration akaedzwa uye vakashandisa polymerization pamberi Ndokusaka acetone, hydrogen peroxide, isopropylamine akatanga kwokutanga kubereka polypropylene.

A anonakidza basa kupatsanurwa propene kubva peturu. Zviri kwaari ikozvino kwatinotarira.

Voga kuti propylene

Chaizvoizvo, muna yokungotaura kunzwisisa chikuru nzira iri imwe chete muitiro: pyrolysis mafuta uye chokuita magasi. Asi ikozvino Michina implementations - chete gungwa. Chokwadi ndechokuti boka rimwe nerimwe inotsvaka kuwana rakasiyana nzira uye kudzivirira ayo bvumidzwa nemamwe makambani akafanana dziri kutsvaka nzira dzavo kuti vachiri kuita uye kutengesa propene sezvo mbishi zvinhu kana kuzvitengesa zvakasiyana siyana.

Pyrolysis ( "Pyro" - moto "lys" - kuparadzwa) - kwemakemikari kuora kwacho yakaoma uye makuru mamorekuru madiki vane nokupesvedzera mukuru tembiricha uye tiwedzere. Mafuta, sezvo chikazozikamwa, musanganiswa Mahydrocarbon ine chiedza, svikiro uye rinorema zvikamu zviduku. Kubva pakutanga, rakadzika kwazvo samolecular uremu, uye tiri propene uye ethane ari pyrolysis. Izvi zviri kuitwa chaiyo yamavira. Ari zvemberi Vagadziri muitiro michina yakasiyana: Vamwe jecha rinoshandiswa senzira coolant, mumwe - Goldstone, uye vamwe - chemubhotoro; Unogonawo iparadzanise muchoto mune nechivako dzavo: kune tubular uye kwakajairika, sezvo vari kunzi reactors.

Asi pyrolysis muitiro unobereka zvakakwana Prop yakachena, sezvo, kunze kwaari, ipapo aumbwa mune vadzidzisi zvuru gumi Mahydrocarbon, iyo zvino kuti vagovere nokururamisira simba-nyanyisa nzira. Naizvozvo, kuti tiwane wakachena zvinhu rakashandiswa nokuda dehydrogenation ose alkanes zvichiteverwa hydration: kwatiri - propane. Uyewo polymerization muitiro pamusoro apa chete zvikasaitika. Cleavage kubva rehydrogen molkuly vakaomerwa yeHydrocarbon kunoitika pasi zvinoitwa catalysts ose trivalent chromium oxide uye aruminiyamu oxide.

Asi vasati vatama kuti nyaya kuti hydration muitiro, tarisa maumbirwo edu unsaturated Mahydrocarbon.

Kunyanya propylene mamiriro

Propen pacharo - chete nhengo vanoverengeka alkenes (Mahydrocarbon chete chisungo kaviri) wechipiri. Nokuti zvakanaka, iye wechipiri chete ethylene (uko, sezvo imi kuti fembera, kuti polyethylene - the polymer uremu munyika). In inowanzotorwa mamiriro propen - gasi se ayo "hama" wemhuri alkanes, propane.

Asi chinokosha musiyano propane kubva propene - ndiko kuti yokupedzisira ine wayo sezvamunoita chisungo miviri, izvo zvikuru ikachinja namakemikari ehupfumi. Kunoitawo kubatana kuti morekuru unsaturated yeHydrocarbon zvimwe zvinhu apo remubatanidzwa kuwanwa ehupfumi akasiyana zvachose kazhinji kukosha kwazvo bhizimisi neimba.

Ndiyo nguva yokutaura pamusoro maitiro pfungwa, izvo, chokwadi, nyaya ino. In chinotevera, uchadzidza kuti akaumba chezvinyorwa kutengeswa kukosha zvigadzirwa, uye sei izvi zvakaitwa uye chii vari nuances mairi kana propylene hydration.

Pfungwa hydration

Chokutanga, ngationei kuti mamwemazwi muitiro - solvation - zvinosanganisira vo pamusoro anotsanangurwa zvakaitwa. Izvi makemikari kutendeuka randinogara mune asapinda solvent mamorekuru kune mamorekuru ari solute. Nokudaro vanogona aumbe morekuru mutsva, kana kuti rinonzi saka solvates, - inoramba raiumbwa solute mamorekuru uye solvent anoenderana electrostatic kudyidzana. Tiri kuziva chete nezvinhu mutsa wokutanga, nekuti kana hydration pamusoro propylene iri iya kuumbwa chigadzirwa kwakadaro.

Ari pamusoro nzira solvation solvent mamorekuru vasiyana solute, vakawana akakura itsva. In Organic kemesitiri advantageously kuumbwa panguva hydration alcohols, ketones uye aldehydes, asi pane dzimwe nguva, dzakadai paumbwe glycols, asi havazoparadzwi kukurukurwa. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi ndizvo nyore chaizvo, asi panguva imwe chete riri chaizvo kunzwisisa.

hydration mashandiro

Double chisungo, sezvo inozivikanwa, rine marudzi maviri mabhomba zvisungo: Pi uye Sigma zvisungo. Pi-chisungo wakaputsika pamusoro hydration nguva dzose wokutanga maitiro, sezvazvakaita zvishoma simba (ane duku tichisunga simba). At kwayo atsamwira kaviri shama orbitals vaviri pedyo kabhoni maatomu izvo zvinogona kuumba zvisungo zvitsva. A mvura Morekuru kuti chiri mhinduro iri muchimiro nezvimedu maviri hydroxide naIon hwepurotoni, anokwanisa kubatana raputika chisungo kaviri. Makavigwa hydroxide Ion wanamatira nechepakati kabhoni atomu uye Purotoni - rechipiri zvakanyanyisa. Saka, muna hydration pamusoro propylene aumbwa runonyanya 1-propanol, kana isopropyl doro. Iyi inyaya inokosha zvikuru, sezvo zvichiita kuti vawane oxidation pamusoro acetone, anoshandiswa akawanda munyika yedu. Tinoudzwa kuti kuumbwa runonyanya, asi ichi hachisi chokwadi. Ndinofanira kutaura izvi: chete chigadzirwa inoumbwa hydration pamusoro propylene, uye ichi - isopropyl doro.

Izvi Chokwadi, vose subtleties. Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zvinogona nyore kutsanangura. Zvino tinoziva sei kunyora nzira imwe kwacho chikoro dzakadai hydration kuti propylene.

Zvaakazoita: sei zvinoitika

In kemesitiri kureva zvose zviri nyore: achibatsirwa nemapinduriro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga. Kuti mushonga kusanduka kwenyaya pasi kukurukurwa inogona kurondedzerwa saizvozvi. Hydration pamusoro propylene, maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga iri nyore chaizvo uye kunoitika mumatanho maviri. First kutyora Pi-chisungo, chikamu miviri. Ipapo mvura Morekuru muchimiro nezvimedu maviri hydroxide anion uye rehydrogen nokuo- nga, yakakodzera propylene Morekuru ane basa nguva vabate nzvimbo mbiri kuumbika zvisungo. Hydroxide Ion unoumba ukama carbon atomu shoma hydrogenated (i.e. pamwe, uko shomanana rehydrogen maatomu), uye hwepurotoni ukuwo, - pamwe vasara zvakanyanyisa. Saka, imwe chete rakavapo: vakaomerwa ari monohydric doro ndiro isopropanol.

How kunyora mhinduro?

Zvino tichadzidza kuti kunyora mutauro makemikari kuita, zvichiratidza kwacho dzakadai hydration pakati propylene. A yemaitiro kuti zvinobatsira kwatiri: CH ₂ = CH - CH _3. Ndiyo nzira yokuita pokutangira zvinhu - propene. Sezvaunogona kuona, ine miviri chisungo zvinoratidzwa chiratidzo "=", uye munzvimbo ino prisoednyatsya mvura apo hydration kuti propylene kuchaitika. Zvaakazoita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga anogona kunyorwa se: CH ₂ = CH - CH ₃ + H ₂ O = CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH _3. The hydroxyl boka iri parenthesis zvinoreva kuti chikamu ichi hachisi ndege yacho yemaitiro, uye pasi kana pamusoro. Pano hatigoni kuratidza pamakona pakati pemapoka matatu, kuvakoka kubva pakati kabhoni atomu, asi vanoti vari inenge akaenzana mumwe uye kuita kuti madhigirii 120.

Aripiko richishandiswa?

Takatodzidza kutaurwa kuti vakawana iri kosi nemapinduriro fuma zvinowanzodavirwa akashandiswa kwetunhu zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha kwatiri. Ndizvo chaizvo zvakafanana chivako kuti acetone, kubva izvo zvakasiyana chete pakuti pane amire gidroksogrupp keto (kureva, okisijeni atomu kwakabatana ne miviri chisungo kuti senitrogen atomu). Sezvo chikazozikamwa, acetone pacharo rinoshandiswa varnishes uye zvokufembedzwa, asi mukuwedzera, rinoshandiswa sechiratidzo reactant zvakatonyanya kwetunhu zvakawanda kunzwisisa zvinhu zvakadai polyurethanes, epoxy nebwe, acetic anhydride , uye zvichingodaro.

acetone zvibereko zvakaitwa

Tinofunga zvinobatsira kutsanangura kuchinja isopropyl doro, acetone, kunyanya sezvo ichi kuita haasi kunzwisisa. Chokutanga, propanol uye Ipwa pa 400-600 Celsius oksilyayut okisijeni panguva chaiyo tiwedzere. A rakaisvonatswa chigadzirwa inotengwa nevanhu kuita nezvinoita yesirivha pajira riya.

kuita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga

Hatidi kupinda mashoko nemapinduriro mashandiro nokuda oxidation kuti propanol mu acetone sezvo zvikuru kunzwisisa. Ndigoisa kwakajairika makemikari kutendeuka mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH ₃ + Haiwa ₂ = CH ₃ - C (O) - CH ₃ + H ₂ O. Sezvinoratidzwa Scheme zvose nyore, asi zvinokosha kuenda zvakadzama kupinda izvi, uye isu vachasangana wandei nezvinetso.

mhedziso

Saka isu namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara ari propylene hydration rikurumidze uye mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nokuda zvakaitwa kudzidzwa uye mashandiro ose parinowanika. Vaiona kwesayenzi zvinotaurwa ndivo hwaro pezvakaitwa chaiko kuitika indasitiri. Somugumisiro, havana chaizvo kunzwisisa, asi nenyasha chaicho hwedu hwezuva nezuva.