Human kukanganisa mararamiro. chakagadzirwa zvinhu zvipenyu

Kubvira kare kare, munhu basa mararamiro yakaoneka chacho vanoshingaira kupindira mune zvakasikwa cheni aine maonero ayo kuongororwa. Panyaya iyi, mubereko kunoramba vakakuchidzira kuramba Kushanduka zvinhu zvipenyu kuitika pasinei nemabasa evanhu, izvo dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kusingarapiki migumisiro zvakatipoteredza uye kuti vanhu.

Man uye Nature

Pari, vanhu kukanganisa mararamiro yava anenge neMhedziso. Mumakore emakore mashoma, Vongai chinokosha kukura kwezvinhu mberi, kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwasvika yakaoma iyi uye vanotanga vanomiririra pangozi dzakakomba.

A chinokosha kukanganisa ratinoona kuchinja ane makopi kabhoni zvakasikwa, sezvo ari nouchapupu mari iri Zvinoumba vakawanda zvicherwa muvhu. The combustion pamusoro Zvisaririra chinotsva asunungurwa yakasviba (carbon dioxide inobvisa) kuti mabhizimisi awo kuva pfuma kuunganidza mudenga, somugumisiro hombe watemwa wedondo asara zvinomera regai vanokwanisa kukurira rokuchenesa.

Somugumisiro zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera carbon dioxide inobvisa wevasungwa munyika pfuma yose girinihausi maturo vakachengeta ndechokuti silica anoramba kupisa panguva pamusoro, zvichikonzera kunyanya kudziyisa, mugumisiro izvo kunowedzera roga zuva.

Analysis nokuongorora mabasa evanhu munyika mararamiro kubvumira zvakanaka kutonga kuti kana musingadi kusarudza matanho normalize zviri zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro, dziviriro yezvirwere mumuviri haakwanisi zvakanaka kubata kusvibiswa, ane zvaparadza muviri, izvo zvinogona zvino kutungamirira kusingarapiki nemigumisiro . The ndechokuti polluter anogona kukanganisa muviri zvose zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga, zviri nyore kufamba dzakasiyana zvinhu mararamiro.

gwenga

pano zvinhu zvipenyu zvose zvinogona kupatsanurwa maererano okunze uye zvinomera unhu, apo mararamiro nerimwe dzinoratidzwa wacho unhu chokuita haingotauri nemhuka chisingawanzowaniki uye zvirimwa vanogara imomo, uye mamiriro okunze zvikonzero. Chikuru pakati chikamu ichi zvinhu zvipenyu zvinosanganisira mumarenje.

The chikuru chinoratidza nzvimbo iyi kuti simba pamwando mairi kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura padanho kunayisa. Somugumisiro ezvinhu akadaro mugwenga zvinomera zviri zvishoma. Nokuti nzvimbo iyi kunoratidzwa zvakajeka ekunze uye kuwanda kukakanganiswa zvinomera, zvichiguma usiku ivhu kunotanga zvakaoma kurasikirwa kupisa vaunganidza masikati. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti magwenga kugara dzinopfuura 15% yenyika nomumativi dziri mune zvinenge zvose pano latitudes.

Mumagwenga vanogona:

• Tropical.
• Nemwero.
• Hazvina chando.

Nemhuka vanogara maari, pasinei okunze anogona kuunganidza uye kuramba mwando mumuviri wakareruka. Kuparadzwa zvinomera nzvimbo inoenda kuti ayo kupora achatora guru yakawanda nguva uye kushanda nesimba.

Savannah

Natural zvinhu zvipenyu zvinosanganisirawo savanna, nharaunda yose iyo, chokwadi, muri herbaceous zvinhu zvipenyu. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira nzvimbo dziri kusangana akawanda nguva refu yokusanaya kwemvura uye kunyanya kunonaya pamusoro kupera. chikamu ichi rinofukidza akasiyana mararamiro nzvimbo kumativi maviri neequator, kuitika kunyange munharaunda pedyo neArctic murenje.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti vanhu vari apo neapo munyika pakati Nzvimbo yakawanikwa izvi munzvimbo mafuta uye gasi reserves mhando iyi vakazvidza yakakwirira anthropogenic simba, somugumisiro yakaderera kwevari Organic zvinhu manyowa yevanhu kukura zvinomera zviri zvishoma, nokuda chii iyi zvakatipoteredza ndeimwe yenzvimbo vanoshupika.

dondo zvinhu zvipenyu

masango All, pasinei mhando, uyewo nhengo muchikwata che pano zvinhu zvipenyu.

Vari anomiririrwa:

• Deciduous masango. The chikuru chepfungwa ndiyo nokukurumidza kupora zvinomera pashure achicheka. Saka, iyi ndiyo yakanakisisa kukwanisa kubvisa zvinovapo kuti rine vanhu.

• Conifers. Zvikurukuru, masango aya dzaitaurwa taiga munzvimbo. Ndiyo nzvimbo zhinji huni zvikaramba kuti maindasitiri zvinodiwa.
• Tropical. Miti mumasango aya ngaunyatsobata mashizha anenge rose gore, nokuda chii inopiwa mudanga kuchenesa kuonekwe carbon dioxide. Somugumisiro kuparadzwa kwevanhu zvinomera topsoil akasuka zvitadzo nokuda kwenguva refu uchinzwa mvura, uye dondo zvisingaiti apore pashure achicheka.

chakagadzirwa mararamiro

Chakagadzirwa zvinhu zvipenyu kana agrocenosis zvinosanganisira artificially akasika mararamiro evanhu, ane basa chikuru ndiko kuramba uye kudzikamisa nezvakatipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu munyika, uyewo mudanga nerubatsiro anowanika dzevanhu uye mhuka zvokudya. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira:

• Field.
• Hayfields.
• Parks.
• Gardens.
• Gardens.
• Forest kudyara.

Muzviitiko zvizhinji chakagadzirwa zvinhu zvipenyu hunodiwa kuti pave munhu okurima zvigadzirwa kuti zvarakanga upenyu. Pasinei havasi chaizvo yakavimbika panyaya zvakatipoteredza, mukuru goho runoita, uchishandisa risingamboshandisi nhamba nyika munzvimbo kupa zvokudya munyika yose. Huru nzira, iyo anoisa vanhu pakusika kwavo vari kuchengetedzwa Mutsika, ane kunonyanyisa unongotaura zvibozwa.

Vagari mu agrotcenoze kunyanya nokuda kuenda kuti munhu anogona kupa kuvandudza padanho wokubereka, ayo inoda rakagadzirwa nevanhu mararamiro. Man, hunhu uko chokuita dzose matongo mune rinonyatsooneka nzvimbo upenyu, kare akaziva kuti zvakanga zviri zvinhu zvipenyu mhando iyi vanongogara vachida kubvuma anobatsira zvinhu. Pakati pavo, inokosha basa iri kuridzwa nemvura fetiraiza, iro nguva dzose haazombotaurwi kubva muvhu somugumisiro mvura izonaya zvakasikwa. Chete nenzira iyi anogona kuponesa goho uye torega nzara iri nokusingaperi kuipa dzezvakatipoteredza.

Muna agrotcenoze, sezvo kune mumwe munda, pane ngetani zvokudya mararamiro, inodiwa pakuderedza yevanhu. Muchiitiko chino, ndiye airidza inokosha basa, nekuti haana kukwanisa zvisisipo hazvizivi mararamiro pasina iye. Chokwadi ndechokuti kunze hanya zvakakodzera payo anoramba ehupfumi yayo kuti vaifanira gore muchimiro minda yezviyo uye kusvika kota remakore ari muchimiro muchero uye bheri zvirimwa.

The Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri Tingawedzera ubereke uye kuchengetedza zvinhu zvipenyu izvi kuramba amelioration ivhu, unokurudzira kuchenesa wenyika kubva extraneous okunze uye pakudzikamisa rwokuzvarwa chirimwa kukura.

Impact pamusoro dzinongoitika zvinhu zvipenyu

Natural zvinhu zvipenyu zvinosanganisira zvose pano uye hwemvura zvinhu zvipenyu. Saka, vanhu vanofanira nouchapupu matanho okuchengetedza miviri mvura kubva kupinda kuti zvinokuvadza. Uwandu zvipenyu, nokuti mvura kwainyanya roupenyu, kunoenderana ayo zviri munyu uye tembiricha zvinhu. Kusiyana pano zvinhu zvipenyu, mhuka kuti kurarama pasi mvura, vanoda kugara kuwana okisijeni, zvichiita kuti kuedza kugara mvura pamusoro.

Pano zvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana mvura, kwete bedzi midzi miti, asi dzinokosha zvinoriumba zvokudya. Nokudaro, zvichienderana kudzika kwemvura, matsime zvokudya kunova duku zvikuru. Kunyange kana choutsi kubva tsvina zvinoberekwa nemakambani kwete mvura zvinyorwa, uye pamusoro penyika nokuda mumhepo kusvibiswa kunayisa zvikanzwika muvhu mvura. Uye sezvo vasvika chikuru manyuko kuvaparadza dzakawanda zvipenyu uye kuva kukuvadza muviri panguva kushandiswa kwemvura vanhu.

Mhando nemhepo yakasviba

Migumisiro yebasa yevanhu zvinhu zvipenyu zvikurukuru nedambudziko nemhepo yakasviba. Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, zvaionekwa kupfuura pamwero mukuru dambudziko kwezvakatipoteredza mumaguta ose makuru, zvisinei, nemhaka kunyatsodzidza dambudziko, masayendisiti akawana kuti mhepo Zvinosvibisa anogona kufamba guru kure anobuda kwaibva zvakananga. Naizvozvo, tinogona kugumisa kuti kunyange kugara zvakanaka chaizvo zvipenyu ezvinhu, vanhu tinogona kuti zvinokonzerwa sezvo shoma sezvo vaya vanogara pedyo napedyo kuti maindasitiri zvinyorwa.

The inonyanya mhepo Zvinosvibisa, ayo yekudyidzana kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, ndeinotevera:

• Wedzerai ari Zvinoumba mhepo wevasungwa izvozvo chinokosha - carbon dioxide.
• Nitrogen oxides.
• Mahydrocarbon.
• Sarufa dioxide.
• A gasi musanganiswa kuiisa chlorine, fluorine uye kabhoni yeimwe, aizivikanwa CFCs.

Kwakadaro kwevanhu kukanganisa mararamiro zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti pakurwisa kwezvakatipoteredza kusvibiswa kwava yose yakati sandara, achiva chinonyanya basa kuti nyika dzose pasina anosara. Chete pedyo dzakawanda pamwe anogona kuzadzisa Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nokukurumidza Kudzikamiswa pamusoro zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza ezvinhu.

nemigumisiro yakaipa

Negative basa dzevanhu mararamiro kwakakanganisa kuti wevasungwa zvakasikwa vomumatunhu pakati mumhepo mhepo ipfupi ose gore, uye vakawanda vanotambura ichi yokumusoro mumhepo rukoko umo ozone wevasungwa dzimwe nguva inosvika yakaoma chechetere. Panyaya iyi huru chinetso mukudzorera yacho yakagadzikana kuita kuri pakuti ozone pachayo anogona yekudyidzana kuwedzera kusvibisa mhepo panyika, kushanda tigume zvirimwa zvikuru. Uyezve, nokusanganisa ozone pamwe nitric oxide, yeHydrocarbon uye paumbwe photochemical smog, ndoupiko unonyanya inokuvadza musanganiswa nezvakwakaipira chinobata zvakatipoteredza.

Pari, zvakanakisisa pfungwa kwenyika kushanda dambudziko kuderedza kunaka kunoita basa nevanhu. Chokwadi, mararamiro akasikwa murume, aoma normalize kuti zviratidzo, asi pane rakadzikama kuwedzera choutsi kubva maindasitiri zvirimwa, kuunganidza mumhepo.

Uyezve, pane zvakawanda uye yaivhuvhuta zvinhu muchimiro muguruva, ruzha, amplification pamusoro remagetsi minda uye okunze kuchinja, somugumisiro iyo ambient tembiricha mumakore achangodarika yawedzera zvikuru, nokudaro vachikonzera kusingarapiki okunze kuchinja.

kwezvakatipoteredza rutsigiro matanho

Sezvo munhu kukanganisa mararamiro kwakaita kuti zvakakomba okunze shanduko, kunyanya kudziya kwepasi, vanhu vanofanira kuva matanho chakakomba kurwisa kusvibiswa, kuwedzera zvinhu zvipenyu zviri munyika, pasinei nokuti vari dzinongoitika kana chokunyepera. Nokuda kuunganidza magasi ari mumhepo, iyo chete chikamu chiduku vakapararira muchadenga, uye navamwe pasi kukonzera girinihausi zvazviri, nyanzvi zvimwe kuwedzera kupisa panyika nezvakwakaipira afungisisa vapenyu vose. Zvisinei, ziva kuti pasina simba iri, izvo ndavhiyiwa shoma chinja pamusoro mamiriyoni emakore, ano mararamiro zvakagadzirirwa kutsigira zvipenyu vanhu mamiriro ezvinhu, kungadai kusipo.

Zvisinei vanhu vanofanira kukoshesa kuderedza choutsi anokuvadza zvinoriumba mudenga, uye runenge kudzikamisa muitiro kwemiti kuumba nzvimbo itsva mutema, nokuda girinihausi maturo akatsiga amplification mberi kutungamirira kuti kwemvura nemvura Kuipa ekunze enyika. Zvakakosha kuti zvimwe matanho ari mumunda ichi kare vakagamuchirwa. Zvikurukuru azvinoita pakusikwa neIntergovernmental Group, vane basa - kuti akuteerere kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uye kuziva nzvimbo dzakakwirira-simba gasi choutsi nokukanda mauto avo ose kugadzirisa nezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu munharaunda.

Uyewo, World Environmental Congress akasikwa, nani kuzivikanwa so "Earth Summit." It anoitisa renguva pamwero oparesheni zvainanga kwemamiriro munyika chibvumirano pakati nyika yose kuitira kuderedza gasi choutsi nezvimwe zvinokuvadza zvinhu zviri mumhepo.

Pasinei nokuti ano uchapupu hunogutsa hwokuti anthropogenic kwepasi zvevakomana hakuwaniki, masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti kusingarapiki muitiro vakatotanga. Ndokusaka zviri kuchikosha kune yose vakaungana kudzikamisa nezvakatipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu munyika.

Human kukanganisa mararamiro inogona zvishoma zvachose kuburikidza kukura uye humwe okusuma simba gadziriro kudirwa wandei mhepo. Nhasi, zvivako akadaro unosimbiswa chete pamusoro zvemberi zvivako, asi nhamba yavo iduku zvokuti zvinoderedza choutsi anotambidza mamhepo anenge kucherechedzwa iri yose background.

No zvishoma basa uye kugadzira zvakawanda dzimwe manyuko simba kuti murege zvibereko migumisiro inokuvadza zvakatipoteredza. Uyezve, maindasitiri kugadzirwa inofanira kusvika mutsva azvipire kuita nokushandiswa asiri tsvina maindasitiri ano, nezviyero kurwisa chiutsi magasi kuti pave motokari, inofanira kusimbiswa napo. Chete pashure zvinhu zviri kugadzikana napo, munyika yose musangano nokuda Environment achakwanisa zvakanaka kuziva uye dambudziko kutyorwa zvose.

kudzikamisa Matanho

Mashoko akaipa kwevanhu kukanganisa mararamiro inogona kuchengetwa kwete nokusvibiswa yezvakaita nemakemikari tsvina, zvakadai sokune pamwe paChernobyl, asiwo kwakapararira kutsakatika kupfuura pangozi marudzi emhuka uye zvinomera. All izvi zvinoita pave Kuipa utano hwevanhu, pasinei nezera mapoka. Uyezve, kwezvakatipoteredza kutyorwa kukanganisa vana kunyange vaberekwa, impairing mukuru mamiriro ezvinhu munyika magene zviwanikwa kwazvo uye kukanganisa mwero wokufa kwevanhu.

A uchida ongororo nezvainoita tinyatsonzwisisa munhu mararamiro anogona kutonga kuti huru kukanganisika kwezvakapoteredza Panyika Anonyanyowanika chokuita nemaune vanonyanya mabasa evanhu. munda Izvi zvingasanganisira poaching uye kuwedzera kwenhamba kwemakemikari zvinomera, choutsi kuti ane simba kukanganisa zvakatipoteredza. Kana mune ramangwana revanhu hakusi kuziva, kutungamirira kune mugumisiro pakuguma kwayo ukoshi, uye anotanga kuti kushingaira kushandisa kucheneswa michina, kusanganisira kuwedzera yakasvibirira nharaunda, kunyanya makuru maguta maindasitiri, munguva yemberi iri kungaita kuti kusingarapiki yakaipa pose.