File hurongwa - zviri ... File gadziriro: chii mafuta uye NTFS. Android faira hurongwa

Files pakombiyuta vakasikwa uye akaisa pachishandiswa misimboti hurongwa. Kuburikidza Implementation yavo, inodzidzisa anogona wakasununguka kuwana ruzivo rwavo pasina kunetseka algorithms dzakaoma kuwana nayo. Sei basa rakarongwa faira enyika? Ndeapi kupfuura akakurumbira nhasi? Ndezvipi kusiyana faira mugadziriro, chakatorwa nokuda PC? Uye avo zvinoshandiswa Mobile mano - smartphones kana mahwendefa?

File Systems: Definition

Maererano nevakawanda tsanangudzo, faira gadziriro - chine algorithms nemitemo, masangano zvematongerwo nechinangwa vakarongeka PC User kuwana umboo iri kombiyuta. Dzimwe nyanzvi funga izvozvo chikamu yacho uchishandisa hurongwa. Other IT-nyanzvi, kuziva chokwadi kuti chokuita uchishandisa hurongwa zvakananga, zvinofungidzirwa kuti faira hurongwa - yakazvimirira kombiyuta Data utariri chikamu.

How kushandisa makombiyuta pamberi faira hurongwa yagadzirwa? Information michina - sezvo kurangwa nesayenzi - akaita nezvayo kuti kwenguva refu, mashoko ari neKomisheni inoumbiridza mukati algorithms mudzidziso chaiyo mapurogiramu. Saka, mumwe faira ezvinhu zvinodiwa - ndiyo Kuwanikwa mitemo vari zvakafanana zvirongwa dzakawanda dzinoshandisa mashoko mukana.

File Systems Operating Principles

File hurongwa - ndiko, kupfuura zvose, munhu mashandiro chokuita activation pamusoro kombiyuta yacho Hardware kupfuma. Kazhinji, tiri kutaura pamusoro rinobva kana Laser nhau - zvakaoma Zvifambiso, CD, DVD, USB nokupenya Zvifambiso, havasati aiva nguva kuva sharuka diskette. Kuti tinzwisise kuti runoenzanirana hurongwa inoshanda Nokufunga chii chaizvo chiri faira chaiko pacharo.

Maererano kazhinji kugamuchirwa pakati IT-nyanzvi tsanangudzo, imwe nzvimbo ine wakaiswa mari data, inoratidzwa dzinokosha zviumbu yakayerwa mashoko - bytes. File iri dhisiki svikiro, kazhinji muchimiro anoverengeka interconnected kutigumbura ane chaiwo "kero" kuwana. A faira hurongwa anosarudza yakanakisisa chinzvimbo uye "mishumo" Ivo, uyewo uchishandisa hurongwa. Izvo zvinonzwisisika transmits runoenzanirana Data kuti user. It accesses humboo nechinangwa kuverenga, nadzurudzo, chisikwa vatsva. A wakananga algorithm kushanda ne "Coordonatele" faira angava akasiyana. It zvinoenderana nekombiyuta, uchishandisa hurongwa mhando, tsanangudzo yakaperera ari inochengetwa data, uye zvimwe zvirwere. Nekuti pane mhando akasiyana faira enyika. Mumwe nomumwe wavo optimized kushandiswa mune imwe uchishandisa gadziriro kana kushanda mamwe mashoko.

Kujairana kuti Disc vezvenhau kuti achishandiswa algorithms kuti imwe faira gadziriro inonzi formatting. Kumbomira Hardware zvinhu kudzinga - masumbu - vakagadzirirwa pakunyora pasi mafaira dzavo, uyewo kuaverenga maererano nemitemo kuradzikwa nzira imwe kana mumwe date kudzora hurongwa. How kushandura faira hurongwa? Kazhinji ichi chinogona kuitwa bedzi reformatting mutakuri mashoko. Kazhinji, mafaira vari zvapera. Zvisinei, pane musiyano wezvinyorwa iyo, bhasikoro zvirongwa zvakananga, zvichiri zvichibvira, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji zvinoda yakawanda nguva yokuchinja date utariri hurongwa, vachisiya ekupedzisira yakasimba.

File hurongwa hadzishandi zvakanaka. Kungava kukundikana musangano basa chete mashoko zvinogumbura. Asi kakawanda havasi kutsoropodza. Kazhinji, hakuna matambudziko pamwe sei kugadzirisa faira hurongwa zvikanganiso kubvisa. In Windows, nokuti ichi, zvikurukuru, zvinopa Integrated Software mhinduro iripo chero user. Sewevhu, somuenzaniso, chirongwa "Check dhisiki".

mhando

Unogona kunzi chii mhando faira mugadziriro, rakajairika? Zvichida, kunyanya avo kuti kushandisa inonyanya kufarirwa Os munyika nokuda PC - Windows. Major faira hurongwa Windows - ndiye mafuta, FAT32, NTFS vavo okunatsiridza siyana. Pamwe chete kukurumbira makombiyuta vawana smartphones uye mahwendefa. Vazhinji vavo, kana pamusoro pezvatinotaura kumusika yose uye kwete kufunga kusiyana kwezvinhu platforms, wakashanda kubudikidza Android Os uye iOS. Izvi zvinosanganisira vachimhanya algorithms dzavo kushanda pamwe mashoko zvakasiyana avo kuti munguva faira hurongwa Windows.

Standards wose

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumakore achangopfuura ari pose zvemagetsi pamusika, pane zvimwe harmonization zvinodiwa zviri zvinoumba Os siyana mashoko mhando. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa zviviri. Chekutanga, musi siyana mano achimhanya mhando mbiri dissimilar rokuvhiya gadziriro vanowanzoshandisa chete faira hurongwa, vanoitirwawo inowirirana mumwe Os. Chechipiri, shanduro uchishandisa hurongwa ano, sezvo mutemo, kugona kwete chete hwokufananidzira faira mugadziriro pachavo, asi avo netsika kushandiswa nevamwe anodawo gadziriro - richishandisa midzi algorithms uye kushandisa yechitatu-party software. Somuenzaniso, imwe ano shanduro Linux, sezvinoita mutemo, hapana dambudziko kuziva waivapo faira marongedzero Windows.

The nemamiriro faira hurongwa

Pasinei nokuti mhando faira hurongwa dzinokurukurwa yakafara yakawanda, vanoshanda se yose iri rakafanana chaizvo mazano (general zano isu pamusoro apa) uye yechinangwa akafanana STRUCTURAL zvinhu kana zvinhu. Ngationgororei navo. Ndezvipi chikuru vanovengwa faira hurongwa?

Mumwe kiyi - ndiko dhairetori. Ndiye nyayawo date nharaunda umo mafaira anogona kuiswa. Directory mamiriro - hierarchical. Zvinorevei? Mumwe kana kupfuura Directories anogona kuiswa imwe. Izvo, uyewo ndiyo chikamu "mukuru". Chinonyanya "chikuru" anonzi kuva mudzi Directory. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro misimboti, yakavakirwa iyo anoshanda faira hurongwa ndiye Windows - 7, 8, XP, kana mumwe Version - mudzi Directory anoonekwa inonzwisisika nemotokari, dzaimiririrwa tsamba - kazhinji, C, D, E (asi unogona gadzirisa chinhu Chirungu arufabheti). Maererano Somuenzaniso, Linux Os, ipapo mudzi Directory anoita somunhu rinobva inotakura yose. In ino uchishandisa maitiro uye mamwe anodawo enyika, rwakavakirwa zvarinotaura - rinoreva vaya Android - musoro Zvifambiso vasiri kushandiswa. Ndinogona kuchengeta mafaira vasina dhairetori? Hongu. Asi ichi hachisi nyore chaizvo. Kutaura zvazviri, kunyaradzwa kushandisa PC - mumwe zvikonzero pakatanga mashoko ari faira ino musimboti nokuparadzirwa kwemabhuku. Akadana, panzira, vanogona kuva akasiyana. Muna Windows Directory forodha zita kuna Linux - zvizhinji saizvozvo. Asi tsika, anoshandiswa kwemakore akawanda, zita Directory iri Os - ". Dhairetori" Sezvo nezvawagara Windows uye Linux kushanda hurongwa - Dos, Unix.

Mumhuri ine IT-vanachiremba havana pfungwa yakajeka pamusoro kuti, funga kuti faira iri STRUCTURAL che nhengo hurongwa. Avo vanotenda kuti izvi handizvo zvachose, nharo maonero avo kuitira kuti hurongwa zvingabudirira kurarama pasina mafaira. Regai kubva inoshanda nemaonero uye maturo chaiyo. Kunyange kana pasina mafaira pamusoro dhisiki yakanyorwa, zvakafanana hurongwa vangave varipo. Kazhinji, asi rinonzi magnetic vezvenhau kuti vanotengeswa muzvitoro, dzisina chinhu mafaira. Asi vane rakakodzera hurongwa aripo. Maererano neimwe maonero, kuti mafaira vanofanira kunzi chinhu chinokosha chezvinonhuwira hurongwa vanokwanisa. Sei? Uye nekuti, maererano nenyanzvi, avo yekuroorana algorithms akachinja zvikurukuru kubva pabasa pamwe mafaira mukati avo kana zvimwe zvinodiwa. Nokuti chinhu chipi nechipi izvi hurongwa havasi akakodzera.

Chimwe chinhu chiri dzakawanda faira gadziriro - iri nyore yokuzvigadzirisa nayo. Zviri date nharaunda ine ruzivo pamusoro nzvimbo zvimwe faira mune imwe nzvimbo. Kureva, unogona kuisa yokudimbudzira imwe nzvimbo Disc, asi zvinokwanisika kupa kuwana kutsvakwa date nharaunda, riri mune chimwe mutakuri. Kufunga kuti pamapepa aya - a dzakazara faira hurongwa anoramba, iwe unogona, kana tinobvumirana kuti izvi ndiwo mafaira.

Chero nzira haangavi kuipa kutaura kuti zvose mhando nhatu date - mafaira, kunotoda uye folders - vari nhengo nhengo hurongwa. Kanenge, chinyorwa ichi dzinoenderana mumwe zvavo pfungwa maonero. Chinokosha zvikuru hunoratidza kuti faira hurongwa inoshanda - ndicho nenheyo zita mafaira uye Directories.

File uye dhairetori mazita dzakasiyana gadziriro

Kana taifunga kuti faira - harisati constituent masangano avo hurongwa, zvakakodzera kufunga zvinhu maumbirwo yavo. Chii chinogona kuzivikanwa pakutanga? Nokuti zvivanakire kuwana navo vakawanda ano mashoko zvakanaka gadziriro akapa mbiri-weDanho maumbirwo faira kutumidza. Chokutanga pamwero - ndiro zita. Second - ekisitenjeni. Tora somuenzaniso mimhanzi faira Dance.mp3. Dance - ndiro zita. Mp3 - ekisitenjeni. Chokutanga rinotarisirwa pachena kuti anoishandisa ndiwo zviri file (uye kuti chirongwa kuva bhuku inokosha nyore kuwana). Yechipiri inoratidza mhando faira. Kana Mp3, hazvina kuoma zvokufungidzira kuti totaura mumhanzi. Files pamwe chiwedzerwa Doc - zviri kazhinji, mapepa, jpg - mifananidzo, HTML - Web mapeji.

Catalogs, akavapindurawo, vane mumwe-weDanho mamiriro. Vane chete zita, hapana kuwedzera. Kana isu nezvazvo kusiyana rakasiyana-siyana mashoko Kutarisira mugadziriro, chokutanga unofanira kuteerera - izvi zvakafanana nheyo rakatangwa muna kutumidza mafaira uye Directories. Nezveshoko chaizvo kuti Windows inotevera. Munyika rinofarirwa kupfuura uchishandisa hurongwa mafaira inganzi chero mutauro. Zvisinei, The kunonyanyisa urefu, panguva imwe chete riri shoma. dzakananga penguva kwaro kunobva Data utariri hurongwa. Kazhinji kukosha ichi mukati 200-260 vatambi.

The Kazhinji vose kushanda hurongwa uye runoenzanirana Data utariri - mune rimwe Directory murege ane mafaira pamwe mazita chete. In Linux, muchiitiko ichi pane "mazvake" pakati mitemo. Saizvozvowo Directory zvinogona mafaira pamwe chete mabhii asi nenzira yakasiyana remazita. Somuenzaniso, Dance.mp3 uye DANCE.mp3. On Windows, izvi hazvibviri. Mitemo aya akasimbisa vo zvatinoita pekugara dzimwe Directories.

Vachitaura mafaira uye Directories

Vachitaura mafaira uye Directories - ndicho chinhu chinokosha pamusoro runoenzanirana hurongwa. In Windows, ayo tsika youduku vangatarira seizvi: C: / Documents / Music / - ndiko kuwana dhairetori Music. Kana tiri kufarira imwe faira, kero vangatarira seizvi: C: /Documents/Music/Dance.mp3. Nei "mushandisi"? Chokwadi ndechokuti pachiyero Hardware uye Software zvinoumba kwenyu kombiyuta nekuita Chimiro faira mukana zvakawanda zvakaoma. A faira hurongwa anosarudza nzvimbo faira kutigumbura uye interacts pamwe kushanda maitiro vakawanda yakavigwa mukati rokushandisa mashandiro. Zvisinei, kuti rokushandisa PC ari kashoma kudiwa kushandisa mamwe zvinogona, "kero". Dzinenge nguva dzose kuwana mafaira ari yamunenge mureza.

Kuenzanisa faira enyika kuti Windows

Takurukura mukuru Misimboti nokushanda faira enyika. zvino funga vakawanda zviri zvipenyu dzavo. In Windows, kupfuura inowanzoshandiswa faira gadziriro akadai mafuta, FAT32, NTFS, uye exFAT. The yokutanga yenyaya dzino dzinotevedzana anoonekwa kuti yechinyakare. Iye Zvisinei, kwenguva yakareba yorudzii flagship pamusoro indasitiri, asi kukura kwezvinhu nezvaanogona waro PC vakaguma kugutsa User zvinodiwa uye zvekuvaka zvinodiwa kubva software.

Yakagadzirwa kutsiva mafuta faira hurongwa - ndiye FAT32. Maererano vazhinji IT-Nyanzvi, ratova zvikuru nevanhu panyaya kutengesa pamwe Windows bv. Zvinonzi zvinowanzoshandiswa kana kuchengeta mafaira pamusoro Zvifambiso zvakaoma uye nokupenya Zvifambiso. Unogona kuonawo kuti mashoko utariri gadziriro rinoshandiswa zvikuru nguva dzose mundangariro modules akasiyana digitaalinen mano - phones, makamera. The chikuru mukana FAT32, iro dzoga IT-Nyanzvi, saka zviri pakawanda. Pasinei chokwadi kuti izvi akasika faira gadziriro neMicrosoft kushanda umboo ari urongwa kuradzikwa algorithms ayo akawanda ano anodawo mugadziriro, kusanganisira vaya vari yakaiswa marudzi aya digitaalinen rwokugadzira.

FAT32 faira hurongwa vane uwandu zvainovhiringidzawo. Chokutanga, izvozvo zvinogona kucherechedzwa akavarambidza pamusoro kukura imwe faira - harigoni kupfuura 4 GB. Uyewo FAT32 ino haagoni pakuvara Windows Ezvemutauro yokuisa musoro nemotokari, kukura iyo yaizova yakakura kupfuura 32 GB. Asi ichi chinogona kuitwa kugadzwa okuwedzera Software unyanzvi.

Chimwe nevakawanda faira utariri hurongwa hwakasimba Microsoft - ndiye NTFS. Maererano nedzimwe IT-nyanzvi, ruzhinji parameters zviri nani kupfuura FAT32. Asi chinyorwa ichi chinoshanda, kana chiri PC takamhanya Windows. NTFS haisi sehwakapararira sezvo FAT32. Zvinoumba huchishanda kushandisa ichi faira hurongwa haisi nguva dzose dzakanaka, kunyanya pamusoro Mobile namano. Mumwe kiyi kubatsira NFTS - rakavimbika. Somuenzaniso, mune zviitiko apo nemotokari zvakaoma pakarepo simba anoenda, mukana kuti mafaira anofanira dzaparadzwa, ipfupi kushoma, nemhaka yakapiwa algorithms kuna NTFS kuburitsa mufananidzo pamusoro date kuwana.

Rimwe Newest faira maitiro kubva Microsoft - exFAT. Zvakanaka zvinonzi chakatorwa kuti nokupenya Zvifambiso. Basic Misimboti basa mairi zvakafanana muna FAT32, asi kunewo chinokosha mazuvaano mune zvimwe: somuenzaniso, hapana rairambidzwa kukura chete faira. Zvisinei, exFAT hurongwa, sezvataurwa nevakawanda IT-Nyanzvi, kusanganisira avo vane vakaderera pakawanda. Pamakombiyuta achimhanya anodawo mumwe kupfuura Windows hurongwa, kushanda mafaira paaishandisa exFAT kunogona kuva kwakaoma. Uyezve, kunyange dzimwe shanduro dzakawanda Windows, dzakadai XP, ari mashoko ari disks mashoko nokuda exFAT algorithms, haagoni kuverenga. Kudiwa kuisa mamwe vatyairi.

Ona kuti nokuda nezvokupindira ane zvakakwana zvakawanda faira enyika muna Windows inodzidzisa vanogona nguva nenguva kuoma iri zvinoumba kugarisana-siyana Namano kombiyuta. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, Somuenzaniso, iwe uchida kuisa faira hurongwa mutyairi WPD (Windows Portable mano - kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa kubasa pamwe inotakurika namano). Dzimwe nguva zvingasava pamusoro ruoko panguva anoishandisa, zvokuti kwokunze uchishandisa hurongwa rubatsiro murege kuziva. WPD faira hurongwa Software kungada mimwe zvinoreva kuti ajairane uchishanda nenzvimbo imwe kombiyuta. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, inodzidzisa vachamanikidzwa kuna IT-vanachiremba dambudziko.

How yokusarudza faira gadziriro - exFAT kana NTFS, asi unogona kuva, FAT32 - Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kushandiswa mune chaiyo zviitiko? Zvinotarisirwa IT-vanachiremba vose vanotevera. Unogona kushandisa nzira inokosha maviri. Maererano wokutanga kunofanira kuva kuparadzana hwezuva faira gadziriro dzakaoma nemotokari, uyewo avo vari dzakashandisa nani kuti nokupenya tikachirega. Mafuta FAT32, maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, zviri nani akakodzera kuti "kupenya Zvifambiso", NTFS - nokuti nesimba Zvifambiso (nokuti kwesayenzi peculiarities chokushanda mashoko).

Mukusvika kwechipiri, kukosha kwevatakuri kunokosha. Kana uri kutaura pamusoro pekushandisa kwechidimbu chiduku che diski kana flash drive, unogona kuzvigadzirisa muFAT32 system. Kana diski iri huru, iwe unogona kuedza exFAT. Asi chete kana iwe usingadi kushandisa mashizha pane mamwe makombiyuta, kunyanya avo vasina zvikamu zvekare zveWindows. Kana iri mubvunzo wemadhandi makuru akaoma, kusanganisira kunze, ipapo zvinokurudzirwa kuakurudzira muTTFS. Zvinenge izvi ndezvenzira iyo iyo yakanakisisa file system inogona kusarudzwa - exFAT kana NTFS, FAT32. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, kushandisa chero ipi zvayo inotevera, kufunga nezvehukuru hwevhidhiyo, yerudzi rwayo, uyewo iyo OS version iyo motokari inoshandiswa zvikuru.

File Systems for Mac

Chimwe chikwata chakakurumbira chehurdware uye mapurogiramu ehurongwa pamusika wepasi rese wemashini yemakombiyuta ndeye Macintosh kubva kuApple. IPC dzezvikamu izvi dziri kushandura maitiro ekushanda mac OS. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvakarongeka basa nebasa pa Mac makombiyuta? MaP PC akawanda emazuva ano anoshandisa Mac OS Extended file system. Pakutanga, mumakombiyuta eMac, maitirwo ehupfumi akachengetwa maererano neHFS mitemo.

Chinhu chinokosha chinogona kuonekwa maererano nemamiriro acho ezvinhu: diski inotungamirirwa neMac OS Extended file system inogona kugadzirisa mafaira makuru kwazvo - inogona kunge ine mamiriyoni ematabhetes.

Faira system pane madivayiri e-Android

Inonyanya kukoshesa OS yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi - maitiro eumagetsi emagetsi, kwete pasi pekuzivikanwa kwePC - ndiyo Android. Iwe unogadzirisa sei mafaira pazvigadzirwa zvemarudzi akakodzera? Chokutanga pane zvose, cherechedza kuti iyi yehutachiona yakanyatsogadziriswa ye "Linux OS" iyo, iyo, nokuda kwekombiyuta yakasununguka, inogona kugadziriswa netariro yekushandisa pahuwandu hwakawanda hwezvigadzirwa. Nokudaro, kutungamira kwefaira mumafaira ekufambisa anowanika Android inoshandiswa muhutano pamitemo imwechete seLinux. Vamwe vavo vatakataurwa pamusoro apa. Kunyanya, mafaira ekufambisa muLinux akaitwa pasina kugovera vhidhiyo mune zvidhina zvinonzwisisika, sezvinoita mu Windows. Ndezvipi zvimwe zvinofadza iyo Android file system?

Mutsara wekutsvaga pa Android, sekutonga, inzvimbo yedhara, inonzi / mnt. Saizvozvowo, kero yefa raidiwa rinogona kutarisa chimwe chinhu chakadai: /mnt/sd/photo.jpg. Mukuwedzera, pane chimwe chiitiko chehutungamiri hwehupfumi hwezvinhu hunoshandiswa mune iyi Mobile OS. Ichokwadi ndechekuti iyo flash memory device inowanzoiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadai, semuenzaniso, System kana Data. Muchiitiko ichi, kukura kwekutanga kweumwe neumwe wavo hakugoni kuchinjwa. Chirevo chekufungidzira pamusoro pezvinhu izvi zvesayenzi zvinogona kuwanikwa, uchiyeuka kuti haugoni (kunze kwekuti iwe uchishandisa purogiramu yakakosha) kuchinja hukuru hwe diski dzakanaka muWindows. Inofanira kugadziriswa.

Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza chesangano rekushanda neefaira paIndaneti - iyo inoshandiswa, iyo inotonga, inyorera dhepfenyuro itsva kune imwe nzvimbo ye disk - Data. Shandisa, somuenzaniso, neChechi yeChechi haisi kuitwa. Nokudaro, kana mushumiri ari kuita basa rekugadzirisa mapurogiramu e-software e-smartphone kana tablet pane zve "factory", muchiitiko izvi izvi zvinoreva kuti mafaira aya akanyorwa munzvimbo yeData anenge abviswa. Icho Chikamu chikamu, sekutonga, chinoramba chisina kuchinjwa. Uyezve, chero munhu anoshandisa haagoni kuita chero kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zviri muChechi asina kushandisa software chaiyo. Iyo nzira yekuvandudza sangano nzvimbo yezvinobudisa nhau paIndaneti inonzi inonzi flashing. Izvo hazvisi kuumba, kunyange zvazvo maitiro ose anowanzoitwa panguva imwe chete. Kazhinji, kupenya kunoshandiswa kuisa pane imwe foni yeshushiro itsva ye Android OS.

Nokudaro, nheyo dzinokosha pamusoro pechikonzero icho Android file system inoshandisa kushayikwa kwema diski, pamwe nekunyatsorongedza kwekuwana kushandiswa kwekombiki uye data ye user. Hazvikwanisi kutaurwa kuti nzira iyi yakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva pane zvinoitwa muWindows, zvisinei, zvichienderana neyanzvi dzakawanda dzeIt, muS OS kubva kuMicrosoft kune vashandisi kune rusununguko rukuru mukushanda nemafaira. Zvisinei, sevamwe nyanzvi vanotenda, izvi hazvikwanisi kufungidzirwa kushandiswa kwemaWindows. Zvechokwadi, kwete chete vashandisi, asiwo mavharusi emakombiyuta, iyo iyo Windows inonyanya kunetseka (kusiyana neLinux uye "mobile" yayo inoshandiswa kuburikidza nenzira ye Android), zvechokwadi, shandisa "Liberal" mamiriro ekufambisa kwefaira. Mune izvi, maererano nenyanzvi, ndechimwe chezvikonzero zvekuti mavirusi eAroid-maikisi mashoma-kubva kubva mune zvigadzirwa zvemichina, havagoni kunyatsogadzirisa munzvimbo inoshandiswa iyo inoshanda pamitemo yekudzivirira kwakasimba kwekuwana mafaira.