Farm - chii ichi? chivakwa kuvaka

Vakawanda zvinoreva shoko "purazi" - kurima zvebhizimisi, dzaizopiwa zvipfuwo. Asi zvino hazvisi pamusoro nzvimbo kuita chikamu-nguva purazi. Izvi zvinosanganisira mashoko pamusoro kunge mukuru chivakwa chimiro, iyo ichiri kushanda muupenyu ano. Vakawanda kushandiswa pakuvaka, kunyanya pakuvaka mabhiriji, uye zvivako zvemitambo.

Farm - hurongwa rine tsvimbo, iyo inogara geometrically kuchinja kana kuchinja ayo vanachandagwinyira hinji edunhu. Pazviri anoshandawo truss matanda, ayo hunomiririrwa mubatanidzwa ane zviviri kana zvitatu-span danda risina kugerwa uye girth traction.

Where kushandisa?

Sezvambotaurwa, ari papurazi kuvaka chinhu chinokosha maatomu akafanana. Achibatsirwa vavaki aivabatsira kuvakwa nemamiriro uye kuderedza kudyiwa zvinhu zvinodiwa. Pasina kushandisa purazi haisi kuvakwa kwakakwana mabhiriji, nhandare, hangars, uyewo zvishongo zvinomera, zvakadai dzimba, matanho uye podiums etc.

Kana afunge ngarava Hull, ndege, locomotive simba kukarukureta kunoitika saizvozvo sezvo dzemaitirwe mutoro papurazi.

kupatsanura

Farm - chivakwa rine tsvimbo izvo interconnected panguva nodes, uye dzinoumba statically asingachinji hurongwa. mapurazi kupatsanura anogona kuitwa pamusoro muzvizhinji zvivako.

On-basa rokuvaka

• Mumapapu. Ivo odnostenchatoe-chikamu inoshandiswa. mapurazi Light vari zvinowanzoshandiswa pakuvaka indasitiri.
• Heavy. purazi Heavy zvinoshandiswa kuvaka shongwe Cranes, mitambo nhandare, etc. Vanoshandisa matanda kupfuura kunzwisisa chikamu pane mumapapu. Kunowanzosanganisira ine mbiri kana zvitatu zveefa nokuda huru inoshanda urefu uye anomupa pamusoro pavo mutoro. inonyanyoshandiswa kushandiswa dvuhstenchatoe chikamu The ne-ndege mbiri zvatichiri conjugation.

Kazhinji mashoko,

• By kugadzwa. By kugadzwa papurazi pane shongwe, mabhiriji, Cranes, denga trusses, kutsigira zvivako, etc.
• By mhando zvinhu. Wood, simbi, aruminiyamu, kongiri, etc. - zvose izvi zvinogona kuitwa nokuvaka purazi. Izvi zvinonyatsooneka mukana ino. Unogonawo chokubatanidza marudzi vanoverengeka zvinhu.
• Maererano rinokosha chakagadzirwa. Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana muchinjikwa-chikamu, Mhando yekamuri mhando rutsigiro zvivako, uyewo mhando zvikamu kweimba nemamiriro purazi.

On spatial hwaro

• Flat. Farm kutora hunyambiri mutoro kubva X tsvimbo vari akarongwa mundege imwe.
• Spatial. Uendese mutoro pamusoro munharaunda yayo yose. Space truss achiumbwa ane muzvizhinji pakati sandara trusses mukuzwirana muna chaiyo nzira.

ne mhando

• Vierendeel zambuko.
• Warren Farm.
• Farm Pratt.
• Farm Bohlmann.
• Farm Finca.
• Mativi truss.
• Kingpost.
• Farm pamwe muchinjikwa kufamba ndakaisa simbi mumakumbo.
• Zvakachinjikwa mumaguta patani.
• Farm pasi panhongonya chiedza.

patani Features

Kupatsanura pakati purazi zvakagadzirwa zvinhu ndiyo yakakura. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe zvinhu ichakurukurwa zvizere.

mhando Chikamu

Muchinjikwa chikamu papurazi kuvaka chakagadzirwa harikunguruswi profiles. Zvingava dziri:

• Corner (kuroora kana kaviri).
• Zvikwepa (tenderera kana dzakaenzana).
• Angle mazariro.
• Brand, kana ini-danda.

bhandi mhando

Chinotsanangura pamusoro bhandi zvinogona achimiririrwa:

• Trapeze. Its nani iri chokwadi kuti bhandi mhando iyi tightening gungano puranga ukuwo, pamwe naye, uye anowedzera Rigidity meimba.
• Triangle. Izvi mhando bhandi rinoshandiswa kuti danda uye kunyaradzana enyika. Chine payakaipira zhinji, dzakadai simbi pfachura kudyiwa panguva kuparadzirwa mutoro, kunzwisisa kwakaita anotsigira chikwata, etc.
• Parábola. mapazi ichi ndiyo nguva-pakuzadza. Naizvozvo truss chidimbu anoshandiswa chaizvo kashoma.
• Polygon. Polygonal mapurazi kushandiswa kakawanda kupfuura chidimbu. nekuti yochinja mu pamasikiro nodes haisi kudaro kuchioneka.
• Parallel zvikamu. Zvinowanzoshandiswa kufukidza zvivako maindasitiri. Vane fanana edunhu, kuenzana kadikidiki yekamuri okunze, sezvo vane repeatable okunze uye zvikamu.

yekamuri marudzi

Kune mhando nesefa nzira nhanhatu:

• Mativi.
• Rhombic.
• Truss.
• Phillips.
• Slanting.
• Poluraskosaya.

mhando rutsigiro

Kune 5 mhando anotsigira hurongwa. Kuti kusarudza bhuku raiva pedyo nebundu, unofanira kuziva kukarukureta zano. Zvinoenderana pairi, kana bhuku raiva pedyo nebundu iri articulated kana aoma. Types yokutsigira:

• Beam kana cantilever.
• Arch.
• Cable-akasara.
• Frame.
• Vasanganiswa.

musimboti oparesheni

Yokusiyana zvakagadzirwa ichi yacho "chisingaperi" pasi pokudzora zvimwewo zvinoitika. The mutoro pamusoro kwava yakakura zvakakwana. Farm anomirira muzvizhinji kuti yakabatana mune chimwe chivako zvokuridza. Mutoro kwavari pfungwa panzvimbo maererano nodes, sezvo nembariro kuratidza nani ehupfumi avo nedanho compression-makakatanwa, pane kutsemuka. In kuvakwa ano dzinowanzotaura hasha, kwete swivel matanda. Kubva ichi zvinoreva kuti kana kupatsanura mumwe wavo kubva yose mamiriro vachirambira imwe kuchinja hama nzvimbo kune mumwe.

Hwaro mapurazi zvamakaparadza makona

nzira iyi pakuverenga purazi iri nyore. Nzira iyi inodzidziswa rwokugadzira zvikoro zvakawanda.

Farm - zvakagadzirwa ichi, mutoro iri kusimbiswa nodes ayo. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuti kuverenga zvose zvinoonekwa nevanhu kuti achava mutoro pamusoro dzakabatana. Zvadaro - ngaaverenge kutsigira maitiro uye kuwana raiva pedyo nebundu umo mune tsvimbo mbiri akabatana navo nechisimba. Conventionally, zvinokosha kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe papurazi uye kuwana chairema umo kuchava akawanda anozivikanwa tsika uye 2 unknowns. Zvino unofanira kusika kuenzana pamusoro namatemo maviri overenga zvisingazivikanwi tsika. Saizvozvowo govera inotevera raiva pedyo nebundu, uye zvichingodaro kusvikira truss haangazozikamwi dzaona.

The Mhando chikuru mapurazi

• Vierendeel Bridge - hurongwa apo nhengo dzawo dzose kuumbika rectangular mawindo uye pakudaro chokuita yakaoma puranga. Zviri by design hairevi kuzviomesera rokuti "purazi" nokuti mukuti danda haisi peya mauto. Rakanga yakataurwa munhu muBelgian injiniya Arthur Vierendeel. asi nekuti zvakagadzirwa iri hombe zvakakwana, kashoma kuwana mapurani ano.

• Warren Farm. Iyi itsanangudzo shanduro akagadzira Pratt Hove. It anoshanda panheyo compression-makakatanwa. Kakawanda rakagadzirwa anokungurutsirwa simbi.
• Farm Pratt. A bvumidzwa nokuti chivako ichi ndohwaJehovha baba uye mwanakomana Boston. Caleb Pratt uye Thomas Wilson vaiva mainjiniya maviri. Vakashandisa divi pfupi vertically uye akatambanudza - yakatambarara. Naizvozvo, mutoro iri vakaparadzira zvakafanana zvakanaka zvose pamusoro uye pasi.
• Farm Bohlmann ane nani zvakaoma kunzwisisa uye asinganyatsoita. mukurumbira wake muUnited States, zvivako izvi zvakakonzerwa enyika zvemashoko musiki kwayo. Muvambi akataura kunonyatsopupurira pamusoro purazi, kunyange kana hachisi vose vechokwadi. Bohlmann akakwanisa kukurudzira kuvamba ake achibatsirwa US hurumende, izvo dzimwe nguva waitwa planners guta vanoshandisa zvakagadzirwa rino apo afunge mabhiriji. Pakati yokuisira ose patents purazi building, kune vazhinji vomunyika yedu, asi hapana "Russian" purazi haisi kusimudzirwa kuti vakawanda sezvo yepakutanga nzira.
• Finn Farm itsanangudzo shanduro Bollman truss. Iye chete kupfupiswa zvinhu zvayo zvose uye nokudaro kuti tibudirire. uyewo ane zvakafanana ne pamasikiro Pratt truss. Zvakasiyana chete pasina rezasi danda.
• Mativi truss. "ZveBelgium" sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi. Iri ano design, icho chiri muchimiro zvokuridza pamwe Sprengel.
• Kingpost - nyore nezvechisarudzo papurazi. Zviri peya makumbo patambo wehunyambiri danda.
• Ethmoid mumadhorobha mamiriro akasikwa kutsiva hombe yemapuranga zambuko. Zviri nyore mune nepurani yayo. Nokuti kwayo kushandiswa kwakajairika pamapuranga, adjoint mumwe pa necheparutivi iyo, akavapindurawo, zvinoumba yekamuri.