External undere zvokunze kwakajairika zvakakodzera, tsika

Nyanzvi dzevanhu zvepfungwa witty Goethe chete mutsara mumwe yaiwana nzira yemaitiro rinonangana nhungamiro nechitarisiko tsika, "vakawanda ounzenza uye hwakazara vanhu pasi pano tarisa zvakakodzera kuitira kuti zvino vanogona kudhindwa on Christmas makadhi." Ndiro yose Goethe, asi ichi uye rinotsanangura kudiwa kwokunze Gloss - kufukidza zvakakodzera kunyanya anoyevedza mupfungwa unhu.

Chii undere chechokwadi uye dzokushamisira

Asi usati waisa chitambi analysing maitiro mumwe munhu, tinoona zviri undere, sezvazvakaita. Mirayiridzo "sei kuva mukomana akanaka," kubva panguva Alexander I, yakabudiswa wandei. Kuti pane chete "mitemo wokuremekedza uye undere", rakabudiswa muna 1819 mune imwe Album vana chinokosha kwamachinda.

Shoko "tsika" ipapo haana yakakurumbira, asi zvarinoreva chaizvo yakajeka, uye kukwanawo muchikwata pfungwa unyengeri. Vakabatsira kwerunyararo nehanya padunhu nzanga vanonzi "George" uye aferistki zvaipfekwa nemazango endarama ari jasi varindi-chain uye ryadivshiesya. Kusiyanisa amai wechokwadi kana jendurumani pamusoro Penguinkuva iri pikoko minhenga kugona chete maitiro munzanga. Kunyange kana kwokunze zvimiso undere zveufende kuvirima kana kumanikidzwa complaisance vanhuwo kana mwana ari "pakati strata" akadzidza havaratidzi akatengesa musoro wavo.

munyori wokuGermany mukupera XIX remakore, Lion Feuchtwanger nezvenyaya iyi akaratidza nepanomboratidza: "vose zvakaipa ose undere chinonyanya rinoparadza." Zvechokwadi, tichiramba mararamiro usingabereki kusangana nechomukati, dzimwe nguva disproportionate mutoro. Zvakakwana anobvumirana neizvi mutongo uye Kant, ichiti kuti chero undere chinhu kupfuura wakanaka Kutarira.

Kusiya bombastic manyorerwo, akatsanangura kuti undere racho rinonyanya zvinoreva - haritombotauri kuva munzanga, asi kugara ikoko zvakanga yamunenge. Hachizi kupfuura tsika. Zvakakodzera dzokushamisira ukuwo, anogona kuitika chero vanhu.

Mitemo undere ari kutonga Upper chiedza

Vose undere kwokunze uye dzimwe mafomu zvinoda vamwe nesimba uye kuramba zvichiongororwa. Havana mweya kuzvikudza, asi kunoda kuti zvine mwero anoda mwero kutongwa uye kungwarira mafaro.

In chiedza yokunzwisisa kwakakwana, vakadzikama munhu varidzi zvinotevera unhu:

• kuridza mutongo, ronga, kwete chete pfungwa uye mashoko, asiwo zvaiitwa kune zviito vamwe vanhu;
• mukuru zvetsika uye kuvimbika maitiro;
• zvaidiwa nemitemo tsika munzanga riri;
• kubvumidza vamwe, vachikwanisa haana kucherechedza chinoshamisa reutariri, kana hazvisi tsamwisa;
• Kuchengetedzwa yokuva nechiremera chero mamiriro ezvinhu;
• chido chokubatsira vamwe pasina muripo kutaura zvingasanakira, mutengo kana zvichibvira akuvara rwake.

The chete Goethe, kutaura tsika divi nyaya, zvine musoro kuona kuti kwokunze decency anofanira kururamiswa.

Mitemo tsika mu "Encyclopedia woupenyu"

1992 "Encyclopedia woupenyu", bhuku anowedzera zvishoma kumusoro, asi ngatiite tinyatsoziva nemitemo zvakakodzera kuisa nekudziendesa vomunyika yedu ichangopfuura. Saka chenjerai undere nzira:

• ukuwo, kuti abate chinzvimbo chake;
• vamwe noruremekedzo;
• kwete kuratidza rufaro apo aireva vanhu vane chikonzero kusuwa;
• hauratidzi anozvikudza rudzi;
• kwete zvakamboda kukanganisa interlocutor ari kukurukura, pakarepo - regai kuva manyuko verbosity;
• haana waanomanikidza kugamuchira nemaonero ako, asi kumiririra kururamisira mashoko isiri zvaigumbura vamwe;
• kwete uchingotizevezera munhu Tete-a-Tete vamwe vanhu munyika;
• kwete kuisa nyaya kukurukura munhu;
• ita kutevedzerwa hurukuro nguva mhando, kuwana simba kukumbira ruregerero uye kusiya panobva, kana uchida kuenda.

undere mbavha

Anozivikanwa anokorovhera Sonka ari Golden Pen aiva tenzi consummate pamusoro uchinzvera, pamwe anotambudzika vanobatwa kusvikira yapera vakafunga kuti vakanga kubata mukadzi ari zvikuru vanoremekedzwa. Mukadzi akanga akadzidza chaizvo, nyore vakadzidza mitauro mishanu uye ane chitarisiko ane musikana mhosva.

Ndima All guru vanobudirira vakazvipira Sonya, vakaramba ravo nemano anoshamisa kuridza Pazvinhu mbavha iyi undere kwayo zvokunze wakatizve achibva canons ose undere yakadai nenyasha, sokunge yakanga isingakoshi "netsaona" ezvinhu.

Paaitaura muenzaniso Sophia Blyuvshteyn, tinogona kutaura zvakawanda pamusoro Chiitiko pamusoro isingawanzowanikwi plasticity. With zvakazara uri undere, vaiita muenzaniso wakanaka vanokudzwa mudzimai, mutambi uyu kuti upenyu imwe kusimbisa mashoko Charles Colton: "Vakadzi havasi kazhinji vanhu vachidarika mirayiro undere, asi kana vaine kuenda mberi, vachipinda iyi iri zvakawanda» .

Sei kuziva undere muGermany

Decent German haasi kusanganisa upenyu hwepedyo veruzhinji, saka zvakavapoteredza hazvitombobvumidzwi kukurukura mhuri kubasa uye basa nenyaya - mhuri. hamungambovi kunzwa kubva shamwari German inokufadza "iwe" kunyange mushure memwedzi yakati ushamwari, sezvo kunyange kuchinja chehupenyu nhaurirano idzi zvine vanhu anononoka uye maererano kuudzwa zvokuita.

Hazvifaniri nomusungo zvakakodzera uye undere kubvunza vokuGermany pamusoro mabasa ake, uye vanoratidza kufarira kwechokwadi nyaya apa, sezvo zvimwe iwe kutarisana refu uye hwakadzama kukurukura pamusoro ose nematambudziko, kuti vanzwe nhau, matenda uye vose, kuti zvisina kunanga kana zvakananga akabata Herr ichi.

VokuGermany vakanga zvinoshamisa wirirana vanoziva zvomuenzaniso kwokunze undere uye anoenderana chitsotsi, saka kana usingade kuva pazasi ushamwari nomumwe wavo, usaedza kuedza musi mumwe mufananidzo.

Undere mu Chirungu

Undere mu England - kwete kuratidzwa kwokunze uye kwete pamusana kuzvidzora, unhu chimiro, achiumbwa pauduku. Nezvibvumirano - huru chatingatevedzera wokuEngland, saka unogona kutaura naye kweawa uye kuti kudanwa kubva ruzivo zvikuru yakarurama pamusoro okunze, pamusoro Exchange, asi kwete zvauri aida kuziva.

Kazhinji, vari kukurukurirana yakarurama maitiro dzakatsarukana wokuEngland uchapisika taura okunze panguva kukurukura gumi nevaviri nguva. Zvingaita sezvinoshamisa, asi zviri ngaavongwe nzira dingindira iri zvakanaka akatunhidzwa Briton haazobvumiri kuti unzwe kusagadzikana kumbomira kana kurasika ari kutsvaka nyaya.

MuEngland, kwete upenyu mumuviri kuonana apo kukurukurirana - kukwazisana, akabata ruoko rwake ari interlocutor rwake, runoonekwa kuva chisina kunaka. Sezvo sava nehunhu nemumwe munhu Briton kwechokwadi vanoti izvi zviitike, kana zviri pachena kuti iye anoedza kudzivisa nayo.