Epidemic rikurumidze. Zvinoitwa denda kwacho

Chirwere uye Epidemic mugadziriro kuramba mhando maitiro pamusoro hwevanhu uye mhando mumatunhu. Zvinonzi wakapindwa heterogeneous shanduka-zvinongoerekana ukama mumwe utachiona hwakakura, chisvetasimba uye womunhu. Zvirwere uye chifo kwacho kuoneka asymptomatic uye pachena siyana. Vari anoparadzirwa pakati pemapoka yevagari mukana wokutapukirwa kana chirwere, nguva uye ndima.

nhoroondo mashoko

Akadaro chinhu se "denda muitiro", akatanga kushandiswa kubvira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19. Mumwe dzokutanga mifananidzo Fani iyi akagadzira Ozanamom muna 1835. Uyezve, vakawanda nenyanzvi mubasa kukura pfungwa. Shoko rokuti "Denda muitiro" wakatangwa muna 1941 Gromashevskiy. Uyezve Belyakov akati kusarudza kugutsikana. iye akanga Papera kuisa mberi nzvimbo kuzvidzora mune denda kwacho.

Sections

Ose matatu. Pane zvinotevera zvikamu denda kwacho:

• Terms uye chikonzero.
• The mashandiro okukura ari denda kwacho.
• Kuratidzwa.

Chokutanga chikamu inoratidza musimboti kwacho. Zvinoratidza dzomunyika zvinokonzera inotungamirwa uye mamiriro ezvinhu ayo zvinoitika. Systematization mashoko ari muchikamu chino zvinopa mukana zvavo nemashoko kupindura mubvunzo izvo vari zvinokosha epidemiology. In kurapwa mushonga - munzvimbo umo tsvakurudzo rinoitwa pathological ezvinhu panguva organismal pamwero - chikamu zvakafanana anonzi "etiology". Kubatana yechipiri inoratidza kufambira mberi paumbwe chinonakidza. Muchikamu chino, isu mubvunzo sei hunotanga. In kurapwa mushonga, yakafanana munda anonzi "pathogenesis". Chikamu chechitatu amboudza kuratidzwa pematanho dambudziko urongwa; systematised mashoko kuratidza zviri chinonakidza. In kurapwa mushonga, chikamu chakadaro inonzi semiotics. Next, funga Mapato zvizere.

Mamiriro ezvinhu uye zvikonzero

Nesungano pakati nayo utachiona uye muviri womunhu kunoitika muchadenga uye nguva dzose. Pane siyana zvikonzero zviri denda kwacho. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, zvoutachiona. zvinhu izvi zvinoumba denda muitiro zvikonzero kuti kunotanga pathological kudyidzana. Panewo muchikwata wechipiri. Environmental uye munzanga zvinhu zvinopa murau mamiriro ezvinhu pasi iyo muitiro kunoitika. Kudyidzana zvinogoneka chete pamberi zvinokonzera uye mamiriro.

The kutyaira nemasimba zvoutachiona hunhu

Ichi chinhu - parasitic wemuTesitamende ine yakananga kudyidzana. divi rake rine zvimwe nevamwe zvinhu. Saka, utachiona hwacho kuratidza pathogenicity, nehondo - susceptibility.

pasocial mauto

Zvinhu izvi zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa pakati evanhu anosimudzira kana kudzivisa nzira nechirwere kwacho. Pakati pavo vane:

• Utsanana zvivako yawo.
• Active vagari.
• Social kukura.

Active vokuparidzira

It zvisina kunanga uye zvakananga kunokanganisa mwero unyatsoshanda denda kwacho. The simba kutandadzana, zvikuru raidudzwa kusakarongeka tupukanana uye muviri. Maererano nenhau dzakaitika, yepamusoro echimurenga uye munguva yehondo. basa chavagari kungazviratidza pachiyero yose muvanhu kana imwe mhuri.

utano kuvandudza

pamwero Its zvakananga kunokanganisa mwero panguva iyo denda kwacho runoyerera. Izwi zvinosanganisira Frequency kuvandudza utsanana muunganidzwa uye tsvina chikafu uye zvikukutu. Uyewo ari kurapwa hurumende utsanana uye mvura enyika.

mumagariro mberi

The pamwero maindasitiri uye munzanga kukura ane zvisina kunanga mamiriro ezvinhu umo denda kwacho runoyerera. Muchiitiko chino, unogona kuva zvose zvakanaka uye zvinogara. Mienzaniso aimbova anogona kunzi sezvo zvokudya zvinovaka muviri uye kunaka kwoupenyu uye, naizvozvo, mukanyanyisa vagere kutapata, uyewo kuchinja tsika maitiro, dzidzo utsanana, kwezvinhu mberi. Pakufurira zvinooneka ichiwedzera muropa nezvinodhaka uye zvidhakwa, kuchinja dzepabonde mutsika (kupararira nemavhairasi chiropa, HIV), kuderera kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu, vachinetesa muviri dzokuzvidzivirira.

dzinongoitika ezvinhu

zvinosanganisira abiotic uye biotic kuurongwa izvi zvinhu. Ekupedzisira ndiwo zvinhu zvakasikwa. Somuenzaniso, zviri pamutemo kwechirwere biotic zvinoriumba kunogona kukonzera kuchinja mune kusimba denda kwacho kumhanya pamusoro pakanyorwa akasiyana nhamba nemakonzo mu zvirwere zvakasikwa zvatichiri mhando. Kana Vector nezvipembenene zoonoses kutama uye uwandu arthropods vane ndangariro zvainoita kwokuomerwa yacho chinonakidza. By abiotic zvinoriumba zvinosanganisira landscaped nenzvimbo ezvinhu uye mamiriro okunze. Somuenzaniso, apo pedyo neequator anowedzera siyana nosological masangano pathologies.

Epidemiology pamusoro Infectious Diseases

Mutemo wekutanga Gromashevskiy anosarudza nzira kudyidzana pakati chisvetasimba uye muviri pamusoro vanamwari vatatu vatatu. Saka, pane zvinotevera Links ari denda kwacho:

• Kunobva muiti.
• Kupfuudzwa mashandiro.
• Muvamwe muviri.

The wokupedzisira kubatana kwakaita denda kwacho nokuzvidya kupatsanura kwavo.

Kunobva muiti

It is utachiona munhu, mhuka kana chirimwa muviri. hweHIV muvamwe vanhu zvinogona hwokurara pairi. Complex mabhuku unoumba gungwa. For anthroponoses ari munhu anoita sezvo causative mumiriri, izvo chipo asymptomatic kana pachena siyana zvokurwara nokuda zoonoses - mhuka (womusango, synanthropic kana musha). Uye zvichava kuti sapronoses abiotic zvinhu zvakatipoteredza.

Kuchinjwa nayo utachiona

The epidemiology chirwere kunosanganisira chaiyo nzira kutamira tupukanana mumuviri utano kubva zvakakanganisa. Maererano nomurayiro Gromashevskiy rechipiri, utachiona hwakakura yedzimudzangara ari zvichienderana zvikuru localization. Izvi zvinogona kuva ropa, ganda flakes, madzihwa, faeces. Sezvo senga nzira anoshanda kutevedzana uye muzvizhinji kuti kuchinjwa chinhu, ayo mashandiro ari rakatangwa.

tupukanana kupinda nzira

1. aerosol nzira. Chinosanganisira nzira dzinotevera:

- mhepo-donhwe (wakapiwa SARS, meningococcal chirwere);

- kuenda neherikoputa guruva (ichi nzira vari Mycobacterium tibhii, nezvitsvuku fivha).

2. fecal-nomumukanwa nzira. Zvinosanganisira nzira dzakadai se:

- kuonana-mhuri;

- mvura;

- chikafu.

3. Contact nzira. Rinosanganisira zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga nzira hutachiwana.

4. Transmissible nzira. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira nzira dzakadai:

- chakagadzirwa (chokuita wezvokurapa manipulations: chokuita vavhiyiwa, jekiseni, transplantation, ropa, nokuda chirwere maitirwo ezvinhu);

- chaivo (yabudiswa mutsvina yadzo transporter, pamwe inoculation pamwe nayo utachiona kontaminatsionnom mhando - hunosumwa mate).

General kupatsanura

Pane zvinhu zvinoverengeka kubva hutachiwana. Kunyanya, yoga chinouraya, kutanga uye zvenguva. Kutamisirwa zvinhu uyewo conditionally rakakamurwa dzinokosha uye yokuwedzera. Kutama maitikiro ari chisvetasimba dzinosanganisira:

• Voga pakati mutakuri muviri.
• Kugara kwokunze zvakatipoteredza.
• Kupinda vafanorongerwa kuti chirwere muviri.

susceptibility

It anokwanisa yekutapurira kwehondo pathologies kushatiriswa tupukanana. Izvi zvinoonekwa muchimiro pathological uye anodzivirira norudaviro wakananga (rokuzvidzivirira) uye nonspecific (kugadzikana) zvavaifunga. Kusiyanisa zvinotevera mhando nehanya:

• Munhu (phenotypic uye genotypic).
• Species.

Kutapata anoita somunhu yakananga kufarira kupinda kuti yokumwe mumiririri. Kupikiswa (nemishonga) iri kunzwisisa kudzivirira siyana nonspecific mhando.

Zvinoitwa denda kwacho

Kusakarongeka pakati chisvetasimba uye munhu anoratidza pacharo muchimiro kusvibiswa yokupedzisira. Zvadaro, mumwe muvamwe hondo kungava kurwara kana kuva mutakuri nayo utachiona. On vemo-chaicho chechetere kuratidzwa anounzwa somunhu nguva dziri kure chirwere, kuvapo idenda (epifitoticheskogo, epizootic) kana dzinongoitika nezvechii, nokupenya, dambudziko kana dambudziko.

umbirimi

Nguva dziri kure kugoverwa yaingowanikwa imwe chikwata, mwaka, nharaunda. Nechirwere chinhu pfupi kuwedzera padanho infestation. Tevera kupatsanura muchiitiko ichi akaita zvakafanira zvenyama emunharaunda parameters. Epidemic nzvongo ane fuma pfupi chirwere mukati imwe boka. It mberi mumwe kana vaviri incubation nguva. Denda iri kuwedzera kuitika kune nzvimbo kana nharaunda. Kazhinji, vakafukidza mumwe mwaka yegore. Pandemic inechirevo pamwero chirwere kunogara kwemakore kana emakore mashomanana. Vakagovera zvokurwara kana ichi pamusoro kondinendi.

The unevenness pamusoro Kuratidzwa

Zvingaita chokuita nzvimbo nguva, mapoka. Muchiitiko chokutanga, kuti kupatsanura kunobva chiparadzirwe nzvimbo tangi. Kunyanya, with:

• Global nzvimbo. Panyaya iyi, zvakaitwa rinoitwa pakati munhu uye dura anthroponoses.
• The zvenharaunda dzinogarisana - dzinongoitika zvatichiri zoonoses.

Irregularity nguva:

• Cyclicity.
• Seasonality.
• Irregularity kupota chirwere.

Non-kufanana hwemapoka kwevanhu Classified nokuda epidemiologically chinokosha uye chepamutemo zvinhu. Ekupedzisira kusanganisira boka:

• Age.
• Professional.
• Zvichienderana dzokugara (dzomumaguta kana mumaruwa).
• Unorganized uye akarongeka.

Distribution maererano epidemiologically kukosha zvinhu rinoitwa pahwaro akanyatsorongwa inference nyanzvi. Zvingasanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadai ndinamatidzwe.

Socio-zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza pfungwa

Zvinonzi inobva munzvimbo ino kusvika. Achishandisa uyu mudziyo pfungwa haareururi inofanira kuva hierarchical maumbirwo. Rinoratidzawo dzichipfekeka kusakarongeka pakati mananara yaingowanikwa mumwe pamwero. Maererano yokuti dambudziko kwacho anoratidzwa muchimiro kunzwisisa multi-Danho hurongwa. It kunovimbisa Kuvapo, kubereka nokuparadzirwa parasitic tusingaoneki kuumbika pakati pavanhu. Level 2 rave dzinounzwa marongerwo: eco- uye sotsekosistemny.

parasitic maitiro

Zvakasiyana increments. Izvi zvinoreva kuti rinoumbwa vamwe vanhu pahondo vemo. In imwe nhengo mberi kutapuriranwa muitiro, chinoratidzwa muchimiro ngoro kana kukuvadza kunotoda kurapwa zvokurwara. Kana Implementation ane Kupfuudzwa nzira uye kudyidzana pakati nayo utachiona vari kubatwa muviri pachishandurwa interpopulation. Maererano neizvi parasitic ezvinhu ine akanyatsorongwa nezvirwere zvakawanda kwendangariro. Pfungwa denda kwacho kunova husingaoneki, pasina kunzwisisa zvinorehwa hutachiwana mashandiro.

hierarchical mamiriro

Zvinonzi kusiyaniswa munhu multi-sandara hunhu uye zvinosanganisira omurume akaturikidzana akawanda:

• Organismic. Speech hazvisi zvakananga pamusoro rwarisa muitiro. It kuwirirana hurongwa dzinoturwa muchimiro organismic subpopulation pakati nayo utachiona uye sangano zvipenyu pakuenzanisa microorganism.
• Cell. At ichi pamwero pane hurongwa zvinosanganisira kana mumwe chete pakati chisvetasimba uye masero ari chipfuro muviri.
• Zvinyama-nhego. Panguva iyi sandara, imwe munharaunda subset pamusoro chisvetasimba interacts ane chaicho sangano dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri uye nhengo vehondo.
• Subcellular (samolecular). Pano majini midziyo anosangana zvoutachiona mamorekuru ose chisvetasimba uye hondo.

Kumusoro marongerwo sotsekosistemny vaiona denda kwacho pamwero, umo mararamiro kunobatanidzwa somumwe dzomunyika Subcategories. Yechipiri rinomiririrwa muchimiro mumagariro sangano. Sezvo zvinokonzera kugadzirwa uye zvakare dambudziko kwacho anoita chaiwo kukurukurirana pamusoro subsystems maviri. Panguva iyoyi mu ekostrukture nokudzorwa pasocial mapoka.

muenzaniso

Muna February, 2014 muGuinea (West Africa), imwe yatanga Ebola. Iye anoramba nhasi. Panyaya iyi, iyo Ebola dambudziko zvasvika mhiri ehurumende uye kupararira kune dzimwe nyika. Munzvimbo iyi inosanganisira, zvikurukuru, Sierra Leone, Liberia, United States, Senegal, Mali, Spain, Nigeria. Izvi hazvisi rakasiyana nokuti chirwere ratanga kokutanga kuWest Africa. Doctors munyika umo kupararira zvokurwara, havana ruzivo mukubata naro. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu yakawedzera mukana wokuti kutya pakati vagari somugumisiro tisare. Kuti tibatsire hurumende Guinean dzakaendeswa zvivako uye vashandi siyana dzakawanda uye nyika nemasangano. Zvikurukuru, rubatsiro apiwa: United States Center Epidemiology, Russia, Rospotrebnadzor, European Commission. Vabatsirei akatuma uye Economic Community pamusoro States kuWestern Europe. In Guinea akashanda Epidemiology Laboratory. Nyanzvi kuunganidza uye ongorora ruzivo pamusoro chirwere. Epidemiology Center akapa kutsigira vakawanda, kure utano utachiona vanhu. Sezvakataurwa ne WHO mukuru mukuru Motochika Fukuda, kwakaitika yatanga akava akasimba zvose uchidzidzira.