Environmental kusvibiswa: mhando Zvinosvibisa uye tsananguro dzavo

Panguva mumatanho ose pakukura murume akanga zvakabatana chaizvo zvakasikwa. Asi sezvo chidzoke uye inotungamirwa mumaindasitiri nzanga kuramba kuva dambudziko pakusvibiswa ano.

Types zvokutapukirwa vari zvikuru dzaisiyana kwaro simba uye nezvainoita njodzi kupararira mumhepo, uyewo mvura chinhu uye vachishandisa ivhu.

zvoga

Kune mhando mbiri akabuda mumhepo - dzinongoitika uye anthropogenic. Kwakadaro mhando yayo huru. Kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, ane zano iri pasi apa - dambudziko rakakosha kugadzirisa.

Wokutanga mhando ine chokuita nemabasa evanhu uye anotora nzvimbo maererano zvimwe mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ichi mhando yakasviba zvaitika rwevanhu refu asati atanga, saka zvakatipoteredza ne "the scum" kwazvo basa rakadaro.

Izvi imhaka yokuti dzidziso pamusoro waveswa dzinongoitika dzoga (madutu, kuputika kwemakomo, dondo moto, kuti manyowa miti akafa uye mhuka). Natural kusvibiswa inogona anoonekwa somunhu zvipenyu kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Mhando zvinosvibisa mhando iyi anosanganisira, pakutanga kwezvose, zvibereko zvakaita upenyu zvavo.

Natural kusvibiswa inogona kutsanangurwa nenzira mienzaniso inotevera:

- Death Valley. Mujinga dzemabota Kikhpinych (Kamchatka) kunosvika mumupata, iyo izere kuputika magasi rehydrogen sulfide. Pasina mhepo kupfuura pasi gasi rinoungana, uye akauraya mhuka dzose neshiri achawira munzvimbo iyi. Masayendisiti munyaya mukudzidza Death Valley, kwete chete kudzidza Fani iyi, asi kuchenesa nharaunda kubva nezvitunha. Izvi zvakakodzera nokuti kuti mupata haana kuuya scavengers, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kwete chete nemhuka kurarama, asi kuparadzira utachiona kubva kuvakafa. Saka, ichi mhando yakasviba ine zvakakwana rakajeka vatambi izvo zvakafanana mhando kwezvakatipoteredza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.

- "usava dzvuku." Pamusoro pegungwa kuti aumbe unhani dzebhurauni ruvara zvakasimba chakatodzana ropa. Izvi imhaka Mashoko mamwe marudzi algae, izvo pachisikirwo dzavo muchetura chaizvo. Chepfu kupinda chikafu cheni ari zvomugungwa, zvichiita kare achifa.

Pane zviitiko apo zvikwata ngarava vanopfuura muzvinhu pakugamuchira chepfu hwakasimba, bikai chikafu rwakabatwa "chepfu" pasi hove kana dzemugungwa. Vaongorori vanoti chimiro chepfu algae zhinji vhoriyamu kwemakemikari choutsi kubva mvura yomugungwa.

anthropogenic zvinyorwa

Saturation yezvakaita zvinokuvadza akakodzerwa vainyatsotarisirwa, nokuti hakugumiri manyowa kana moto kukonzerwa nevanhu. The kupatsanura pakati mhando kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, muchiitiko ichi, unogona kuva sezvinotevera:

- aerosol;

- smog (photochemical bvungapfunga);

- radioactive fallout;

- inorganic Kusvibiswa mvura;

- Organic;

- Kupisa marudzi;

- ivhu kusviba;

- saturation kwemishonga yezvipembenene;

- iine acid mvura (somugumisiro nekuita nemvura kutenderera).

Nzira dzose idzi - mhando kusvibiswa nevanhu kuti uri nokuda kwebasa kwevanhu.

aerosol choutsi

The chadenga nokuda kwomudzimu kwevanhu ndiko guru nouipi kuti anogona kutaurwa muzvigadzirwa guruva. It runoratidzwa muchimiro bvungapfunga, maumi kana kwakajairika utsi. Mune combustion zvimwe zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa chepfu chiutsi uye carcinogenic yeimwe vanosunungurwa kupinda zvakatipoteredza.

Vanonyanya kupa chitarisiko nevanhu vari steelworks guruva, mafuta, chin'ai uye zvakadai izvo kushandisa chafariz mishonga mbishi zvinhu. Uyewo mhando inokosha kwezvakatipoteredza swa aerosol zvinosanganisira guruva choutsi uye zvine chepfu ari kuchera indasitiri.

In paumbwe hazvizivi pazvikomo (nenzvimbo dzokurasira) kuti overburden mune migodhi inongorira guru yakawanda kugadzira zvabuda. Inokuvadza nezvimedu akasunungura kupinda zvakatipoteredza panguva nenyunje.

Somuenzaniso, nokuputika avhareji simba dzinounzwa zviuru zviviri cubic metres kubva carbon monoxide uye vanenge 150 matani muguruva. Panguva processing Semi pezvakaitwa kuti pagadzirwe esimende kuti mhepo gobvu uyewo inomira makemikari uye muitiro guruva.

Aerosol anogona kudana uye mhando kusvibiswa zvifambiso. Somugumisiro, nefuma-injini (peturu kana Diesel chinotsva) anosunungurwa magasi: carbon monoxide, Mahydrocarbon uye senitrogen. Duration kuwana yeimwe izvi mumhepo vavo chaivo manyowa kubva akawanda maawa kuti akawanda.

photochemical bvungapfunga

It aigona inoumbwa tichibatanidza choutsi mishonga inokuvadza mumhepo kubva zuva nemwaranzi simba. Zvinoguma photochemical maitiro senitrogen oxides, Mahydrocarbon uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokuvadza.

Saka mhute anomirira chikamu saturation zvinokuvadza, izvo zvine makemikari mhando kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Chain maitiro rokutendeutsa senitrogen yakasviba kuti senitrogen monoxide uye mabhomba okisijeni kunofanira kuguma ozone (remubatanidzwa ezvinhu uye mabhomba okisijeni). Zvinoita remubatanidzwa maererano oxidation pamusoro senitrogen vanofanira kupa samolecular okisijeni, uye somugumisiro, ari senitrogen dioxide. Zvisinei, kana imwe ozone pakarepo zvaanoita pamwe chiutsi magasi ari mumhepo, zvichiguma imwe mari kubatanidzwa okisijeni maatomu uye mamorekuru.

remubatanidzwa ichi zvaanoita pamwe nouipi mudenga, nezvimiro oxidants uye vakasununguka radicals kuti vari runozivisa smog. Yeimwe mhepo iri chaizvoizvo zvine, vane zvikuru inokanganisa vanogara kweropa uye kufema hurongwa, kukonzera munhu anogona kufa.

fallout

Izvi mhando yakasviba - kupfuura nengozi vanhu uye zvose zvipenyu zviri munyika. Precipitation kuti ane radioactive nezvimedu vari mumhepo unyoro uye guruva.

Panonyanyisa tudonhwe radioactive zvinhu zviri rakachengetedzwa pakarepo pasi, kupenya vanowanzotevedzera yokudziyira mumhepo uye kutakurwa pamusoro kumbonyanya madaro marefu.

Nokuda mvura izonaya zvakasikwa radionucleotides zviri mumhepo, richawira pasi sezvo mvura, chando kana bvungapfunga.

Pashure kuonana ganda kwevanhu kunayisa radioactive maatomu zvinopfuura muviri, nokuriparadza zvishoma nezvishoma kubva mukati.

inorganic marudzi

Types kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza vari pamberi uye inorganic "nzira."

Nezvokumutswa kukura mvura bhizimisi iri kuwa tsvina kwakaita panguva mabasa uye mabasa akaitwa pamusoro kukohwa uye kubudiswa namatanda, kugadzirwa mabasa mumigodhi, mumigodhi, uyewo kushandisa zvifambiso.

Somuenzaniso, mune tsvina mvura, iyo zvino vanowira muviri mvura ine yakawanda residues ose detergents. zvinhu izvi kupinda mvura kurapwa mamiriro havana avabvisa uye vakadzokera mvura.

Types kwemakemikari kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza munyika iyi anosanganisira yeimwe wastewater kusvibiswa zvinhu zvakadai cadmium, Arsenic, kutungamirira, mekuri, uye dzimwe ngozi zvakafanana zvinhu.

yeimwe ava Vagari vakaderera reservoirs takabatikana uye kuburikidza zvokudya cheni zvikuru yakarongwa zvinenge.

Kusvibiswa Chemical vanowanzotevedzera kushandura ph mvura kusvika padanho mvura kwakadaro havagoni kurarama uye kubereka hwemvura zvinenge.

Zvisinei, invertebrates zhinji vagere mvura chinhu, kukwanisa kuunganidza munhu radioactive okunze uye inobaya. Ndokusaka semusimboti nechiidzo chii chikuru mhando kusvibiswa zvakakonzera yakasviba mvura.

Pasinei chokwadi mvura kuti anokwanisa kuzvinzwira vakachena, maererano nokurova mariri vazhinji makemikari, zvipenyu zvinopa kucheneswa, akauraya. Saka, mamwe nzira nekuti akazvitsaurira inokuvadza nezvimedu kubva mumvura, asi zvinosuwisa, izvi hazvina kukwana.

Organic "zvisingavaki muviri"

Mhando kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza yakapoteredza munhu uye zvinosanganisira dzavo makemikari hunhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mafuta, iine kazhinji kubva nomuti Mahydrocarbon.

In pamberi echitema mafuta pamusoro pegungwa mvura mhuka uye zvinomera nemhuka vanourayiwa pedyo nemhenderekedzo mapazi.

Izvi kunoitika nokuda ndechokuti mafuta kuuya neZvapupu nehove kana hwemvura shiri, chinovafukidza dema mashava firimu wavo wakanaka, uye saka streamlined pamusoro yaputswa chaivo minhenga yeshiri (kana hove chikero).

Long vasati vanhu vakadzidza dzokubvisa ichi dzinongoitika zvekuvaka, mafuta sounoperera pamusoro mvura pamusoro. Zvisinei, mumakungwa uye nyanza, pane nemaziso utachiona zvinogona exchange "ndarama dema", zvokudya pamusoro pavo. Zvishoma nezvishoma gwapa haazombotaurwi pachiso, uye utachiona zvokudya zvisikwa zvikuru yakarongwa.

Kuoma kunzwisisa nhasi chaiwo kuparadzwa echitema chinhu chikuru yakawanda mafuta kwadururwa mu kwokuputsika ngarava tsaona kana platforms. Utachiona havana nguva kuti ironge nayo, uye combustible fuma vanogona pamusoro mune mimwe miviri mvura, kupararira makungwa zvenyika.

kupisa mhando

Choutsi ose akadaro tembiricha kuti wastewater kupinda munzizi uye madhamu simba - muenzaniso uyu unoratidza munhu chikamu dzakadai mhando kusvibiswa simba.

Pakutanga, zvishomanana kuwedzera tembiricha mvura irege kukuvadza kuti mararamiro yose. Zvisinei, uwandu tsvina uye kugara mvura tembiricha shanduko uye kusagadzikana mune miviri mvura kunotungamirira rakagadzirwa nevanhu kukamurwa mvura mukutsinhana pakati pemvura uye pasi.

Sezvo pane nyonganyonga wokufambisa, zvaida kuti vakarongeka nokushanda phytoplankton uye algae, asi hwemvura mhando dzose mamiriro zvinosiyana.

ivhu jabwanira

ivhu vepasi kunokosha chezvinonhuwira ari biosphere. goko ichi rinoungana Organic zvinhu kwete chete asiwo simba. Kuvapo ivhu sezvo biosphere chinhu anomirira chimwe vang inokosha huchishanda. Naizvozvo kusvibisa panyika inobva (Organic uye inorganic), uyewo zvinhu (kwemishonga yezvipembenene) chinokosha zvinoda vainyatsotarisirwa kubva masayendisiti.

tupukanana jabwanira

Sezvo anokosha mishonga yezvipembenene kunorapwa zvinomera anobudiswa uye anoshandiswa nevanhu, zvinogona kunzi kusvibiswa ivhu Data zvinhu anogona zvinoratidza mhando mumuviri kusvibiswa.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti boka iri mishonga chinhu chinokosha munzvimbo zvokurima nemauto nekuda pamwero mukuru kurimwa chirimwa zvokudya chepfu akadaro vanomiririra ngozi huru ivhu.

Mishonga yezvipembenene vanowanzotevedzera kuunganidza mumuviri, mavakanga vagere, uye, kufanana radioactive okunze, kuparadza utano hwevanhu kubva mukati, uyewo achitungamirira kufa zvigare zhinji. Nokuvhiringidzirwa zvepanyama unyatsoshanda shanduka kwacho kunoitika, pakati pezvimwe zvikonzero, uyewo nokuti chokuti kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunoitika.

Types kusvibiswa, izvo zvinogona kunzi kune saturation kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kuparadza kusaenzana uye, sezvo migumisiro dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Zvokudya cheni makemikari kupinda munzvimbo muviri womunhu uye zvinowanika kwete chete munzvimbo zvomukati vakuru, asi vachangoberekwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vaunganidza panguva upenyu kwemishonga yezvipembenene hunogona kutapukira vertically kubva amai mwana.

To zuva, kukura uye kuedza mishonga iyi kuti pashure kushandiswa, kudiwa kuzvimiririra anoora kupinda isingakuvadzi mamiriro okunze. Zvinokosha kuona hurongwa makemikari zvakaitwa, dzakakudzingai kuvapo catalysts zvakadaro izvo kuti kunokanganisa dzinongoitika weboka manyowa pane zvinokuvadza kupinda chepuraimari.

asidhi mvura

Somugumisiro, vakawanda kwevanhu kushanda oxides kwemakemikari zvinhu akasunungura mumhepo, izvo chinoita kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Types zvokutapukirwa anofanira conventionally anogona kurondedzerwa se mhuri uye maindasitiri.

The combustion pamusoro combustible zvinhu nechinangwa nezvezvipfuwo uye mumaindasitiri kushandiswa, pane hurumende ichiisa senitrogen oxides, sarufa, carbon, uye rehydrogen sulfide. By kuita nounyoro huri mumhepo, wemisanganiswa izvi tinoshandurirwa acid, iyo zvino kuwira sezvo kunayisa.

With nokutyisidzirwa anomalies vakadaro vanofanira kungwarira zvikuru nokuti zvinovava pavanhu, kunyange kuwanda duku, rinoita makemikari pakutsva. Kuuya pasi nemvura inonaya iine acid, vanhu havagoni chete kurasikirwa dzimwe bvudzi ravo kana kukanganisa ane chomumusoro, asiwo anopisa chiso kana kuti muviri wose.

Acid, vakagumbuswa muchimiro kwemvura, kukonzera kukuvadza kwete chete kune vanhu asiwo ivhu, kureva, kukonzera kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Types zvokutapukirwa izvo chokuita zvinhu mvura riparadzirwe muna Nature, chikonzero supersaturation Data pasi yeimwe. Ivhu vachange vasingachakwanisi kuramba anobatsira dzinongoitika ehupfumi. Kana zvakadaro pasi zvinomera sokuti, ipapo kugamuchirwa zvokudya, zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara utano hwevanhu.

Uyezve, mvura mvura asidhi chinopinda yakadzika muvhu, muwisira pasi. Vanoparadzira makemikari pamusoro madaro marefu, izvo mune ramangwana anogona kukuvadza kunyange idzodzo kuti dziri kure zvakakwana kubva munzvimbo iine acid mvura yakanaya.

ruzha kusviba

Man haagoni kurarama Mhedziso makanyarara, uyewo ane panzvimbo Ruzha. kusaenzana iri kuchinja intracranial kumanikidzwa uye kungaita kuti atadze kushanda zvakanaka yose muviri.

Nokuda kuti maitiro aya evanhu vangazivikanwa kusvibisa ruzha kwezvakatipoteredza, usingagoni kuonekwa.

The ruzha, izvo zvinoberekwa miti yakawanda, michina, zvitima, motokari, anoita pamusoro vagari mumaguta makuru, kana vanhu vane kuva kumativi kuita kwakadaro "ruzha" yevanhu, kunaka kwazvo.

Kusangana mahonyera akadaro kuchambokanganisa chaiwo kushanda zvomukati, nemidziyo ropa, uye zvichingodaro. E., In yakaipisisa nyaya kungaita kuti vakurumidze kukwegura uye kufa.

aungazviita

Types kusvibiswa zvinyorwa zviri zvikuru siyana. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vari vose chokuita nemabasa evanhu. zvakananga Vamwe zvinyorwa kusvibisa mhepo, ivhu kana mvura zvine chepfu, apo vamwe - chete kutyora kwomuzvarirwo kosi zviitiko zvakasikwa. In ichi kazhinji simba hurongwa, rotonhorera nezvimwe zvakakosha chikafu cheni kunotouraya kuitika.

Zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvinenge - vanhu, zvakazara kujairana kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu yakasimba kusvibiswa. Mumwe Kurwisa masero vane mishonga yezvipembenene achinja zvikuru, aigona kuti (kuva zvizvarwa zvaizotevera) kurwisa kungatikanganisa migumisiro zvakawanda zvinhu.

Asi usakanganwa kuti pasi redu harisi yakakodzera Absorção de Água kuti "kurerukirwa" yebudiriro, saka nhasi haasisina kuitwa dzakabudirira ngozi zvinhu zvitsva zvemakemikari vavo neutralizers.

The Newest zvinodhaka kana microorganism tsika yakagadzirirwa kwete kukuvadza chete, asiwo kuti pave nokukurumidza manyowa mukati hakukuvadzi zvenyaya zvinhu izvo aronga kushandiswa.

Sakhalin Buckwheat

Anoona uye anoshandisa zvakasikwa zvivako zvinomera uye zvinenge zviri kutamburira kuchena panyika. Somuenzaniso, Sakhalin Buckwheat ane wakanaka pfuma - kunogona imere uye anotumbuka paivhu yakazara inorema simbi.

Maererano migumisiro dzakawanda kuedza, miti yakadaro inogona kuva 1 gore chete "tora" kubva pasi kusvikira 1 kg pamusoro cadmium, 24 makirogiramu mutobvu uye 322 makirogiramu ose zinc. A kuedza rimwe uto neeSultan apo makemikari zvombo vakaedzwa, akaratidza kuti pashure 2 years pashure kudyara Buckwheat muvhu ivhu rakanga zvashambidzwawo.