Dzvinyu marangwanda. The womukati sechivako dzvinyu. Types uye mazita dzvinyu

Dzvinyu ari suborder kirasi nezvinokambaira ndivo kupfuura yakawanda boka rake. zvinokambaira izvi pane zvinopfuura 3,500 marudzi uye zvinowanika mumakondinendi ose kunze Antarctica. Munyaya ino tichakurukura dzomunyika mamiriro, kuti marangwanda, ivo vasiri zvinoitwa negoroodyo rudzi uye mazita avo.

Interesting zvinhu pamusoro madzvinyu

Madzvinyu - ichi zvisikwa zvinoshamisa, izvo pakati vamwe vamiririri fauna of akaratidza zvinoverengeka dzinonakidza chokwadi. Chokutanga chokwadi - ndiko kukura vamiririri akasiyana nevanhu vane madzvinyu. Somuenzaniso zviduku negoroodyo brookesia Micra mukuwanda 28 neMM, nepo kupfuura mumiriri boka iri nezvinokambaira - Indonesian nedzvinyu, ari Komodo dhiragoni, ane muviri urefu kupfuura 3 m, aine uremu anenge mumwe nehafu hundredweight.

Chechipiri, zvichiita zvinokambaira izvi akakurumbira kwete chete pakati zvipenyu, asiwo vanhuwo - ndosaka uye sei nedzvinyu anodonhedza muswe wayo. Mano aya anonzi autotomy uye ndiyo nzira zvaichengetedza. Kana dzvinyu unopukunyuka chikara, anogona kubata nayo nomuswe, izvo chokwadi chinotyisidzira upenyu goroondo. Kuti aponese upenyu hwavo mamwe marudzi svikiro kadikidiki madzvinyu vanokwanisa kudonhedza muswe wayo, iyo pashure penguva inokura zvakare. Kuti tidzivise guru kurasikirwa ropa panguva autotomy, negoroodyo muswe chikamu inopiwa ne rinokosha boka tsandanyama, zvinoderedza nemidziyo ropa.

Mukuwedzera chii pamusoro apa, madzvinyu zvakasikwa nhaka nemasango yepamusoro masking, achichinja kuita ruvara gamut ambient ezvinhu. Vamwe vavo, kunyanya norwaivhi anogona kutora pedyo Ruvara nyaya kwekanguva. Izvi zvinoitika sei? Chokwadi chokuti ganda masero nedzvinyu zvinosanganisira zvakawanda akaturikidzana zvinenge segirazi, vane anokosha urongwa uye ruvara, iro pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu etsinga nomunhu kunogona compressed kana decompressed. Panguva iyo rutapudzo kwacho ari ruvara inounganidzwa pakati sero uye rinova haawanzotauri kuoneka, asi kana decompressed muitiro, ruvara rwacho rinopararira yose muchitokisi, staining ganda mune imwe ruvara.

The marangwanda uye dzomunyika sechivako dzvinyu

muviri dzvinyu raMwari rinoumbwa zvikamu zvakadai musoro, mutsipa, hunde, muswe uye maoko nemakumbo. The muviri externally akafukidzwa chikero zvinosanganisira nyanga duku uye akapfava idzodzo zvichienzaniswa pamakwande hove, ziya mumasero paganda hatisi. A maitiro chinhu chinhu refu tsandanyama muviri zvakare - mutauro, uchiita kunzwa nyaya. dzvinyu ziso kusafanana nedzimwe zvinokambaira inopiwa chinjwa fungiro. Musculature ane mukuru mwero Sophistication kupfuura nezvinokambaira.

dzvinyu marangwanda anewo kurimwewo zvinhu. Inoitwa pamutsipa, mafudzi, lumbar uye pelvic madhipatimendi unobatanidza nomuzongoza. Marangwanda dzvinyu kuvakwa kuti zvikure pamwe chete, mbabvu (zvishanu rokutanga) kuumba namahwindo pasi sternum, izvo ndiye anozivikanwa kuchiitwa boka iri nezvinokambaira sezvo ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nezvinokambaira. Thorax anoita unodzivirira basa, kuderedza mukana zvokuimba kukuvara nhengo dzomukati, izvozvo zvinogona kuwedzera inzwi iri kufema kwacho. Ehomwe Lizard, uyewo mamwe pano vertebrates digits mashanu, asi kusiyana amphibians dziri mune imwe yakarurama nzvimbo kuti anopa mumwe kukwirira pamusoro pasi uye muviri, somugumisiro, zvikuru nokukurumidza kufamba. rubatsiro nouchapupu ari kufamba uye vane nenzara refu, izvo vakapakata zvinokambaira netsoka dzakapfava. Mune dzimwe mhando, vari kunyanya akaoma musoro uye kubatsira tenzi wake vachikurumidza kukwira miti uye matombo nomunzvimbo dzine.

dzvinyu kuti marangwanda rakasiyana nemamwe mapoka pano fauna of zviri pamberi sacral nomuzongoza 2 vertebrae. Uyewo zvakasiyana chinhu ndiye nemamiriro caudal vertebrae, kureva neokostenevayuschey interlayer pakati pavo, nokuda iyo pane nyarara misodzi dzvinyu muswe.

Chii zvakafanana pakati dzvinyu uye newt?

Vamwe vanhu tinovhiringidza newts vane madzvinyu - nevamiririri infraorder akadanidzira amphibians. Chii zvakafanana pakati dzvinyu uye newt? Vamiriri ava superclasses maviri akafanana mumwe zvechipameso chete, dzomunyika mamiriro anoenderana Tritons anatomi amphibians. Kunyange zvakadaro, kubva pfungwa nemaonero physiology nemadzvinyu, newts uye nemaziso tarisa chete: unomonereka musoro, chinjwa anopenya pamusoro pameso, refu muviri ane shanu-neminwe makumbo uye dzimwe nguva panhivi vane penyika pamusoro musana, muswe, kukwanisa panoda.

Power dzvinyu

Dzvinyu rinoreva mhuka ine utsinye, kuti, ayo tembiricha muviri dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana ambient tembiricha, saka zvinokambaira ava kupfuura mukati mezuva, apo mhepo inotanga kudziya kupfuura. Vazhinji vavo - zviri Mbeswa negoroodyo marudzi uye mazita anosanganisira zvinopfuura chiuru chimwe vanhu. Extraction pakati dzvinyu zvikara kunoenderana kukura goroondo. Saka, shiri duku uye svikiro kadikidiki kufura ose invertebrates, zvakadai tumbuyu, madandaude, nehonye, mollusks. The vanobatwa guru madzvinyu - svikiro kadikidiki vertebrates (matatya, nyoka, shiri duku dzvinyu). Kusara ndiye Komodo zibukanana, riri nokuda kwavo guru kukura vanogona kutenga kunovhima mutambo guru (nondo, nguruve uye kunyange svikiro kadikidiki nyati).

Chimwe chikamu negoroodyo ndowenyika herbivorous, vachidya mashizha, manyoro uye nezvimwe zvinomera. Zvisinei, pane omnivorous kwemarudzi akadai Madagascar geckos, pamwe nokudya tumbuyu uye chirimwa zvokudya (zvibereko, nekita).

kupatsanura pakati madzvinyu

The siyana madzvinyu rakanyatsojeka hunoshamisa uye rinosanganisira 6 superfamily, dziya kuva dzinokwana mhuri 37:

• Iguanas.
• Geckos.
• Skinks.
• Veretenitseobraznye.
• Madzvinyu.
• Honye-kufanana.

Mumwe nomumwe izvi initialization infraorders ane zvinhu zvakakonzera dzinogarisana mamiriro uye envisaged muchinangwa cheni zvokudya.

iguania

Iguanas - infraorder uku mhando dzakawanda upenyu siyana, uyo asiri chete zvokunze, asi kazhinji dzomunyika sechivako dzvinyu. By iguania vanosanganisira mhuri yakadaro kuzivikanwa kuti madzvinyu sezvo iguanidae, agamidae uye mhuri chameleons. Iguanas vanosarudza noushamwari uye nyorovera okunze, saka dzinogarisana ndiyo kumaodzanyemba North America, South America, uyewo vamwe inopisa (Madagascar, Cuba, Hawaii, British Virgin Islands , uye vamwe.).

Representatives infraorder iguanas vangazivikanwa ne anozivikanwa zvikuru elongated wakakodzera plevrodontnyh mazino rezasi shaya. Uyewo zvakasiyana chinhu chiri pamberi iguanas seri uye muswe spiny akatevedzana, kukosha iyo kazhinji yakakura mune varume. Foot Iguana dzvinyu riri vakapakata 5 minwe, ayo zvikamu ne nenzara (talons mu Woody kwemarudzi yakareba kupfuura vamiririri pano). Uyewo, iguania muri growths mumusoro chakatodzana nezvengowani, uye pahuro pouches, chishandiso kushumira zvichikurukura kutyisidzira, uyewo kuridza basa rinokosha kuberekesana.

The muviri Maumbirwe Iguana ndiko kunonyanya pakubhadhara maviri:

1. High compressed mativi muviri iyo zvakanaka zvinoenda munhu thickened muswe. Ichi muviri chimiro anogona kunyanya kuwanikwa vanhu vanogara miti Somuenzaniso genus Polychrus nzvimbo South American.
2. Flattened muviri dhisiki serin'i - asangana vamiririri iguania kurarama panyika.

gekkota

The infraorder gekkota zvinosanganisira mhuri Tsepkopalye, pygopodidae uye eublepharinae. Uye vakawanda kuchiitwa vamiririri vose infraorder imwe chromosome yakatarwa uye chaiyo ruoko kuti nzeve. gekkota Most vane zygomatic chematenga, uye mutauro vane gobvu uye forked.

• Family Gekkonovyh (tsepkopalyh) madzvinyu kurarama panyika kwemakore mamiriyoni 50 makore. The marangwanda ane dzvinyu uye vasiri zvinhu zviri akaderedzwa kugara yose. Vane zvikuru zvakawanda dzinogarisana zvose inopisa okunze uye vari unozvidzora latitudes. Kuwanda mhando mhuri dzinopfuura chiuru.
• mhuri Pygopodidae mumwe ari legless dzvinyu, anotarisa zvikuru zvakafanana nenyoka. Kusiyanisa kubva nyoka kunogona maitiro nekudzvanya ruzha, iyo kubereka kutaura nemumwe. Muviri sezvo nyoka, refu, zvakanaka kupfuura kupinda muswe, izvo dzakashandisa autotomy. dzvinyu musoro chakafukidzwa zvakafanana, ichibata ichibhabhamisa. Population inoti pygopodidae 7 genera uye 41 marudzi. Habitat - Australia, Guinea uye pedyo nenyika dzine.
• Eublepharinae mhuri - chiduku nedzvinyu ari kureba vanenge 25 masendimita pamwe variegated dziberekane, usiku. Mbeswa, kudya zvipembenene. Vanorarama pamusoro American, Asia uye African makondinendi.

scincomorpha

Representatives scincomorpha madzvinyu vakapararira mumakondinendi ose nounyoro, dzinopisa uye subtropical mumamirire ekunze. Zvikurukuru ndicho vagere munyika, kunyange pane Semi-hwemvura shiri, ndivo vanopedza nguva yakawanda muupenyu hwavo miti. infraorder Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera mhuri:

• Plate-tailed mhuri - chimwe chezvinhu zvakawanda pamusoro kupatsanura mamiriro, izvo zvinosanganisira anenge 130 genera uye anopfuura chiuru marudzi. Akatambanudza zvinenge zvose pamusoro nyika, kunze Antarctica. Vanorarama kunyanya achitsva vematunhu, kunyange panewo kure neequator. Zvikuru dzine inogarwa mhuri iyi Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia uye Africa. madzvinyu Plate-tailed kuuya inosiyana, marudzi akasiyana-siyana ari kuwanda 8-70 cm.
• Family latsertidy kana lacertidae ane genera 42 uye 307 marudzi. Dzakashandisa kurarama mhando dzakasiyana inoitika zones: zviri steppes, masango, mumarenje, makomo uye kunyange marshlands. Rakapararira Eurasia uye Africa (kunze. Madagascar). Latsertidy - madzvinyu zvidiki kazhinji uye svikiro kadikidiki, asi pane mhuka huru, dzakadai parera dzvinyu. Food - zvinganaka carnivore (tumbuyu, zviduku invertebrates).
• mhuri Teiidae (11 genera, 129 mhando) anogara kondinendi South American uye kumaodzanyemba North America. Dimensions madzvinyu siyana 8 masendimita kusvika 1.5 M A maitiro chinhu chiri forked rurimi zvakadai dzvinyu, nokuti iyo vakagamuchira kechipiri zita -. American madzvinyu. Curious chokwadi chokuti vanhu vakawanda kuti mamwe marudzi vanobatanidzwa chete vakadzi, ivo avete unfertilized mazai, izvo kunotangira chete womusikana.
• mhuri Cordylidae (anenge 70 rudzi) vanogara dzisinganayi kumatunhu Africa. Vanogona kuwanika chaiwo zviyero guru, pasi rine mapfupa kwamahwendefa. chikero Major ribbed anofukidza yose musana uye Minamato haipindurwe kuti muswe nharaunda dzakafara marin'i, nezvikorekedzo muswe. Dzvinyu-Cordylidae refu kusvika kusvika 40 cm.
• mhuri Gerrhosauridae vanogara dzisinganayi uye Semi-dzisinganayi kumatunhu Africa. Ndivo zvose pano uye Semi-hwemvura mararamiro. Akaoma musoro netsoka dzakapfava vanobvumira gerrhosauridae deftly vanokwira pamatombo. Vane yakafanana chivako kuti pakafunuka ndiro-tailed madzvinyu dzemhuri uye vakaderera zvechadenga womukati mamiriro pamwe senguva madzvinyu.
• mhuri Gimnoftalmidy anogara vose South America uye kumaodzanyemba Central America. Vari pakati madzvinyu duku, vanhu vakuru vachikura 6 cm. Gimnoftalmidy vanogara musango, uye kunyange makomo, vane akafanana teiidae uye vanenge makumi mashanu kuzvarwa mazana maviri marudzi.
• mhuri Night Lizard paakasvika zita raro nokuda mararamiro masikati kuvanza dzvinyu, buda usiku kunovhima zvipembenene madandaude. A mhuri shoma (18 rudzi) vanogara dzisinganayi kumatunhu ari matombo nomunzvimbo dzine, mukuru urefu kashoma kukasapfuura masendimita 15.

Veretenitseobraznye dzvinyu

Infraorder veretenitseobraznyh madzvinyu dzinoratidzwa chikero duku unjoint pakati pasi pfupa kwamahwendefa. Pakati veretenitseobraznyh madzvinyu kuitika somunhu legless rudzi nedzvinyu pamwe kwakajairika nemamiriro muviri pamwe shanu-neminwe maoko nemakumbo. Infraorder inosanganisira mhuri nhatu:

• Ksenozavry mhuri yakasiyana nedzimwe mhuri muzvidimbu kukura, uye asiri yunifomu pachikero. Chinosimbisa kuvapo chinjwa kukotsira uye kunzwa mawindo. Mhuri zvinosanganisira maviri chete mhando dzinogarisana muCentral America uye China.
• mhuri Veretenitsievye ane shaya simba, yakanyatsoiswa pamwe kungopotsera meno. Izvi kunyanya Mbeswa dzvinyu, mushrooming kuzvarwa mhenyu. Mhuri zvinosanganisira anenge 10 genera uye 80 marudzi vakawana kunyanya kuAmerica. Ukuru nevakura kumativi 50-60 cm.
• mhuri Legless ine mbiri chete zvipenyu vane nzvimbo kuMexico uye California. Dzinoratidzwa kushaya yayo, makomba kunzwa uye mhou mahwendefa.

varanoidea dzvinyu

Varanoidea infraorder zvinosanganisira mumwe genus - Monitor madzvinyu - uye vanenge 70 marudzi. Madzvinyu vanogara Africa, pamwe kunze o.Madagaskar, Australia uye New Guinea. Kudeuka howa dzvinyu, Komodo tarisisa chinyorwa chaicho pakati marudzi ose madzvinyu kukura, kureba kwarwo mamita 3, uye uremu makirogiramu 120. kudya kwake zvingave rose nguruve. Duku mhando nedzvinyu (Varan pfupi-tailed) hakurevi kupfuudza masendimita 28 pakureba.

Varan dzvinyu Description: elongated muviri, elongated mutsipa, muzvidimbu poluvypravlennom chinzvimbo, rurimi forked. Madzvinyu - chete genus pamusoro dzvinyu, ane dehenya anonyatsokwanisa ossified, pamativi pachena makomba nzeve. Meso dzinokudziridzwa zvakanaka, akapa ane kumativi mudzidzi uye chinjwa fungiro. Scales pamusoro shure chinosanganisira duku denderedzwa kana kumativi mahwendefa pamusoro ndiro dumbu atore rectangular chimiro pamusoro polygonal musoro. Simba muviri magumo haidereri simba miswe kuti madzvinyu anogona kuzvidzivirira, pakubata kurohwa inorema panguva muvengi. In dzvinyu, achitungamirira hwemvura nzira youpenyu, muswe inoshandiswa chinonengaidza apo kushambira ari Woody mhando, zviri kuchinja zvikuru uye akaoma musoro, achibatsira kukwira mapazi. Madzvinyu akasiyana neevakawanda dzimwe madzvinyu mwoyo mamiriro (Four-yokuvata), kufanana mhuka, apo mwoyo madzvinyu nezvimwe infraorders ane Camera matatu.

By Mararamiro pakati madzvinyu ari hunodzorwa pano mhando, asi kune vaya vanopedza nguva yakawanda vari mumvura uye nemiti. Nhengo madzvinyu dzakashandisa upenyu nzvimbo dzakasiyana, vanogona kuwanikwa mugwenga, uye vari mumasango, uye pamahombekombe. Vazhinji pazvikara ava kushingaira masikati, mhando mbiri chete ndivo herbivorous madzvinyu. Zvakatapwa Mbeswa madzvinyu zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mollusks, tumbuyu, hove, nyoka (kunyange muchetura!), Birds, nezvinokambaira, mazai, dzimwe madzvinyu, dzvinyu huru kazhinji cannibalistic, vachidya vavakidzani vavo vaduku uye kusimba. All mhando tarisisa madzvinyu rinoreva zai-amudanire madzvinyu.

Monitor madzvinyu zvinokosha kwete chete somunhu kubatana pakati cheni zvokudya kuwanda dzinogarisana, asiwo anthropological mabasa. Saka, izvi egwavava ganda yaishandiswa Whitehead Textile indasitiri sechinhu mashoko shangu siyana uye kunyange haberdashery. Mune dzimwe rinoti, vagari vemo inoshandisa nyama yemhuka idzi zvokudya. In mushonga, negoroodyo ropa rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzirwa antiseptics. Uye, chokwadi, madzvinyu izvi kazhinji ndivo vanogara terrariums.

dibamidae

Infraorder dibamidae ine imwe mhuri, nhengo dziri duku, legless vanhu kuti akafanana nehonye. Vanorarama munyika uye vari burrowing mararamiro. Akaparadzirwa mudondo nharaunda muIndonesia, Philippines, India, China, New Guinea.