Civil Society uye Mutemo weMutemo: Zvinonyanya Kuwirirana

Kune ukama hwepedyo pakati pehurumende nemutemo. Mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana emabasa ayo maitiro epamutemo edzimhosva uye anovashandisa, kushungurudza vanhu, iyo inongedzo yevanhu vanogara muhurumende, kuvatevera. Nokudaro, humwe hurumende inotsanangurira mutemo wepamutemo uye inotungamirirwa nayo, asi inoita nyika yose inobva kune iyi inonzi yakatongwa here? Zviri pachena, kwete: mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mitemo yenyika inopesana norusununguko rwevagari vayo uye usingavape mukana wekushandisa kodzero dzekodzero, apo zvikamu zvakakura zvevanhu zvisingabvumirwi kubva pamutemo uye hazvikwanise kuita tsika yekushandisa mitemo, haigoni kutonga zvombo zvehurumende maererano nekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu , Kana mitemo inoshandiswa kusarudzwa - saka yakakurumidza kutaura nezvekutonga kwemutemo.

Murairo wemitemo yenyika haikwanise kubuda pasina sangano rehurumende iro riri panzvimbo yakakwana yekufambira mberi. Mushure mezvose, kuvapo kweruzhinji rwakadaro ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuti nyika ichinzi yepamutemo. Funga nezvevanhu vehurumende uye kutonga kwemutemo. Ndezvipi pfungwa idzi mbiri, nokuti kuwirirana pakati pavo kwakanyanya kwazvo uye nenzira mbiri?

Mune nhoroondo yefilosofi, mutemo wemutemo kwenguva yakareba wakabatanidzwa nekuumbwa kwehurumende pasi pekutungamirirwa kwe "vatsigiri vemazano." Maonero aya ekuvaka sangano rehurumende ne "yepamusoro" nzira yakasimudzira mauto akawanda. Asi nguva yeZvhenekeri yenguva yokutanga yakaongororazve pfungwa yekusika mutemo-we-mutemo wenyika unogona kuziva zvido uye zvinangwa zvevanhu vazhinji. Mafungiro emasangano evanhu akaonekwa uye akatanga kukura. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, achigadzirisa pfungwa ye "chibvumirano chevanhu," kwekutanga nguva yakasiyana nemasangano ehurumende uye kutonga kwemutemo. Izvo zviitiko zviviri - "republic" uye "sangano" yevagari vemo vane mabasa avo pachavo, dzimwe nguva vanopesana uye vanopesana. Mune mutemo-we-mutemo wenyika, simba uye sangano "chinyorera chibvumirano" pamusoro pokuremekedzana uye kuita kuchengeta mitemo mitemo (mitemo).

Kujekesa kwakanyanya kwechinetso chokuparadzanisa kwehurumende nemasangano ehurumende kwakarongedzwa naHegel. Anotarisa vanhu uye hurumende sezvikoro zvakasununguka. Nokudaro, pane kuwirirana zvakajeka pakati pemasangano evanhu uye kutonga kwemutemo. Mumazuva okupedzisira, nyika yose inoratidzirwa uye isingarangarirwi ichiratidzwa muhuwandu hwevanhu. Kana tikaedza kujekesa chinangwa chemasangano ehurumende, zvino ndiyo nharaunda yekutongwa kwepamutemo kwekunaka kwevanhu.

Mutemo wemutemo une mamwe maitiro. Izvi ndizvowo mutemo wemutemo, apo munhu wose akaenzana pamberi pemutemo uye akadzivirirwa kubva pamutemo usingatauri wezviremera. Izvi ndizvo zvinotarisirwa pamatavi emasimba kuva mutongi, mukuru uye mutemo (munyika dzakawanda dzakasimudzika, masangano ehurumende uye mutemo wemitemo zvakabatana munharaunda iyi nekuti vanhu vanozadzisa basa romutungamiriri anotungamirira pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende). Izvi ndizvo zvekutanga kwekodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko rwavo, apo chinotarisa kwete chekuda kwehurumende, asi nekuda kwevanhu, nyika yevanogara. Uye, pakupedzisira, ihwo mutoro wekutaurirana wehurumende uye munhu wacho. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu anokwanisa kuzviratidza sezvaanofarira, kana chete iyo isingaputse kodzero dzevamwe vanhu.

Ukama huripo pakati pekutonga kwemutemo uye hurumende inogona kuratidzika nenzira yakadaro iyo sangano rehurumende rinotakura chimwe chinhu chakafanana nesangano rehupfumi hwehurumende yakadaro. Pasina iyi chikamu, mutemo-based isingakwanisi. Asi kwete imwe nzira yakapoteredza. Sangano rehurumende risina mutemo wemitemo rinogona zvachose - asi izvi zvinoputika nevanhu vari musimba vanoregeredza zvido zveiyo inove yakagadzikana inzanga yevanhu.

Asi zviito zvose zvemasangano evanhu zvinangwa zvekuvaka kana kuchengeta mutemo wemitemo, kunyange kana hurumende dzichitaura kuti zviito zvinoderedza kusagadzikana uye kudarika simba. Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika mune imwe nyika yakagadziriswa rinotsvaka kugadzirisa sangano rezvematongerwo enyika semamiriro ayo. Zviri pachena kuti hurumende yehurumende uye kutonga kwemutemo zvinoumba zvakaoma uye zvehupenyu hwehutano hwevanhu, apo zvose zviri zviviri zvinotsigirana uye zvinopedzana.