Chii zvokutengeserana? Representatives mercantilism. Mercantilism mu dzezvoupfumi

Vanhu vazhinji vakanzwa shoko 'mari ", asi munhu wose anoziva zvazvinoreva uye apo chakaitika. Asi shoko iri chokuita imwe yakakurumbira dzidziso hurongwa kutanga kuoneka XV remakore. Saka chii mercantilism uye chii kukosha yakanga munhoroondo yevanhu?

Nhoroondo chiitiko

Chii chiri "mercantilism" munyika yakafara pfungwa shoko? Izwi pacharo rinobva muchiLatin shoko Mercanti, iro chaizvoizvo anoshandura se "kutengesa". Mercantilism kunorondedzerwa mumabhuku akasiyana siyanei, chinhu zvoupfumi dzidziso, iyo inotaura kushanda ari nderwevaya nengaidzo vachibhadhara ari mamiriro kuti kuwedzera kuparadzirwa mari uremu uye kunobatsira upfumi. It Anobvumawo kudiwa protectionism senzira pazvinangwa izvi. Pfungwa yokuti 'mercantilism "akanga chaizvo kushandiswa nevanyori siyana akadhindwa nesayenzi substantiates kudiwa hurumende kupindira mune chero zvoupfumi basa. Izvi izwi yakatanga dzataurwa nokuda akakurumbira wokuScotland muzivi uye Nezveupfumi Adam Smith. Anoshanda achishingaira vakatsoropodza vaaishanda navo, anodana pamusoro States kutora chikamu mune zveupfumi mabasa achishandisa protectionism, iyo runoratidzwa subsidizing national mugadziri uye kugadzwa kumusoro imupota mabasa. Adam Smith aidavira kuti mercantilists, vari nezvoupfumi, vanoita, kutengeserana uye achadzivirira zvinodiwa chindingindingi of East India Company uye dzimwe Chirungu-vapfuwi makambani. Vazhinji dzekare vangasimudzira vakapesana pfungwa iyi Adam Smith. Vanoti kukura mitemo British mercantilist kwakavakirwa maonero akasiyana-siyana vanhu, kwete chete maindasitiri uye vatengesi.

Zvinangwa uye dzidziso pamusoro mercantilism

Kusiyana Adam Smith, vanyori ichi dzidziso nharo kuti chinangwa mutemo uyu hakusi chete kuti kugutsa chido British maindasitiri uye vatengesi, asiwo rutapudzo kwemabasa, kuwedzera mipiro kuti bhajeti kwenyika, pakurwisa nevaya vanofungidzira, achisimbisa National kuchengeteka. Kuti tinzwisise chii mercantilism, unofanira ukanyatsoongorora pfungwa dzaro. zvinhu zvarinotaura:

• yakakwirira basa negoho kunogona chete kuva avo maindasitiri kuti abudise nhumbi ekisipoti;
• Upfumi anogona chete kuratidza musimboti unokosha simbi;
• kunze kwenyika dzinofanira kukurudzirwa nehurumende
• hurumende inofanira nechokwadi chindingindingi zvezvipfuwo maindasitiri uye nemabhizimisi achibatsirwa yokudzivirirwa makwikwi;
• kwouwandu hwevanhu chinodiwa kuzoponesa yakaderera mubayiro uye yakakwirira mwero yokudzoka.

mabasa mercantilist

Maererano vatsigiri ichi zvoupfumi dzidziso, ane zvinotevera mabasa:

• kuumba nekuita kurumbidza kuti hurumende, kubvira pakusikwa yakanaka nemwero wezvokutengeserana pasina hurumende kupindira hazvitomboiti;
• kuti vaite imwe mutemo protectionism, nokuzvisarudzira yakakwirira tsika mitero (tariffs,) nhumbi kuti yabva kose; kukurudzira kukura avo maindasitiri vane zvigadzirwa kurehwa kuti vatorwa vagotengeseranamo; Implementation kuti chinokurudzira mibayiro kune mishonga kuti vari aivigirwa kose.

Basa mercantilism mu dzezvoupfumi

Pfungwa mercantilism - mumwe tanga kwedzidziso zvoupfumi, inozivikanwa nokuvimbika kwayo. pakuonekwa Its uye kufarirwa kwakaitika munguva mangwanani capitalism. Mercantilists vagara vaidavira kuti huru basa chero upfumi, uye nokudaro uyewo pakasikwa unotiranga, nguva dzose anoridza nokure wokufambisa. Maererano navo, upfumi munyika nhema chete iri mari. Kuvatsoropodzi mercantilism aionekwa kuti nokufamba kwenguva izvozvo mutemo kunotungamirira kwataisvika hwenyika, sezvo mari yakawanda inongogara zvichitungamirira dzakakwirira mitengo. Development zvinogoneka chete kusvikira nguva akadai chinoshingaira zvokutengeserana hwindo hakuiti kunyangarika, asi mugumisiro chero rairambidzwa kutengeswa mishonga kuchangoita mambure varasikirwa. The mercantilism rakakamurwa kuva mangwanani uye nokunonoka nzendo.

Kukura zvoupfumi dzidziso

Mercantilism ari upfumi, somumwe dzidziso, iri kuramba Virtual. Panguva dzakasiyana nheyo dzaro kunge wakashanduka-shanduka zvichienderana pachiyero maindasitiri kugadzirwa uye zvokutengeserana. . The vanonzi "mercantilism mangwanani," izvo zvinoreva kuti XV-XVI emakore, aiva nesimba chaizvo (nezera) inokosha nzvimbo:

• nokuti aina zvinokosha simbi (sirivha, nendarama) kubva nyika aivimba rufu;
• kupinzwa nhumbi aihuitira comprehensively;
• nokuti dzimwe zvinhu zvakagadzirwa yakakwirira zvikuru mitengo;
• kushomeka leakage mari nerubatsiro nyika akarambidzwa ekisipoti kwayo kwose;
• Ndakatengesa kubva pakutengeswa avatorwa vaifanira kupedza kutenga vomunharaunda dzowokwake;
• Dzidziso mari pachiyero kwainzi kukosha, nokuti yakanga yakavakirwa ose policies zvainanga kuwedzera upfumi kuburikidza mutemo.

Early mercantilism Marx anorondedzerwa se "mari hurongwa." Vamiririri mercantilism iyi: asi wokuEngland W. Stafford, kuItaly De Santis, G. Scaruffi.

kunonoka mercantilism

Sezvo yechipiri yezana XVI remakore. uye kusvikira pakuguma XVII remakore. Dzidziso iyi yakatanga zvishoma. zvokutengeserana zvikuru upfumi vakabva huripo pfungwa kune maindasitiri kumwedzi. Aida kuti tizvidzore nomumwe zvinodiwa nevanhu uye inelasticity kuti kudiwa. Upfumi akanambwa razero chitsama mutambo. Nemamwe mashoko, kurasikirwa nomumwe akanga yakaenzana kuti kubiridzira imwe pati. Chii mercantilism munhambo ichi? Its chikuru zvokudya:

• Ndicho chikuru pfungwa nemugwagwa yemuraudzo;
• vanobviswa inoomesera kurambidzwa ekisipoti uye zvainoreva kwenhumbi mari;
• upfumi wokuti ehurumende kunoratidzwa protectionism mumhuri mugadziri;
• Inokudziridza nheyo kuzviwanira zvakachipa zvinhu mune imwe nyika uye kutengesa navo yepamusoro mutengo mumwe;
• kudzivirira vanhu kubva kudzikisirana anokonzerwa wakasununguka kutengeserana.

The chikuru dzinomiririra mercantilism: asi wokuEngland T. Mann (mamwe manyuko - Maine), rokuItari uye wokuFrance A. Serra A. Montchretien.

Pfungwa wezvokutengeserana yemuraudzo

Maererano akazotevera mercantilists, kutengeserana yemuraudzo apiwa aina nhumbi kubva munyika. The chikuru musimboti wezvokutengeserana: kutenga isingadhuri uye kutengesa dearer. Mari ine Mabasa maviri: Handling uye okuchengetera nzira, ndiko, mushakabvu mercantilism akatanga kubata mari sezvo guta, achiziva kuti mari ndiyo chinhu chinokosha.

Basic misimboti:

• utariri vemamwe kutengeserana nechinangwa mutsika sirivha nendarama;
• Industry rubatsiro kuburikidza importing zvakawanda zvakachipa mbishi zvinhu;
• pokugadzwa anodzivirira tariffs, pamusoro kupinza nhumbi;
• ekisipoti ushambadzi;
• kwouwandu hwevanhu kuti tirambe rakadzika pamwero mubayiro.

Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti mukupera mercantilism raiva mberi zvikuru nguva yaro. Iye kubatsirwa shipbuilding, maindasitiri, kutengeserana, international weboka basa.

Kugadzirwa mercantilism

Mercantilism pakuguma XVII uye kutanga upfumi XIX remakore. zvinenge zvose zvikuru dzakabudirira kuti Europe (England, Austria, Sweden, France, Prussia) rakundwa sezvo hupfumi dzidziso pamutemo. MuEngland izvozvo zvave zviripo kwemakore anoda kusvika 2 emakore (kusvikira pezana XIX remakore.). Mercantilism, kunorondedzerwa iyi semutongo yakasiyana pfungwa upfumi dzidziso - protectionism, uye vakava zvakakurumbira Russia. First nheyo dzaro vakatanga kushandisa mamwe Peter I. Panguva yaitonga Elizabeth mercantilism yokuRussia iri kuramba dzakakurumbira, uye saka shandisa ichi zvoupfumi dzidziso kupfuura dzose pasi Nicholas I mamiriro. Panguva iyi, protectionist mutemo wakanga zvainanga kuvandudza munyika kutengeserana nepakati, izvo zvakaita kuti pave bhizimisi uye kuwanda kukura. Panguva iyi, nengaidzo pakati kupinzwa uye kunze kwenyika wakaiswa nokuda nokuchinja mitengo munyika - vechikamu ari kutengesa kwacho.

mercantilists Russian

MuRussia, yakajeka kutaura pfungwa mercantilism raiva AL-Ordyn Nashchekin (1605-1680 gg.). yokutungamirira ichi, rakabudiswa muna cha1667, "New Commercial Charter", riri yakazara zvinotaurwa uye pfungwa dzidziso iyi. AL-Ordyn Nashchekin nguva dzose kwaaida munyika yavo yakawanda inokosha simbi sezvinobvira. Akavawo akakurumbira nokuda patronage ake vatengesi uye mudzimba kutengeserana.

A mupiro mukuru kune upfumi pfungwa akaita kuti musayendisiti wokuRussia uye nomukurumbira V. N. Tatischev (1680-1750 gg.) Ndiani aiva pamusoro aina kunze yendarama nesirivha Gráfica. Kupinzwa zvinokosha nesimbi akapa zvachose akasununguka mitero (mabasa), uyewo youhu mbishi zvinhu zvaidikanwa kukura wechipfuwo indasitiri. Iye zvinganaka kusuma mabasa kumusoro zvinhu uye nenhumbi kuti aigona kubudiswa panguva emakambani Russian.

Mutsindo Economist ake nguva vaiona mercantilists uye I. T. Pososhkova (1652-1726 gg.). Muna 1724 akanyora kuti "Book of chishoma uye upfumi", umo akaratidza zvakawanda pfungwa yepakutanga (somuenzaniso, weboka upfumi munyika chaiyo uye vasiri chaivo). Zvisinei nezvoupfumi European I. T. Pososhkov kuridza upfumi purogiramu pave Russia, kufungisisa chaizvo National chokwadi.

Chirungu mercantilism

Izvi Mutemo zveupfumi akanga kuitwa zvinenge zvose nyika dzokuEurope, asi panguva imwe chete - zvichienderana nhoroondo ezvinhu munyika - akapa nemigumisiro yakasiyana. The zvikuru kubudirira kwakaita mercantilism dzidziso kubudirira muEngland. Nokuda zvarinotaura uye mirayiridzo vehurumende akava kupfuura dzayaitonga umambo munyika. Pfungwa mercantilism UK zvakazara vanoratidza zvido guru reko wokutengesera nevhu rakawandisa.

chikoro mercantilism

Zvokutengeserana panguva paro ndiko chikoro chokutanga Bourgeois enyika upfumi, izvo vakaedza kupembedza hunonzi mutemo waitsigira pedyo vatengesi. It kunoratidzwa tichishingaira mamiriro kupindira mune zvose zvoupfumi kwendangariro. School mercantilism akadzidzisa kuti chete kuburikidza yezviri hurumende protectionism kungawedzera kugadzirwa nhumbi ekisipoti. Muchiitiko chino, hurumende mitemo inofanira zvainanga kutsigira kuwedzera ezvokutengeserana guta nokukurudzira kusikwa chindingindingi makambani vakaita kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo. State unotofanira kutanga kufamba uye nezvikepe, akakunda dzakawanda dzaitongwa. Kubudirira pazvinangwa izvi vaifanira kurera mutero vagari '.

Basa nokure kuparadzirwa

Vanotsigira mercantilism akabhadhara kunonyanyisa nzeve ndiyo nokure wokufambisa. Zvisinei, zvairema vave kudzidza mudzimba mitemo nascent capitalist kugadzirwa. The yose political zvoupfumi mercantilists sechinhu nesayenzi kuti inodzidza munyika nengaidzo wezvokutengeserana. vanotsigira dzidziso iyi Early kwaenzaniswa pfuma inokosha simbi (goridhe, sirivha), uye gare gare - pamwe zvakawandisa chigadzirwa vasara pashure kugutsikana zvinodiwa mamiriro, iyo inogona akaziva pamusoro pamisika wokumwe uye kukava mari. In ezvinhu yokushaya mari mangwanani mercantilists ayo basa ipfupi kuti kuunganidza mari. Nokufamba kwenguva, mari akatanga kuona, uye svikiro zvokutsinhanisa. Akazotevera mercantilists akatanga kubata mari sezvo guta.

Money - nhumbi

Papera mercantilists akatenda mari chinokosha, asi Marx uye yaisanzwisisa nei uye sei mashoko chigadzirwa iri dzikwanise mari. Vachipikisa ake nechepakati chinyorwa pamusoro "mari - ndiwo upfumi" mercantilists vakava madzitateguru vanonzi "nominalist" uye gare gare "quantitative" usapinde dzidziso. Akataura kuti chete zvibereko basa, uyo zvinhu nokuda ekisipoti akauya hurumende mari yakawanda kupfuura kwave mutengo wavo. In nedanho nokukurumidza kukura capitalism, mercantilism mamiriro ezvinhu vasisa kusangana ichangoburwa ezvoupfumi. Iye chikatsiviwa enyika Bourgeois upfumi, izvo hunonzi isimbiswe akasununguka zvoupfumi basa. Mercantilism akaita akararama pacharo panguva dzakabudirira zvokutengeserana guru akapa nzira maindasitiri. It yakatanga uye kaiva yezwi maindasitiri kugadzirwa dzenhoroondo enyika upfumi.