Chii phenotype? Concept, dzinokosha zvinhu kudyidzana pamwe genotype

Shoko "phenotype" ane Greek mavambo uye anoshandura (chaizvoizvo) "kufukura", "Ndini." Chii anobatsira kukosha pfungwa iyi?

Chii phenotype? tsananguro

Under kunzwisisa phenotype anofanira kunzwisiswa unhu kuti vari kuri kuti munhu paneimwewo padanho okukura. Izvi seti achiumbwa pahwaro genotype. For diploid zvinenge hwokuratidza kutaura hukuru majini. Kuziva zvinotaurwa phenotype anofanira kutaura pamusoro wemishonga nechinzwano kwokunze zvaidiwa muviri, dzakanga awana nedanho munhu kukura (ontogeny).

tsananguro

Pasinei kumbonyanya chaiyoiyo tsanangudzo kuti phenotype, ayo Pfungwa ine vakawanda chokwadi. Vazhinji zvivako uye mamorekuru kuti encoded ne majini acho haawaniki pakuonekwa muviri. Panguva iyoyo vari chikamu phenotype. Muenzaniso kwaizova phenotype ropa revanhu. Panyaya iyi, maererano nedzimwe vanyori, tsanangudzo kunofanira kusanganisira avo unhu kuti kunogona kuwanikwa nokushandiswa chirwere, vanachiremba uye michina dzokuvhiya. A okunyanyisa anogona zvine zvimwe nokuwedzera akava maitiro, uye kana zvakakodzera, zvakamubaya zvakatipoteredza ari Muviri, uye nezvimwe zvinhu. Saka, somuenzaniso, ivo uye dhamu beavers anogona kutorwa phenotype yavo.

Key Features

Pakusarudza kuti phenotype, tinogona kutaura pamusoro "kumhanyira" yokugara mashoko kundosangana zvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Kana iwe nzira wokutanga unofanira kufungwa unhu maviri:

1. Dimensionality kuti phenotype. chiratidzo ichi inoratidza nhamba dzokugara, "kubviswa", iyo inorondedzera uwandu zvakatipoteredza zvinhu.
2. The chiratidzo chechipiri inoratidza utetsa phenotype zvakatipoteredza. Zita dhigirii ichi - siyana.

Pamwe chete, maitiro aya anoratidza kupfuma uye dzakasiyana-siyana phenotypes. The multidimensional akagadzirwa nomumwe zvatariswa, kuti unetseke features, uye kure vari kubva genotype, saka zviri dzakapfuma. Somuenzaniso, kana tichienzanisa kuti phenotype kwemabhakitiriya, roundworm, datya, murume, "upfumi" chuma inowedzerawo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu phenotype dzakapfuma.

nhoroondo mashoko

Muna 1909, Vilgelm Iogansen (Danish musayendisiti) kekutanga - pavanoparidza pfungwa genotype - phenotype dzichitaurwa tsananguro. Izvi akabvumira kusiyanisa yedzinza nezvezvasarudzwa vayo Implementation. Pfungwa musiyano dzinogona kurondwa nemabasa Mendel, uye Weismann. Ekupedzisira akasiyana somatic uye dzokubereka masero ari zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge. The zvichiguma wakaiswa pamusoro nevabereki okutodza zviri muchitokisi musimboti. Okutodza takura kunzwisisa majini mamirire chimwe rudzi rwevanhu uye zvikurukuru kubva muviri. The majini anopa mashoko pamusoro mapuroteni anogona synthesized, uye miitiro chaizvoizvo Kutsanangura waidzora kwetunhu. Ko kana zvadai? Kana ontogeny simba majini uye avo synthesized mapuroteni kuti encoded. Zvinoguma paumbwe uye kukura dzose zvivako uye zvechadenga muviri, vanoumba phenotype kwayo. Nemamwe mashoko, tinoramba awane "chigadzirwa" pamusoro Implementation pakati majini chirongwa huri genotype.

Zvinoitwa kwokunze ezvinhu ari kukura zvinoitwa nomumwe

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti genotype iri handivo chinhu chinoratidza kuti phenotype. Pakawanda kuti uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. inotungamirwa nomumwe zvinhu achavaponesa hondo zvakatipoteredza, kuti zvinobva zvimwewo zvinoitika. In ezvinhu akasiyana phenotypes vari zvikuru vachipikiswa. Somuenzaniso, marudzi kungozvifunga "arashniya" pagore kunobereka maviri mwana. vanhu avo, uyo yakabuda overwintered pupae (chitubu), yakasiyana chaizvo vaya kuti akazviratidza muzhizha. Rinogonawo anosiyana, uye phenotype hwomuti. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe noruvazhe rakapetana nemipaini miti, uye musango - yakareba uye tetepa. At mvura buttercup shizha chimiro zvinoenderana apo anogara - mumhepo kana mumvura.

The ukama phenotypes uye genotypes

Anogona kuchinja, izvo inopiwa nemagene chirongwa, akadana mwero kuita. Kazhinji, zvikuru dzaisiyana mararamiro chinogara maonero, vanowana zvinowanikwawo kwose kwose. In Kana apo kwezvakatipoteredza rwakasiyana chaizvo kubva kunani kutyora zviri Jacques akasandura mhando rinowanikwa kukura zvipenyu, uye vanofa. Zviratidzo phenotype havasi ruripo recessive alleles. Asi ivo vanoponeswa uye zvinogona kupfuurira kusvikira mwana. Data izvi kuti tikwanise kunzwisisa zviri nani shanduka kwacho. In dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa kunosanganisira chete phenotypes mwana wo zvitange uye zvimwe genotypes ari vemo. The kukurukurirana haringorevi ukama recessive uye hukuru alleles - majini zhinji anosangana mumwe.