Attractions Moscow Kremlin. Nhoroondo okuvaka, diagram, tsananguro

Munyaya ino tikatarisa huru rainzwika Moscow Kremlin. Riri pamusoro Borovitsky pechikomo 25 metres pamusoro pedyo nenharaunda iri confluence of Moskva River pamwe rwizi Neglinnaya. Borovitsky chikomo ari mutana akafukidzwa huni, nemhaka iyo akawana zita rayo. Moscow Kremlin anogona kunzi sezvo mubereki ino guru Russia. Mushure wokutanga Moscow zvivako riri chaipo munharaunda yayo. Rainzwika Kremlin uye Red Square dzakavakwa panguva dzakasiyana. Saka ngationei kutanga nyaya kubva pakutanga, kurongwa maererano nenguva.

Kuti nekuwana prehistory pamusoro panowanikwa rinokosha nzvimbo yakadaro nokuda nyika yedu, sezvo Kremlin (Moscow). Masayendisiti dzinoti mashoko zvisaririra kwevanhu Borovitsky Hill magumo II zviuru. BC yokutanga. e. Pakutanga ari XII remakore, pano zvakare paiva yokugara, iyo yakava baba Moscow ano. Vyatichi achiitei imwe nzvimbo yakakura mumhenderekedzo Borovitsky Hill. Kureva, kwakaonekwa nemisha maviri, masvingo kuchengetedzwa rin'i.

Nenguva Ancient Rus

pakutanga Ancient mamiriro kwaisanganisira yoga umambo. Kupfuura zvakawanda uye nesimba aiva Rostov-Suzdal. Its guru raiva yechipiri yezana XII remakore guta Vladimir. Moscow bordered hugota kubva kumavirira.

Muna 1147, yakanyorwa Ipatiev Chronicle, Yuri Dolgoruky, Muchinda Suzdal, akakumbira ake mutsigiri Svyatoslav, Novgorod-Seversky Prince muMoscow. Chiitiko ichi chakanga kutaurwa guru wokuRussia ari muvhidhiyo zvinyorwa vokutanga, uye musi uyu anonzi mavambo inotungamirwa kweguta.

Muzana XIII remakore, Moscow, uyewo mamwe maguta Russian akatambura yokurwiswa Batu. Zvisinei, pashure penguva, guta vakatanga kuwanazve simba. MuMoscow, paiva youmambo rokutanga machinda nguva ino, yakavambwa Daniel, mwanakomana worugotwe Aleksandra Nevskogo. Tatar-eMongolia vaisagona chose kuparadza Russian mamiriro. Earth akaramba kutonga machinda Russian, kugamuchira kuti Horde zvitupa (zvisiri). Akadaro Chikwata muna 1319 uye aiva mwanakomana mukuru Daniel, Yury of Moscow, mambo Novgorod. Uye Moscow rave mumaoko kwavari utariri rake munin'ina wake.

Ivan Kalita, mufananidzo uko kunoratidzwa pazasi, haangatongozununguswi, sezvakaita tsika vamutangira, Vladimir. Akasarudza kugara Moscow. Ichi chiitiko kwainge guru basa njodzi Kremlin yose guta. MuMoscow pashure Ivan uye Petro vakatamira Metropolitan.

The Kremlin yakava dzokugara machinda Russian

Kremlin kubva iyoyo akarega kuva nyore rwokudzivirira marongerwo. Description of Kremlin asisiri huchikanganiswa framework ichi. Akashandura mukati yakagara Metropolitan uye Grand Duke. Kremlin Ndima kare akavaka chete emapuranga hurongwa. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, zvakatanga kuvaka chivako dombo jena. Saka, musi Borovitsky pachikomo, ayo yakakwirira, yakavambwa nokufungidzira Cathedral, iyo yakava chechi huru pakati Moscow weutungamiriri. Chechi Ioanna Lestvichnika akazviratidza muna 1329, ari Cathedral of Arhangela Mihaila - muna 1333. Zvivako izvi kutanga namabwe uye kutsanangura zvimwe mapurani pfungwa Moscow Kremlin, achiripo kusvikira nguva yedu. Capital pasi Ivan Kalita rakura. Kremlin inofambidzana vakanyarara nechepakati chikamu cheguta.

Zvinofanira akati kuti zita "Kremlin" akazviratidza kokutanga zviri renhoroondo dzamadzimambo Yorumuko, dating 1331 gore. Zvinoreva vachisimbisa nechepakati chikamu cheguta.

Ivan Kalita asati afa vakanyora kuverenga pakunamata. Mairi, iye ikazopiwa zviratidzo nesimba Russia (mbatya yomuchinda, tableware anokosha, bhandi goridhe uye cheni), uyewo zvose munyika Moscow kuti vanakomana vake.

chena ibwe Kremlin

Muna 1365 womuti kuvaka Kremlin akatambudzika kamwe zvakare kubva mumoto. Ipapo Dmitry Donskoy, muchinda duku Moscow, akasarudza kuvaka ibwe chivakwa pachikomo Borovitsky. Winter 1367 nokuti ichi akaendeswa guru reraimu riri 30 zvemakiromita kubva muguta Myachkovo musha. Construction rakatanga muchirimo. Pakati Moscow somugumisiro aiva chena-ibwe nhare, rekutanga iri North-Eastern Russia. Ndima Kremlin panguva imwe chete yakawedzera tichiregeredza pechikomo, uyewo Pamipendero yaro. akitekicha wayo kuguma XV remakore vawana maitiro vari runozivisa guta ano Russian uye Moscow akatanga kuonekwa sezvo akatsiva Vladimir uye Kiev.

Constantinople, guta guru Byzantine Empire, akabatwa muna 1453 maererano vokuTurkey. Saka, basa Orthodox vakatanga kuita guru Moscow. Kuti vauye kweguta zvaidiwa chinzvimbo ichi, Ivan III akadana kuna guru vatenzi Russian uye Italian ezvivako nokuda Kremlin pedutu.

Paumbwe Kremlin Ensemble

Achitungamirirwa Aristotle fioravanti, rokuItari mapurani, munguva kubvira 1475 kusvika 1479 makore itsva kubvuma Cathedral, kereke chikuru Russia yakatangwa. Panguva imwe mugumo square, pakatarisana Church, mumwe wokuItaly, Aleviz idzva, akavaka temberi-guva - the Cathedral of Arhangela Mihaila. Moscow muchinda mumuzinda yakavakwa kumadokero chikamu Kremlin. Raisanganisira Average Gold, Embankment uye Big Faceted Chamber.

Cathedral of Annunciation yakavakwa pashure, munguva kubvira 1485 Mumakore 1489. Pedyo naye chaienderana Church of Deposition yejasi. Mune nzvimbo, izvo kungogumira Annunciation uye Ngirozi Huru machechi, mamiriro yamambo iri. Izvi zvakanga chikuru chefuma muchinda.

The Ensemble pamusoro Cathedral Square yakapera kuvakwa bhero shongwe Ivana Velikogo. It rakapera mumakore 1505-1508. Ivan Guru Bell achirira kubva ipapo akatanga kufadza vagari guru.

Temberi itsva dzose dzinozivikanwa dzakavakwa pamusoro nzvimbo vamutangira vaiva pano panguva Dmitry Donskoy uye Ivan Kalita. Yakavakwa panzvimbo dzavo, Moscow Kremlin Zvaikangaidza mazita chete. makuva All uye zvisaririra temberi vekare vakanga vachinyatsoongorora Kutamiswa mavari. Of Vladimir kubvuma Cathedral akavhunduka kwazvo airemekedzwa neKijuni Russian panguva - icon Yedu Lady pamusoro Vladimir.

Kremlin shongwe

KweDzimba shongwe itsva uye masvingo aiva kupedza kubata kune pamasikiro Kremlin Ensemble. Dzavo kugadzirisa uye kuvandudzwa paakatora nzvimbo mumatanho dzakawanda. Taynitskaya shongwe yakatanga akasikwa. It aiva ndima pevhu kusvikira Moskva River. Mapurani, kuti vapedze basa iri, - Anton Fryazin, vokuItaly. Mumwe compatriot ake Marco Fryazin akasika Beklemishevskaya shongwe, zvino kunzi Moskvoretskaya. Ipapo akasika Sviblova, avo vaivawo chakavanzika mbudo kuna Moscow River. In Sviblovo neshongwe 1633 isu akasimbisa rinokosha muchina itakurwe mvura uye zita nayo Vodovzvodnaya.

Muna 1488, kuti Annunciation neshongwe yakavakwa. Zvadaro shongwe uye dzimwe rainzwika Moscow Kremlin. Vaiva maviri Asina shongwe uye Borovitskaya, Peter, Nabatnaya uye Constantine uye Helen. Spassky neshongwe yakavakwa kusimbisa rokumabvazuva chikamu Kremlin. Iye zvino vanozivikanwa ake. Spassky neshongwe akawana zita raro rukudzo maviri kwemifananidzo: Muponesi uye Muponesi Smolensk.

St. Nicholas yakavakwa panguva imwecheteyo. Pakati paro uye Muponesi rakura kunyange mumwe dzakazova inonzi Seneti. Middle uye Corner Arsenal Tower akazviratidza vakananga kuguma XV remakore. Panguva iyoyowo, pane Utatu, chikuru muna Kremlin. Kuti vave nechokwadi pangozi nzira kwairi yakanga yakavakwa Kutafya shongwe. Nechikonzero ichochi vanga chakavakwa pamwe yeZvombo uye Commandant of Neglinnaya River. Muna 1680 nayo yakaonekwa okupedzisira neshongwe Kremlin - chamber kuti turret.

ushe Ivana Groznogo nguva munhoroondo Kremlin

Muna muna 1547 panguva kubvuma Cathedral Ivan Grozny, Grand Prince of Moscow, rakaparidzirwa yokutanga muRussia autocrat. Musoro chechi yeRussian Orthodox, Metropolitan Macarius pamutemo azivikanwe mambo, achipfekedza chivharo pamusoro Monomakh Ivana Groznogo. Kuti ape zvakawanda kutendeseka kuna Moscow umambo, kwakasarudzwa kuti canonize vanozvinyima zhinji uye evanhu, uyewo pfungwa vashongedze madziro Kremlin machechi akakura mifananidzo.

Military mishandirapamwe, zvakazoita kuti akakunda Astrakhan uye Kazan Khanate, akasimbisa nesimba Russian wehurumende. In rukudzo zviitiko izvi, kwakasarudzwa kuvaka Cathedral of Intercession wemhandara Mariya, uyo anozivikanwawo nhasi sezvo St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo. Iye yakavakwa nguva kubva 1555 ne 1562 kunze Kremlin, izvo akasimbisa chinokosha kukosha ichi chivako. Zvakanga pano, pedyo neGedhi Spassky, zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba mutsva muzinda evanhu upenyu Moscow - Red Square.

Panguva wokuLivonia War, zvakanzi akadzokera Polotsk, guta Russian yekare. Vachikudza chiitiko ichi, Ivan Grozny akarayira kuvakazve temberi Annunciation, waimira sezvo kereke musha wake. Machechi diki 4 (makamuri) dzakavakwa pamusoro namaberere ari Cathedral muna 1563-1566, ukuwo.

Ushe kwamambo, mukuwedzera, yakanga Wakacherechedza kwaita mirairo Kremlin. Vanonzi chidhiraivho. Zvivako dzavo dzakanga iri Ivanovo nzvimbo Kremlin kutsausa vari yaiona uye basa muzinda guru. Ambassadorial Department kwainzi inokosha vavo. Muhofisi yake vaiva nyaya vemamwe mutemo, uyewo kudzora kuchengetwa rekupinda mhemberero.

Kremlin kutendeuka, munguva XVIII remakore

Yokutanga hwakadzama map ari Kremlin, iyo hwaponeswa nhasi, yakatanga kusvika 1663 gore. Pairi unogona pamusoro kufungidzira kuti nzvimbo ino akatarira ipapo.

Kremlin (Moscow) pakupera kwezana XVII-XVIII emakore vatambure mumazuva ichatonga zvine mbiri yake. renyika akakurudzirwa chirevo Petra Velikogo kubva kuMoscow St. Petersburg muna 1712. Zvisinei, kubvuma Cathedral akaramba kereke chikuru Russia. Zvinonzi pano mutsvene hurumende. Asi mamiriro matsva zvokutaurira yakasiyana nzira youpenyu, saka ndima Borovitsky Hill akatanga kuvakazve. Kune zvinokwezva mutsva Moscow Kremlin, zvikurukuru, dzamadzimambo, dzemamongi uye kwakatsiva Knights yekare Chamber.

Saka, namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara yakavakwa muna XV remakore, Imba muruvazhe chamber wacho. Vakatsiviwa Baroque mapurani Rastrelli akaita ibwe Winter Palace mumagadzirirwo. Paivawo chakakandirwa chevaux Bell kubudikidza zvarayirwa Anny Ioannovny. Zvakatora makore maviri - kubva 1733 kusvika 1735. Zvisinei, haana takatondeswa kushumira chinangwa chahwo. Muna 1737, panguva Kremlin Utatu rakafukidza moto, kudzima zvakagadzirwa huni pachena kuti mvura panguva bhero. Nokuda wandei tembiricha kusiyana kukamuka dzakapanduka kwaari. Bell akaramba ari kuraswa mugomba makore anenge zana, asi muna 1836 zvakanzi pamusoro yakatanhamara, kwaakanga nanhasi.

Kutanga rondedzero Moscow Kremlin, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kuvakwa racho hapasi wakarurama uye kodzera. Saka, muna panzvimbo Treasury Court, Gallery of Armory yakavakwa mumakore 1756-1764, pane zvakagoverwa pfuma muhomwe. Makore mashomanana gare gare kwakasarudzwa kuti vakiridza ari Kremlin uye yeZvombo yaiva kuparadzwa pamwe nezvimwe zvivako zvekare. Nemhaka iyi south-kumabvazuva chikamu chikomo Borovitsky kuva pachena, uye handichisiri kuvakwa.

MF Kazakov akaita basa rinokosha kuchinja pakuonekwa Kremlin. imba Bishop payakavakwa pasi pokudzora yake. Mumakore 1776-1787 rakadzikwa neDare Seneti. Chivako angafanirwa kupinda nzvimbo pakati mumugwagwa uye St. Nicholas the Miracle wemamonk. Chakasimudzira apedza Ensemble weSeneti Square.

Alexander I muna 1806 chirevo maererano izvo panzvimbo Utatu wemamongi Tsareborisova dare kwakasarudzwa kuvaka miziyamu chivakwa kuchengetera zvinokosha. Egotov chirongwa chacho yakagadzirwa. Kuvaka miziyamu rikaparadzirwa kubva 1806 kusvika 1810. Mune Kremlin, somugumisiro ichi, chivako chitsva, uyewo duku nzvimbo pakati Arsenal uye Trinity shongwe, vaimudana Trinity.

Kremlin pashure pehondo 1812

Urongwa mamwe kugadzirisa Kremlin akaputsa Patriotic War. Apo mauto Napoleon raMwari yakarwisa Moscow, guta vakagamuchira pamoto. zvinokosha Vakawanda dzichapambwa. Petrovsky akaridza, 1st Vasina, Vodovzvodnaya shongwe, anenge hapana chakasara uye kubva St. Nicholas.

Pakusikwa Moscow Kremlin, uyewo kudzorerwa Ensemble yake vakaramba mushure kukunda. Akatakura ezvivako ake Russian. Ridzai Kremlin masvingo nenhare vakavakazve. Mumakore 1838-1851 nokuda zvarayirwa Nicholas I pa nzvimbo Winter Palace yakavakwa mumuzinda yakaoma. Yaiva chikamu Moscow Armory, Grand Kremlin Palace uye mufurati. Construction yakatungamirira KA tani. The Ensemble pakati ari Palace Square wakashongedzwa zvivako zvitsva.

Cathedral Square sezvo kuparadzwa mirairo uye rakavhurika. Pakanga akatakurwa ari XIX remakore, vaipemberera wamapoka. Yakasvika pakuzivikanwa se Dragoon achimisa pasi. Panguva iyi, muna 1989, akanga shongwe. kuna Alexander II.

Kremlin panguva yaitonga Soviet Union

We zano iwe uzive pamwe Moscow Kremlin Chirongwa, dating 1917 gore.

Muna March 1918, muna Kremlin, hurumende Akagarisa RSFSR. In weSeneti hofisi-furati rokuvaka Lenin yokutanga yakanga iri, uye ipapo Stalin. Dzimba of Kremlin zvakavharwa akavharwa nevoruzhinji.

Panguva ino, chave irreparable kukuvara machechi uye dzimba dzemamongi yose nyika. Kremlin Ensemble haana kunzvenga dambudziko iri. Moscow Kremlin urongwa yachinja wedzeredzei. Muna 1929 Voznesensky uye Chudov dzemamongi zvakaparadzwa. Pakuvaka School Military yakawedzera panzvimbo yavo.

Panguva Great Patriotic War, mapurani kunzwisisa asiri kukanganiswa. Chakazarurwa rokuongorora muna 1955. Muna 1961 pedyo Trinity masuo Vakavaka Muzinda Congresses.

Kremlin Ensemble nhasi

Nhasi, vashanyi vakawanda pasi pose anouya kuongorora rainzwika Kremlin uye Red Square. Nzvimbo idzi, uye kusvikira nhasi havana kurasa UKURU yavo.

Muna 1990, kuti Kremlin zvasungwa ari UNESCO World Heritage List. Museum iri pano, akaita kuchengeterwa "Moscow Kremlin", kusanganisira yeZvombo, the Annunciation, nokufungidzira uye Cathedral Ngirozi Huru, iye Museum of Zvakarurama Art uye Upenyu XVII remakore Russia, Church of Deposition yejasi uye Ensemble pakati Ivan ari Bell Great. Kubvira muna 1991, Kremlin akazova yakagara purezidhendi weRussia.

Pakazosvika 850 fung gore guru, iro Moscow akati muna 1997, ari Kremlin rakadzorerwa zvakare. Somugumisiro mabasa aya vakadzorerwa Red Porch Faceted Chamber, dare kwave kuchiita kudzorerwa kuvaka, uye rwaiitwa uye mamwe basa. Nhasi, ari Kremlin machechi munguva makuru yakatarwa Orthodox mabasa naMwari. Akaita zvakanaka sezvo Tours yose Ensemble.

Moscow Kremlin Chirongwa rinosanganisira nhamba zvivako zvakasiyana. It Ane nzvimbo 27.5 hectares nhasi, uye kureba masvingo -. 2235 M ane shongwe 20, izvo titaure dzakakwirira 80 mamita. Kremlin masvingo vane Ukobvu kubva 3.5 kusvika 6,5 m. Kukwirira wavo 5 kusvika 15 m.

Nhasi nzvimbo iyi inoitwa chiitiko chinofadza - change vavarindi panguva Kremlin. Zvinonzi rakaitirwa Cathedral Square Mugovera ose pa 12 masikati. Nguva iyo unogona kuona kuchinja vavarindi muna Kremlin - kubva April kusvika October. Zviri nyore chaizvo kuti vashanyi.

Kremlin pakutanga pamusoro XX remakore ari kuwedzera vachinzwisisa sechinhu mapurani uye nhoroondo-tsika Monument. At siyana dzakawanda uye omunyika kuratidzira kazhinji vanoonekwa pfuma kubva Patriarch raMwari vestry uye yezvombo. The yokupedzisira kwatova XIX remakore rakanga mumuzinda miziyamu. Zvisinei, nhoroondo dzacho vakatanga ipapa. Back to muna 1547 vari kutaurwa rokusikwa panguva iyo hurongwa Armory wokutanga. Panguva iyoyo kwakanga yakaramba achirwa zvombo. Kwapera nguva yakati, yeZvombo vakatanga kudana guru papfuma, uye zvaizivikanwa kwatiri zita zvakatanga muna 1560s. The miziyamu zvino ine dzakasiyana nhoroondo Exhibits, kusanganisira Cap kuti Monomakh, uyewo Micheka anokosha wekare, Zvigaro zvoushe Madzimambo Russian, zvombo uye zvakawanda.

Kremlin Nyaya kunoramba sezvo nhoroondo mamiriro edu, chiratidzo yaari. vachiri A XXI remakore achapinda pachavo peji yake.