Apo dzisingaoneki aumbwa: sei uye kupi dzidzo

Vanhu vanogona kuva zvishoma kuziva pane vakadzi. Naizvozvo, vamwe vavo vanofarira zvikuru pemuviri mudziyo wacho, uye kunyanya ayo kukosha nhengo. Neushingi iyi ndiyo vanachiremba, uye vamwe chete anoita kuverenga kwaida mabhuku. Mibvunzo inokosha ndeyokuti: Where dzisingaoneki aumbwa? Sei somunhu? upenyu Vangani? zvinofamba sei? Ngatiedzei kuvapindura nenzira kuti zviri pachena kuti vose.

tsananguro

Tisati tapindura mubvunzo, apo aumbwa dzisingaoneki, anofanira kunzwisisa kuti anomiririra. Dzisingaoneki - ichi utachiona masero zvemhuka uye vanhu. Kazhinji, masero aya vanokwanisa kufamba vachishingairira, izvo zvinokosha kuti asvike zai uye mupfudze.

Sezvo zvichienzaniswa hadzi utachiona masero, dzisingaoneki masero zvidiki, nimble, uye panguva imwe chete riri mumuviri dzinokura hombe nhamba (kusiyana zai, ndoupi korona matatu hadzi kwemakemikari anobudiswa hurongwa).

Sechivako ichi utachiona sero chinoratidza kuti mhuka dzose uye hunokuvadza vaiva kuzitateguru - rimwe-celled muviri. Setsika, chero vanhurume masero, kunyange miti, akadana urume, kunyange kushanda navo uye tsanangudzo "dzisingaoneki" uye anterozoidy.

Dzisingaoneki masero kwemhuka

Oddly zvakakwana, asi mhuka havasi akasiyana zvikuru kubva munhu ari mubvunzo marongerwo uye mashandiro utachiona masero. Apo dzisingaoneki vari aumba? Sei vanotarisika? Pane kuchinja zvikuru?

Normal dzisingaoneki mhuka ine musoro, imwe zvenguva mugove uye muswe (kana flagellum). Musoro, dzinozivikanwa, ndiye tsanga, inova hafu nhamba okutodza. Kuwedzera kune majini mashoko ari musoro vane makemikari kuti pakatanga zai uye centriole. The zvenguva Chikamu ndiye mutsipa chete, pane mitochondrion guru, iro rinopa simba uye anoramba ayo flagellum kufamba.

Kunze kubva mharidzo vanomirirwa apa mamwe hove akwariyamu ane dzisingaoneki vane mbiri flagella. Sezvo kwazvinoita crustaceans (vangava "miswe" nhatu kana kupfuura kubva utachiona mumasero). Asi roundworms shanduka nokusagona masero motile - hapana cilia kana flagella akapoteredza muviri wake. Sex masero mhuka idzi vane mapurasitiki sero madziro unokubvumira kufamba uchishandisa prolegs. In newts pamusoro dzisingaoneki chipo zenze. Asi pane misiyano kwete miswe, asiwo misoro. Kana munhu ivo ellipsopodobnye, zviri makonzo uye makonzo anozvikudza kryukopodobnoy fomu.

Kukura nemasero embeu mune vanhu chidukuduku - kubva makumi nemazana micrometers. musiyano kwakadaro ane chokuita kukura mukuru.

Panovhurwa dzisingaoneki

Pamberi masayendisiti akafungisisa mubvunzo, "Aripiko urume ikabereka?", Vakanga vasingazivi kuti pane masero anokosha munyaya kubereka dzevanhu uye mhuka. Uye vakawanda zvipenyu nyama shoma pfungwa.

Revolution mune zvesayenzi kwakaitika pakati nemanomwe remakore, apo Antoine Dutchman Leeuwenhoek akazogadzira maikorosikopu uye akatarisa kwaari dzakasiyana zvinhu: mukume, mashizha uye petals zvinomera, dzevanhu uye mhuka ganda uye zvakawanda. Muna 1677, zvakaitika kuti Camadas masero. Akatsanangura zai uye dzisingaoneki, so "mhuka seminal."

Kufanana musayendisiti, Leeuwenhoek pakutanga akaisa zvose kwakaita pachake, saka dzisingaoneki wokutanga dzevanhu akatsanangurwa, uye chete pashure nedzimwe mhuka. Pfungwa yokuti "mhuka" izvi zvinobatanidzwa munyaya pamuviri, kurumidzai musoro Antoine, izvo haana kukundikana vaudze British masayendisiti.

Asi pfungwa iyi chakarambwa, uye makore ane zana aionekwa tupukanana dzisingaoneki mumuviri womunhu, kana kuva chinhu isa fotereza. Chete pakutanga namapfumbamwe remakore, rokuItari Spallanzani akaratidza zvokwadi dzidziso iyi.

mamiriro

Kana musingadi kufungawo nokureba flagellum, urume iduku sero mumuviri womunhu, vanenge 55 micrometers. Izvi zviduku miganhu kubvumira kuti kufamba nokukurumidza muna mhango pakati dumbu uye kusvika zai.

Kuti kuva kunyange zvishoma pakugadzirwa dzisingaoneki, ivo rakagara nhevedzano transformations:
- musimboti hunowedzera gobvu nokuda condensation yokugara zvinhu;
- cytoplasm ari akaparadzaniswa kuva vakaparadzana "cytoplasmic droplet";
- kune chete organelles avo kuti zvinokosha muchitokisi.

1. Musoro urume sero ane chimiro ane ellipse, imwe flattened laterally. Dzimwe nguva zvinogona concave rumwe rutivi, uye ipapo tinogona kutaura pamusoro fomu ruchigona chipunu. Ari musoro ndiwo:
   - panozogadzirika ane haploid vanochengeta okutodza. Zvakafanira kuti pashure kwemapazi dzepabonde masero maviri yaipedzerwa magene mashoko akanga akaenzana kuti ari somatic masero, kana fetus havazopukunyuki kana vachava deformities. Nokuda simba "marwadzo" pamusoro chromatin zviri vakaneta uye haagoni synthesize RNA.
   - acrosome - iri evolutionarily dzakachinjwa Golgi midziyo, zvakakodzera nechokwadi kuti musoro urume aigona kupinda zai.
   - centrosome - organelle, iyo inotsigira "muchitokisi marangwanda" uye rinopa kwebasa muswe.
2. The pakati chikamu kana mutsipa - iri kuderedza pakati musoro nomuswe. Ndiyo mitochondria, izvo zvibereko simba nokuda kwebasa flagellum.
3. Muswe kana flagellum - nhete chinjwa chikamu urume. Anoita rotational reciprocating inofamba, vachibvumira sero kuzadzisa chinangwa.

shanda

Nzira uye spermatozoa gwapa inotungamirwa hwakada kufanana mabasa ayo. Uye zvikuru vavo - zviri kupinda mukati zai uye muchangosangana. Kuti aite basa iri, hunhu akagovera mufambo, vakawanda uye kemikari "Kukwezva" kuti dzisingaoneki.

Vechirume zvinenge aiendeswa kubereka yavo mhando, saka havana enderana panyama, mishonga uye majini. Kana munhu anotarisira utano hwake, asina tsika dzakaipa, panguva kuti majekiseni zvose (kunyanya mumps), utachiona masero ayo achava vakagadzirira kuita ayo mashandiro chero nguva.

chitsungo

dzisingaoneki inotungamirwa nevanhu ndiko yakafanira, Inter Alia, nokuumbwa flagella, iyo inobatsira masero kutama. Munguva kufamba gamete iri zvayaitenderera paguyo kumativi ayo akabatana ari kumhanya 0.1 millimeters por wechipiri. Zviri masendimita anopfuura makumi matatu paawa. Vanofanira kufukidza chinhambwe masendimita 20. Kune Imwe Nzvimbo vaviri maawa pashure zvepabonde, urume kusvika fallopian sepombi, uye (kana paine zai) fertilization kunoitika.

Inside urume ngakuite muviri zvinenge kwete ichifamba, havana basa uye tinyerere vakatamira achitevedza spermatic ducts, pamwe seminal mvura nokuda peristaltic fambisa cilia uye ducts.

The rakapedza dzisingaoneki upenyu

Masayendisiti pamwe physiologists vakaedza kubata mubvunzo apo dzisingaoneki vari kuumbwa uye nei vari akagadziridzwa panguva nenguva? Zvakaitika kuti yose gadziriro kuibvisa pamusoro gametes kunotora mwedzi anopfuura maviri, asi ivo awane vazhinji. Somugumisiro, vanhu vane haazivani magene zvinhu.

The chinhanho kubva urume iri rakaramba chete kwemwedzi, apo vanoda zvakarurama ezvinhu:
- tembiricha pamusoro 32 Celsius;
- kusavapo anogumbura zvirwere.

Asi kunze hono muviri, masero kuramba mufambo yavo kusvikira rimwe zuva. Mukati dumbu, nguva ino inogona kuwedzerwa mazuva matatu.

Chii spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenesis - ndiye paumbwe dzisingaoneki, kunoitika pasi vakasvinurira mitemo muviri wacho kwemakemikari anobudiswa hurongwa.

Zvose kunotanga wokutsauka masero, izvo pashure mapoka akawanda kutora chakafanana urume vakura. Zvichienderana mhando dzisingaoneki kuibvisa kwacho dzingasiyana. Somuenzaniso, muna chordates panguva embryonic nguva akaisa masero anokosha kuti tama kune gonads uye primordia chimiro dziva masero, vakazochinja kuva spermatozoa.

Spermatogenesis kwevanhu

Nzira yokuva urume munhu asingazivi akasiyana nevamwe vertebrates. The kwacho kunotangira pakuyaruka (makore 12) uye kunosvika anenge makore 80.

Maererano nerimwe bhuku, dzisingaoneki kuibvisa kutenderera kunotora mazuva 64, pazuva rimwe - kuti mazuva 75. Asi kuchinja tubular epithelium (ndiro substrate nokuda okubereka masero) haidereri pane kamwe pamazuva 16.

The yose kwacho kunoitika muna convoluted seminiferous tubules yacho testis. In yepasi Kamudzira pakati tubules akaronga spermatogonia uye spermatocytes wokutanga uye wechipiri kuti, iyo zvino kusiyanisa musero vakasimba. wokutsauka masero kutanga kuburikidza wandei Zvinonzi mitosis kupesana, uye kana vari zvakakwana, chinja kuti meiosis. Somugumisiro ichi yokupedzisira weboka unobereka mbiri mwanasikana spermatocytes, uye ipapo mumwe maviri spermatids. Mumwe nomumwe masero aya ane hafu nhamba okutodza uye anogona isa fotereza zai.