Akawana remagetsi nemafungu? Remagetsi mafungu - tafura. Mhando remagetsi mafungu

Remagetsi mafungu (Table iyo ichapiwa pazasi) vanomiririra nenyonganyonga iri rinobva uye dzemagetsi minda anoparadzirwa muchadenga. Navo pane mhando dzakawanda. Kudzidza nenyonganiso izvi zviri paaivatambudza wefizikisi. Remagetsi mafungu kunotangira nokuti kuti yemagetsi rakatumbuka remagineti zvinowanisa, uye izvi zvaita zvinowanisa magetsi.

tsvakurudzo History

Wokutanga pfungwa, izvo zvinogona kunzi mukuru dzakasiyana pamusoro remagetsi Mafungu hypotheses, zvinenge munguva Huygens. Panguva iyoyo, kufungidzira yakasvika quantified kukura. Huygens muna 1678, gore yakabereka kuti "pepa" dzidziso imwe mhando - "yekutanga panyika". Muna 1690 iye rakabudiswa rimwe basa rakaisvonaka. Rave rakataura Qualitative dzidziso kufungisisa, refraction muchimiro pazviri nhasi anomirirwa kuchikoro mabhuku ( "remagetsi mafungu", mugiredhi 9).

Pamwe izvi kwave akagadzira Huygens 'musimboti. With zvakakwanisika kudzidza inofamba chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa pamberi. Pfungwa iyi pashure kuwana kukura kwayo mabasa Fresnel. Huygens-Fresnel musimboti aiva nepfungwa yaikosha iri dzidziso diffraction uye chinozunguzirwa dzidziso chiedza.

Mumakore 1660-1670 of yakawanda experimental uye yokungotaura mipiro dzakaitwa muna kudzidza Hooke uye Newton. Akawana remagetsi nemafungu? Uyo kuedza yaiitwa kuratidza kuvapo kwavo? Ndezvipi marudzi akasiyana remagetsi nemafungu? On ichi akazotevera.

kururamiswa Maxwell

Tisati tataura pamusoro akawana remagetsi mafungu, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti musayendisiti wokutanga vakafanotaura nokuvapo kwavo zvavo, yava Faraday. pfungwa yake akaisa mberi muna 1832, gore. Construction dzidziso dzakwidzwa aidaro Maxwell. Pakazosvika 1865, gore repfumbamwe wapedza basa. Somugumisiro, Maxwell zvachose formalized kwemasvomhu yokuti, mururamisire kuvapo mananara pasi kukurukurwa. Akazvisimbisawo vasarudzirwa velocity pamusoro Mashoko remagetsi mafungu, uwirirane kukosha ipapo zvinoshanda chiedza nokukurumidza. Izviwo, akamutendera kuti ndiratidze pfungwa yokuti chiedza mufananidzo nemwaranzi vaiona.

experimental kuonekwa

Maxwell pfungwa hwakasimbiswa ari kuedza kuti Hertz muna 1888. Zvinofanira akati kuti yefizikisi German yaiitisa kuedza ake kuramba dzidziso, pasinei kwayo kwemasvomhu hwaro. Zvisinei, nemhaka kuedza ake Hertz aiva wokutanga akawana remagetsi mafungu uchidzidzira. Mukuwedzera, mukufamba kuedza avo, masayendisiti kuziva zvivako uye unhu nemwaranzi.

Remagetsi Waves Hertz akagamuchira nokuda excitation kupomba dzinotevedzana nokukurumidza ichiyerera ari vibrator pachishandiswa kumusoro voltage kunobva. High maitikiro dzenzvimbo anogona kuonekwa ne remudunhu. The oscillation kakawanda panguva iyoyo kuchava rokumusoro, riri kumusoro ari capacitance uye inductance. Asi ichi yakakwirira maitikiro hazvivimbisi kumusoro chokubuda. Kuita kuedza avo, Hertz akashandisa zano ravakwa nyore, iyo yava kunzi - "dipole kanyanga". The mudziyo chinhu oscillation redunhu rakavhurika mhando.

Driving ruzivo Hertz

Register nemwaranzi yakaitwa achishandisa kugamuchira vibrator. mudziyo uyu aiva chete mamiriro kwakaita emitting mudziyo. Nokupesvedzera remagetsi chinozunguzirwa yemagetsi rakatumbuka munda excitation kuitika nokufamba kwakaitika kugamuchirwa mudziyo. Kana ari mudziyo uyu kwayo dzinongoitika kakawanda uye kakawanda pakuyerera zvinopindirana, ari resonance kuonekwa. Somugumisiro, nyonganyonga kwakaitika panosvikira midziyo ine mukuru amplitude. Muongorori anowana kwavari, takatarisa pezvitsiga pakati conductors vari pakakoromoka duku.

Saka, Hertz rekutanga akawana remagetsi mafungu, vakaratidza kugona kwavo kuratidza zvakanaka pamusoro conductors. Vakanga voda wakarurama paumbwe richimire chiedza. Uyezve, Hertz akasarudza velocity pamusoro Mashoko remagetsi mafungu mumhepo.

Kudzidza hunhu

Remagetsi mafungu hunopararira pakati zvinenge zvose runyararo. Mune nzvimbo, iyo yakazara fuma nemwaranzi anogona mune zvimwe zviitiko kuti kuparadzirwa zvakanaka zvakakwana. Asi ivo kuchinja maitiro avo zvishoma.

Remagetsi mafungu vacuüm it vakatsunga pasina attenuation. Vari kukamurirwa kure pamadiro huru chero. Huru Unhu zvinosanganisira polarization mafungu, maitikiro uye urefu. Description of zvivako rinoitwa mu yechinangwa electrodynamics. Zvisinei, kuti mwaranzi zvinoitwa nevamwe kumatunhu ari chakarondedzera vari kuita chaiwo nzvimbo wefizikisi. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, zvingasanganisira optics.

Dzidza nesimba remagetsi nemwaranzi pfupi-wave spectral kuguma chikamu achibata kumusoro simba. Akapiwa simba rinomutsa pfungwa ano haizorambi kuzvidzora uye pamwe simba aiita chimwe chete dzidziso.

Dzidziso rakaiswa kudzidza ehupfumi

Nhasi pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti kufambisa Modelling uye kudzidza zvivako zviri anoratidza uye vibrations. The kupfuura dzinokosha yakaonekwa kuti ndeyechokwadi uye kwakakwana dzidziso quantum electrodynamics anonzi. Kwazviri nomumwe kana vamwe simplifications zvava zvinogoneka kuwana zvinotevera nzira, iyo zvikuru kushandiswa muminda siyana.

Description panyaya yakaderera-kakawanda nemwaranzi ari macroscopic masango rinoitwa pachishandiswa dzenhoroondo electrodynamics. It kunobva Maxwell kuti equations. In chikumbiro, pane chikumbira kurerutsa. Apo kudzidza Manyiminya optics kushandiswa. Chinozunguzirwa dzidziso rinoshandisirwa muzviitiko apo dzimwe zvikamu Manyiminya ezvinhu ukuru pedyo wavelength. Quantum optics rinoshandiswa kana nouchapupu vaparadzirwa pezvakaitwa vari, Absorção de Água pamusoro photons.

Geometric Manyiminya pfungwa - the vakaomerwa nyaya iyo wavelength yokurega vanobvumidzwa. Kune rakashandiswawo uye dzinokosha zvikamu zvinoverengeka. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, zvinosanganisira zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika, zvipenyu nechaanoona uye photosynthesis, photochemistry. Sei dzinoiswa remagetsi nemafungu? Tafura rinoratidza zvakajeka kuparadzira kuti boka iri pasi apa.

kupatsanura

Kune maitikiro neeSultan ose remagetsi nemafungu. Pakati pavo, hapana chimbichimbi kuchinja, dzimwe nguva havana bindepinde. Miganhu pakati pavo vari nani hama. Nokuti kuti kuerera iri kuparadzirwa ichi-, kakawanda iri nokuramba wakaomerera panzira nechokuita kureba. Pazasi ndivo neeSultan ose remagetsi nemafungu.

Ultrashort chiedza inogona kukamurwa micrometer (Sub-millimeter), millimeter, sendimita, decimeter, mutinhimira. Kana ari wavelength pamusoro remagetsi mwaranzi zvishoma pane meter, ipapo ayo anonzi oscillation pamusoro nakisa yakakwirira maitikiro (SHF).

Mhando remagetsi mafungu

Kumusoro, anoda kubatsira kuti remagetsi nemafungu. Ndezvipi marudzi akasiyana Rwako? Group kuti ionizing mwaranzi zvinosanganisira wegamma uye X-ray. Zvinofanira kunzi anokwanisa ionize maatomu uye ultraviolet chiedza, uye kunyange chiedza anooneka. Mumucheto zviri wegamma uye X-ray zvinoyerera rinorondedzerwa ndokunge chaizvo. Kazhinji wezwi akagamuchira mitemo 20 vara - 0.1 BSN. Wegamma-inoyerera yakamanikana mupfungwa chaibwinya ne mwoyo, X - e-mabhomba goko munguva ejection kubva yakaderera-nhema kutenderera maerekitironi. Zvisinei, kupatsanura ichi hairevi zvakaoma nemwaranzi kwakaita pasina nuclei uye maatomu.

X-ray nekubudisa vanowanika apo decelerating kutsanya mhosva nezvimedu (protons, maerekitironi, uye vamwe) uye saka kwemasayendisiti kuti kuitika mukati maatomu Erekitironi anoshongwa. Wegamma oscillations kuitika somugumisiro pezvakaitwa mukati maatomu nuclei uye kutendeuka zvokutanga inoramba.

redhiyo hova

Nokuda huru tsika pakati urefu kukurukura mafungu izvi zvinogona kuitwa pasina kufungisisa atomistic nemamiriro svikiro. Sezvo zvagara kushumira chete pfupi dzemvura dziri yakabatana michini nharaunda. In redhiyo quantum ehupfumi oscillations kuitika zvikuru simba. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanofanira kufunga Somuenzaniso, apo ongorora samolecular mureza nguva uye kakawanda panguva kutonhora midziyo kuti tembiricha ane madhigirii shoma Kelvin.

Quantum ehupfumi vanobviswa nhoroondo iri tsanangudzo oscillators uye amplifiers ari millimeter uye sendimita neeSultan. Radio slots achiumbwa panguva kufamba AC conductors kwakakodzera maitikiro. A achipfuura remagetsi mafungu muchadenga excites imwe rakatumbuka razvino, zvakafanana nayo. pfuma iyi rinoshandiswa pamasikiro antennas vari redhiyo.

oneka Rwako

Ultraviolet uye michini nemwaranzi riri kuoneka dzakafara pfungwa shoko dzinonzi Manyiminya spectral nharaunda. Simbisai nzvimbo iyi kunokonzerwa kwete bedzi napedyo pakati nhengo nzvimbo, asi akafanana mano rakashandiswa kudzidza uye yakatanga kunyanya kudzidza chiedza zvinooneka. Izvi zvinosanganisira, chaizvoizvo, nezvionioni uye lenses kuti tichifunga kuti mwaranzi, diffraction gratings, prisms, uye vamwe.

Frequency Manyiminya mafungu akafanana kune vaya mamorekuru uye maatomu, uye avo urefu - pamwe intermolecular marefu uye samolecular miganhu. Naizvozvo zvinokosha mumunda uyu ndiwo mananara kuti anokonzerwa mabhomba nemamiriro fuma. Nechikonzero chimwe chete, Chiedza chinozunguzirwa uye ane quantum ehupfumi.

The kwaita Manyiminya Rwako

The yakakurumbira bhuku ndiro zuva. Star pamusoro (photosphere) ane tembiricha kuti 6000 ° Kelvin, uye emit chiedza chena. The chepamusorosoro kukosha chichiitwa chakarondedzera iri mu "munyoro" mapazi - 550 nm. Panewo vaifanira kutarisana nehanya. Nokufamba munzira Manyiminya siyana kuitika kana kupopotedzana miviri. Michini Rwako vari saka vachinzi kupisa.

Akasimba ari kudziyisa muviri kunoitika, dzakanga kakawanda apo chakarondedzera iri kunonyanyisa. incandescence pasika imwe tembiricha kunomutswa (chomwedzi ari anooneka range). Kana kutanga sokuti mutsvuku, ipapo yeyero uye ipapo. Pokugadzwa uye kunyoresa Manyiminya kuyerera munogona zvoutachiona uye nemakemikari, mumwe icho rinoshandiswa mufananidzo. Nokuti zvisikwa zvikuru kurarama panyika sechinhu simba rine anoita photosynthesis. Izvi chaivo kuita kunoitika zvinomera pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu Manyiminya zuva nemwaranzi.

Zvinoumba remagetsi mafungu

The ehupfumi of svikiro uye anokonzera sei kuerera unhu. Saka akatasva, kunyanya panguva kutsamira dzesango, iro rinoti kuerera mhando. Somuenzaniso, kana kure kubva vibrator (kuwedzera) kuti nharaunda yose curvature kunova mukuru. Zvinoguma ndege remagetsi wave. Kudyidzana pamwe zvinhu kunoitika sezvo zvakasiyana. The Absorção de Água uye achine pezvakaitwa fluxes anogona kazhinji kurondedzerwa kushandisa dzenhoroondo electrodynamic ratios. Nokuti mafungu Manyiminya siyana uye zvikuru nesimba mwaranzi zvinofanira kutorwa nyaya quantum hunhu.

matura hova

Pasinei mumuviri kusiyana, kwese - mune radioactive fuma, neterevhizheni wokutepfenyurisa, girobhu racho - remagetsi mafungu vari inovapo pamusana dzemagetsi dzavakange kufamba kumhanyisa. Pane mhando mbiri huru anopa: roga uye macroscopic. Wokutanga kunoitika chimbichimbi achichinja kubva mhosva nezvimedu kubva mumwe pamwero mukati mamorekuru kana maatomu.

Nemaziso mabhuku emit X-ray, wegamma, ultraviolet, michini, kuoneka, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko,-refu chinozunguzirwa nemwaranzi. Sezvo muenzaniso yokupedzisira ndiyo hydrogen spectral mutsetse iyo unoenderana sefungu masendimita 21. Fani iyi kunonyanya kukosha redhiyo zvenyeredzi.

Sources macroscopic mhando zvinomiririra emitters umo vakasununguka maerekitironi conductors dzinoitwa synchronous nguva nenguva oscillation. In mugadziriro muchikwata ichi kunotangira Rwako kubva millimeter kusvika wakarebesa (musimba mitsetse).

Nemamiriro nesimba Rwako

Calca yemagetsi uchifamba pamwe kumhanyisa uye kuchinja nguva nenguva dzenzvimbo sei mumwe nomumwe aine zvimwe mauto. nokukura kwavo uye mirayiridzo anotomirira zvinhu zvakadai kukura uye configuration dzesango, iro rine dzenzvimbo uye mhosva, nokukura kwavo uye hama mirayiridzo. Substantially kuchinjwa zvemagetsi zvatariswa uye zvikurukuru svikiro uyewo kuchinja mutariri wevasungwa nokuparadzirwa kunobva dzenzvimbo.

Nokuda kunzwisisa zvinonyatsorehwa dambudziko mashoko wekutaura mutemo simba ari muchimiro chete inonyatsoita asingagoni. A mamiriro anonzi remagetsi munda uye sechinhu zvakakodzera somunhu kwemasvomhu chinhu, pakutsvaga kuparadzirwa mhosva uye dzenzvimbo. It, akavapindurawo, pave akapiwa bhuku, kufungisisa muganhu ezvinhu. Terms rinotsanangurwa chimiro kudyidzana munyika dzine uye zvinoitwa acho. Kana voitakura kunze iri vawane nzvimbo, mamiriro ezvinhu aya kuzadzikiswa. Somunhu chaiye zvimwe ezvinhu Muzviitiko zvakadaro ndiyo nemwaranzi ezvinhu. Nokuda kwachiri inosimbiswa "kururamisa" unhu mumunda panguva kusaverengeka.

Chronology wetsvakurudzo

Corpuscular-kinetic Lomonosov dzidziso mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzavo kutotarisira zvimwe zvinodavirwa muchitendero ari remagetsi munda pfungwa .. "Lobe" (rotational) inofamba pakati nezvimedu, "zyblyuschayasya" (wave) dzidziso chiedza, wake nokuwadzana hunhu magetsi, etc. michini Rwako vakanga dzakaonekwa muna 1800 ne Herschel (musayendisiti British), uye mune inotevera, 1801 m, Ritter akarondedzerwa ultraviolet. Radiation mapfupi pane ultraviolet, chikuva yakavhurwa rontgen muna 1895 gore, musi November 8. Zvadaro, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa se X-ray.

Zvinoitwa remagetsi mafungu kwave nemasayendisiti akawanda. Zvisinei, kutanga kuongorora yaibvira dzemvura, chadzo rava Narkevitch-Iodko (Belarusian yesayenzi mufananidzo). Akadzidza ehupfumi kuti Rwako chokuita tsika zvokurapa. Wegamma nemwaranzi sezvayakawanikwa naPauro Villard muna 1900. Munguva imwe chete Planck aiitisa zvidzidzo yokungotaura pamusoro zvivako ane muviri dema. Munguva yokudzidza vakanga rakazaruka quantum rikurumidze. basa rake raiva kutanga kukura kwezvinhu quantum wefizikisi. Naizvozvo, vakawanda Planck uye Einstein rakabudiswa. tsvakurudzo yavo kwakaita kuti paumbwe chinhu akadai photon. Izviwo, kwakaratidza kutanga kusikwa quantum dzidziso remagetsi chokubuda. budiriro Its mberi nemabasa vaikudzwa inofananidza remakore rechimakumi maviri yesayenzi.

Uyezve ongororo uye basa iri quantum dzidziso remagetsi mwaranzi uye kudyidzana aro nyaya kwakaita pakupedzisira kuti paumbwe quantum electrodynamics muchimiro nayo iripo nhasi. Pakati chinoshamisa masayendisiti akadzidza nyaya iyi, tinofanira kutaura, kuwedzera Einstein uye Planck, Bohr, Bose, Dirac, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Tomonaga, Schwinger, Feynman.

mhedziso

The ukoshi ari ano munyika wefizikisi iri zvakakwana guru. Anenge zvose rinoshandiswa muupenyu hwevanhu nhasi, akazviratidza kunokwana kushandisa anobatsira pakutsvakurudza remasayendisiti zvikuru. Kuwanikwa remagetsi nemafungu vavo kudzidza, kunyanya zvakazoita kuti pave kwakajairika uye gare gare mobile phones, redhiyo zvinotakura. Zvikuru kukosha kushanda zivo yakadaro yokungotaura mune zvokurapa, maindasitiri, uye rwokugadzira.

Izvi imhaka kushandiswa kwakapararira quantitative nesayenzi. kuedza zvose panyama kwakavakirwa yakayerwa, fananidzo zvivako zviri mananara vari kudzidza pamwe aivapo nemitemo. Zviri kuti chinangwa ichi mukati chirango yakatanga zvakaoma kuyera nhumbi uye dzakabatana. mapatani Several kunoitika zvose zviripo zvinhu enyika. Somuenzaniso, mitemo kuchengetedza simba vanoonekwa mitemo zvakafanana chaiko.

Science yose anonzi muzviitiko zvakawanda zvikuru. Izvi imhaka zvikurukuru chokwadi kuti vamwe anoranga kupa rondedzero izvo zvaizoitawo kuteerera mitemo wefizikisi. Saka, muna Chemistry akadzidza maatomu, imwe pfuma kunobva kwavari, uye kuchinja. Asi namakemikari ehupfumi muviri pakutsvaga hunhu mamorekuru uye maatomu chaiko. ehupfumi izvi tsanangura zvikamu wefizikisi zvakadaro, kufanana yemagetsi, wethermodynamics, uye vamwe.