Zvokukura kukura kwepfungwa ari sainzi kubva kare nanhasi

Tichienzanisa mubereki ari zvepfungwa uzivi, nhoroondo yacho inotungamirwa nokukura sayenzi diki. Zvisinei, asati kunyoresa wepfungwa sezvo yakazvimirira bazi zivo yesayenzi vekare emakore akawanda, umo yakaumbwa ruzivo uye kunzwisisa mweya womunhu - a "shaky", "kujeka" uye asina chokwadi, asi misoro nyaya yakadaro akadaro, izvo zvakatsaurirwa kwacho kudzidza uye zvepfungwa. Saka, zvinokosha zvokukura kukura kwepfungwa inogona rakakamurwa pre-nezvesayenzi, iro zvakamuka kare, kwouzivi - refu kwazvo, kana kwemazana emakore anounganidzwa uye kuumbwa mune umwe Dzidziso kumiririrwa uye akataura masayendisiti vakachenjera pamusoro murume wake "nyika yomukati", uye zvesayenzi iyo inotanga kubva pakati XIX remakore, kana vakatanga kuitwa wokutanga experimental tsvakurudzo munharaunda iyi.

Historical zvokukura kukura kwepfungwa kutanga kare. Kuti tinzwisise hunhu murume akaedza ne vazivi vekare. Ivo vaiva nechokwadi nezvokuvapo yamarudzi zvimwe mhando kuti ndiye anokonzera maitiro ake. Materialists capita achimiririrwa nomuviri anoumbwa miniti maatomu rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma vaidavira kuti chisingaoneki yokugezera vamwe ephemeral fuma vanogara muviri womunhu pasinei uye zvakapoteredza nzvimbo yepamusoro njere. The huru Aristotle haana kuparadzanisa mweya kana "psyche" muviri, zvinofungidzirwa kuti riri mumwoyo womunhu rinoungana ruzivo zvakasikwa uye nokudaro kunobatsira munhu kuziva pachake muupenyu.

dambudziko mweya chamuita kuti tikurukurirane zvisingaperi uye kuMiddle Ages. Vafundisi vakaramba dzidziso ouzivi mweya uye zvakasikirwa kwesainzi, muchitenda kuti zvose panyika, uye pfungwa dzevanhu zvikurukuru Rinotarisira rokumusoro naMwari ari. Scholastics akaedzawo kubatanidza pamwe edzidziso dzidziso dzaAristotle dzidziso kutsanangura pano pezvakaitwa kubva nemaonero evanhu pfungwa, "jekeso" kutenda Mwari.

Akatevera nzendo kukura kwepfungwa ari Sayenzi kutange hana XVII remakore, uye vari chokuita dzidziso Descartes, uyo akasika munhu mechanistic muenzaniso maitiro. Maererano wake mweya, riri muuropi uye chinoumba ayo zvazviri, zvinoreva pamusoro injini tsinga kuti tsandanyama, izvo zvinoita kuti kufambisa maoko nemakumbo, uye kuita zvimwe zviito. Uyezve, mvura anobvumira munhu kudzora zviito zvake, chii rinomusiyanisa mhuka. Ichi dualistic pfungwa, achiratidza kuvapo mweya, basa muviri achibatsirwa zvokuimba wokuenzanisira, pasinei kukura ruzivo kuripo kwevanhu uye physiology, vagara aitungamirira uye akava pokutangira kukura akazotevera mupfungwa dzidziso.

Zvokukura kukura kwepfungwa ari XVII remakore, chokuita kukurumidza kukura sciences yepanyama. Kemisitiri wefizikisi, uye ipapo ari XVIII remakore physiology, kuti pedyo kunzwisisa kuti nokupfuuridzirwa mashoko ari mumuviri womunhu, vakabatsira kuti paumbwe uye paumbwe imwe wepfungwa nesayenzi. Pakupedzisira, muna XIX remakore zvinoratidzika evanhu uye wokutanga experimental rabhoritari, vachibvumira kuti acherechedze zvinoitwa uye zviito murume. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, nokuumbwa mumatanho vatsva kukura kwepfungwa ari sainzi ane pamusoro maitiro. Izvi yakatanga musayendisiti German W. Wundt, yakavhurwa 1879, murabhoritari rokutanga, kudzidza kugutsikana uye maumbirwo chavanoziva. Gare gare, yakafanana rabhoritari yakarongwa Russian dzinongoitika musayendisiti V. M. Behterevym.

Modern zvepfungwa anotanga kukura kwayo muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri sezvo dzakaunganidzwa mapazi akasiyana-siyana zivo, kusanganisira kuongorora nzvimbo uye anoranga kuti kudzidza siyana zvinoratidza chinangwa psyche uye ayo zvigadziriswe. Sezvo pakati ramakumi maviri remakore kusvikira zuva varipo zvokukura Makuriro zvepfungwa - ndiye chidzoke uye kukura vanoverengeka nhungamiro uye zvikoro (behaviorism, zvishande, Analytical, humanistic zvepfungwa , etc.), vane pfungwa dzavo pamusoro dzevanhu vavo zvigadziriswe mufambiro, kazhinji dzinopesana zvimwe. Zvisinei, pamwe kudzamisa cheruzivo mupfungwa kuzvipokanidza pakati munzvimbo dzakasiyana vari ndokudzora kunze, pane eclectic nzira, vanosarudza kubva huripo dzidziso pfungwa vakawanda rubatsiro kunzwisisa siyana mananara uye kukudziridza vanobudirira zvigadziriswe kubatsira munhu kuvandudza uye anoenderana hwake.