Vanodikanwa Changamire, - kusununguka uye tichingwaririra kurapwa kumurume. kutaura nokuzvibata

Speech nokuzvibata ndiko sei kudzivisa kuratidza kusaremekedza kune vamwe vebato, uye kuti asimbise ukuru kukosha mumwe ubatanidzwe vamwevo uye zvikurukuru kukurukura zvikuru. Saka, mazuva ano kuzviomesera zvinodiwa munzvimbo iyi dzinoturwa chete munguva inokosha munzanga kukurukura - nedzenyu kana bhizimisi misangano. Chii chingataurwa pamusoro yekare.

Kwamboita wakaenzana vokuRussia panguva zvemitemo vanochiva hazvina - kusvikira 1917 chimurenga, nyika kwamachinda uye nevafundisi neropafadzo. Naizvozvo, muchimiro pakurapwa kana zita kodzero kwaireva zvakawanda - iye pakarepo akataura ndiani, uye chii zvinodiwa anogona kumanikidza vamwe.

Ndezvipi mishonga vanozivikanwa? Zvakadini kwavari anogona kuudza nyaya? Kunyange zvazvo mazita okuremekedza chakafanana kubvira kare akararama richibatsira wavo, achiri dzimwe Zvisaririra nguva idzodzo vanongogona inzwiwe, ndinogona kunyange kutaura zvakawanda - achiripo, chete dzakachinjwa. Ngatikurukurei mubvunzo uyu zvizere.

Pamusoro

Forms wetsika zvikurukuru dzichienderana misoro, zvichiratidza ukuru kukosha kwamachinda kumeso vakuru vakuru. Zviri pachena kuti vakawanda zvakaoma mafungiro aiva kuna mambo titulovannosti. Nokuti kushandiswa jinda rokuremekedza, uyewo mashoko akadai sa "mambo", "Mambo" kure-chitaridzi mungozi kunyatsoomerera kurangwa.

Sezvingatarisirwa, kwaiva siyana vari misoro Russian Empire kunosiyana inosiyana kuchechi. Vakawanda mazita anoshandiswa muzvizhinji: Your Imperial mambo (kuitika mambo, mudzimai wake, kana kuti Empress Dowager), Your Imperial nokukwirira (vanhu chikuru madzishe, duchesses uye machindakadzi). Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti mafomu vakadaro havaiti kusiyanisa varume nevakadzi, achidana neuter zvose.

Zviri kuna mambo pachake akatorwa kubatwa se "Changamire Most Nyasha," uye machinda makuru se "changamire wangu anodiwa" (chokwadi, aine tsamba guru!). Kunyange hama chero pamutemo marongero aizofanira vanoomerera mutemo uyu.

kirasi yokutanga

MuRussia, hazvina kudaro zvakajeka kugadzira kirasi nokupesana, sezvo, munoti, muFrance, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti haana kurarama. Uye vamiririri Church kuverenga pamutemo kupfuura vakuru vakuru venyika. Izvi runoratidzwa yokuti kana munhu jendurumani vakabata zvemukereke, chechi yokutanga anofanira kutaura zita rake, uye ipapo zvenyika kwamachinda.

Panowo, taishandisa muzvizhinji - "Your" uye zvadaro musoro neuter nokukurumidza, kunyange zvazvo vakadzi utungamiriri chechi haabvumirwi. Kusiyana youmambo kana anokudzwa, vakuru vechechi vakashandisa achiri pamutemo kana anodana utungamiri chechi, uyewo mabasa uye mabasa chechi. Zvinofanira kushandisa mashoko anotevera: "Utsvene" (panyaya tateguru), "yapamusoro" (Archbishop kana Metropolitan), "Grace" (bhishopi), "Noruremekedzo (abbot, Archpriest, Archimandrite)," Noruremekedzo "(ieromonahi Priest).

For nechinzvimbo chepamusoro zvikuru vapristi vanogamuchira shoma kana kwete kuonana pevamwe. Panguva mhuri pamwero, ave netsika nezve mukadzi zvokunamata noruremekedzo vaiona akafanana "Baba", "Baba Vatsvene."

Machinda uye Counts

chikamu ichi kurapwa nokuzvibata munguva yedu inodiwa chete kunzwisisa zvinoreva zvakanyorwa zvenhoroondo magwaro uye chaiwo mabhuku, uyewo kubatanidzwa mune chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo "vanokudzwa misangano." Asi umo avakuru vakanga "chikuru etsinga Vehurumende" (ichi vachiti Cardinal Richelieu, asiwo Russian Empire, mubvunzo akadudzira saizvozvo), gentility uye anokudzwa kukosha yaisagona pamambakwedza.

Chero Jinda mu Russia yakanga "Kudza Your." Saka unogona kureva mutorwa chitarisiko izvo zviri pachena kuti iye uri jendurumani, asi ukuru kwamachinda haisi pachena. Aiva nekodzero kugadzirisa interlocutor pamwe yakarurama musoro uye kunobva aifanira kukumbira ruregerero uye rokugadzirisa.

With musoro vanokudzwa (earls, madzishe, NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi) vainzi "Changamire Your". Just "muchinda" inofanira akakudzwa vatorwa (kunyanya vatama kubva Muslim). "Ushe Your" ari hama yokure Imperial imba. Kodzero kuti vanoda "Changamire Your" kana "ushe Your" kunogona kuwanikwa somubayiro. "Nokukwirira Your" aifanira kuzodana zvimwe vazukuru mambo ari yakarurama mutsetse.

Pamadzimambo pasina ezvinhu

Asi shoko "changamire" rinowanzoshandiswa akaziva sezvo rairatidza namambo, yakashandiswa pasina officialdom muRussia. Vanosara akasarudzwa munhu "seane uchenjeri" mavambo uye chaishandiswa senzira netsika kurapwa mune kurongwa uye Semi-yakarongwa mhepo. Pamutemo, chimiro kurapa kwakadaro kwainge "changamire", asi nokukurumidza pakanga itsanangudzo rinoreva "changamire." It unotsiva yakawanda zvokusarudza, "tenzi", "tenzi", "anokudzwa uye murume anokudzwa."

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti yakadaro varemekedze iri gahadziko chete vamiririri makirasi vakapfuma, uye chete zvakaenzana pachavo mhando. Hapana akabvunza yokunyanyisa noruremekedzo patinenge tichishanda vanhu uye miduku yokuruwa. Izvi hazvirevi kuti havana nguva dzose unhu - reRussia repamusoro makirasi kunyanya vakadzidza zvakakwana. Asi hapana munhu vaiona tsamwisa inonzi "murimi mudiki" mweni kuvanhuwo zvavo (kusanganisira murimi pachake). Mutyairi, muranda kana zvisingazivikanwi commoner (pachena) MuFirisitia yakanyorerwa "Mudiwa" kana "Mudiwa." Zvakanga zvakati zindoga chimiro.

Nyora patronymic. tsika iyi akaita kupi?

Pakazosvika anokudzwa tsika nzvimbo kunetsa uye akashevedza munhu nezita. In pre-Petrine nguva saizvozvo chete chokuita boyars, namakurukota akatumidza wakazara zita uye unonzi (kubva A. NdiTolstoy mu "Peter I» - Michael Tyrtov) uye nedvoryan - diminutive (Ibid - Ivashka Brovkin). Asi Petro yaitirwa yokutaura kwakadaro kune zvose nyaya yokuremekedza nezve munhu.

Nokuti vanhu nezita kwave kupindamo kakawanda kupfuura kwakanaka pabonde - kazhinji vanonzi madzibaba nevana, varume nemadzimai (mienzaniso yakawanda inogona kuwanika dzekare mabhuku). Paiva kakawanda kacho uye nyaya uye zvakanyanya kungova zita mazita - unogona zvakare kuonekwa dzenhoroondo mabhuku mienzaniso (sezvo vakadana Raskolnikov uye Pechorin?). Handling munhu anoremekedzwa ainzi kwaibvumirwa chete mumhuri kana pakati dzepedyo akavimba.

Kushandisa zita uye patronymic - mumwe mashoma akare tsika akachengetedzwa ari nokuzvibata kwezuva. Anoremekedzwa vokuRussia Musaidza zita pakati chete pamisangano dzakawanda, kunze kuremekedza tsika mamwe marudzi, tichitarisa izvo pfungwa "zita rokutanga" chinoshayikwa.

Entry ari Table vezvinzvimbo

Peter I akasuma kwete chete kushandiswa surnames - muna 1722 wakatangwa gwaro akadai "Table vezvinzvimbo", zvakajeka akanyatsorongwa wehurumende uye muchiuto muna Russia. Sezvo chinangwa utsanzi kwaingova kupa commoner, asi unyanzvi vanhu mukana wokuita basa, kazhinji zvokusvika soro pemisara uye avo nedvoryanskyh rokuremekedza. In iyi vaiva zvatinopiwa kurudyi kuenda voga uye nenhaka kwamachinda agara, asi vari kazhinji vakachinja, uye munguva yakanga zvokuti vanhu raznochinskogo mavambo aigona kuva rakanaka zvepamusoro.

Saka, pamwe kwamachinda, uye mukuru madunhurirwa ikoko. Kana inokosha nzvimbo maigara mumwe jendurumani, kutaura naye kutevera murayiro wake anokudzwa, kana raznochinets - superannuation. Saka isu akaita kuna zvepamusoro zvishoma yembudzi-kuzvarwa wamambo. Panyaya iyi, musoro superannuation kuratidzirwa pamutemo nemumwe - inofanira kubatwa zvakafanana murume wake.

mukuru akudzwe

Muchiitiko chino, pamusoro zvose pamusoro Table akadzokorora nemauto. Saka, kunyange gotwe Russian vehondo vaiva "Kudza Your", kureva vanonakidzwa nekodzero yokukwirira kwamachinda. Uyezve, zviri nyore pane yedare ehurumende vashandi, chaiva afarirwe nhaka kwamachinda (kwenguva yakati chete akava mukuru achidiwa).

Kazhinji, mitemo vaiva sezvinotevera: vashandi kuti IX kirasi zvechiuto, dare uye vehurumende vanofanira kunzi "Kudza Your", kubva VIII kusvika VI - «Changamire Your", iro V - "Kudza Your". Titles of rokumusoro pamisara akanyatsovaratidza kuti chokwadi kuti vamwe vanofanira kupiwa kwete chete vakuru, asi "yepamusoro" - "Changamire Your» (IV-III) uye "Haiwa Changamire (III).

Kwete zvose zvoupenyu aigona kuva "chinorumbidzwa" - tafura vezvinzvimbo zvakakwirira-kirasi rakanga ndisipo ari dragoons, Cossacks mu cheVarindi uye dare rebasa. Ukuwo, Zvikepe haana kudzika, boka XIV. Zvichienderana mhando basa raigona akapembera uye mamwe matanho.

refutenendi Golitsyn

Mukuru Corps zvaizoparadzirwa tsika uye anotaura mumwe paukuru. Kana iwe call zvakawanda kana zvishoma wevakadzidza ezvinhu, uyewo munhu mudiki paukuru kuti mukuru anofanira kuwedzera shoko "tenzi". Asi mapurisa anonzi mumwe nokuda chinzvimbo uye kurongwa. Zvakanga chinogamuchirika uye zvakanaka uye ndokuendeswa vanhu. Officers aiva epaulets nezvimwe insignia, saka zviri nyore kunzwisisa ari pamberi penyu. Saka kudana mutorwa "refutenendi" kana mupurisa "Mr. Staff Captain" kugona anenge munhu.

Musoja aifanira kuzodana mukuru "anokudzwa", pakupindura mitemo mutsara. Rakanga vakawanda chimiro noruremekedzo kurapwa. Dzimwe nguva, ari hwakanyatsorwisa zvisina nzira (somuenzaniso, kuudza mamiriro ezvinhu panguva nzvimbo), rezasi chinzvimbo aigona kushandisa kumukuru chinzvimbo, achiwedzera "changamire." Asi kazhinji vaifanira 'uchiti "pamutemo nyaya kumurume nekukurumidza, asi achiri sezvamakarairwa zvikuru. Somugumisiro, uye kuwana terrific "vashbrod", "vashskorod". To mbiri wemapurisa Russian uye vehondo, ivo kashoma kugumbuka iwayo masoja "parera." Zvakange haafari pakati vatariri zvakare pokutambudza rezasi pamisara. Kunyange zvazvo varwi veuto Russian achiri pakati pezana XIX remakore pamutemo pasi koporo chirango, uye panguva World First scuffle vatariri haana mhosva, achiri riri kuonekwa zvikuru zvakaipa chimiro. An mukuru hazvirevi kumisa kudzika mitemo pamusoro sei kubata varwi, asi vanhu vakawanda vanotaura "hama" dzavo, "serviceman" - kuti kujairana pasi, asi ushamwari.

Kwete nguva dzose muna yunifomu

Kunyange zvazvo vakuru Russian uyewo vaipfeka yunifomu, asi ivo kunge zvishoma zvishoma pane mapurisa. Saka, kuona risingazivikanwi mushandi kirasi vasingagoni nguva dzose. Muchiitiko chino, unogona kureva kwe "changamire" - akasvika dzinenge zvose.

Kana mutariri kana dzaitaurwa yunifomu, kuti kururama pamwe titulovannosti vaiona nokutuka.

zvishoma vatenzi

Asi chikumbiro "ishe" haana hwakapararira kwazvo Russian muvanhu zvakanaka. Hongu, rave richishandiswa, asi kazhinji somunhu kwokunwa mazita ( "Mr. Isikarioti"), musoro ( 'Mr. General ") kana chinzvimbo (" Mr yedare State "). Pasina shoko iri aigona kuwana chinhu chibhende matauriro: ". Tenzi Good" Chete vashandi vaishandisa ichi chikumbiro nevakawanda, "Chii anoda Jehovha?" Asi ndeye muranda munzvimbo (hotels, mumaresitorendi); neimba varidzi pachavo akagadzawo sevaranda vanofanira achiati.

Shoko "tenzi" iri kupera XIX remakore, zvakanzi kazhinji vaiona zvakaipa chimiro - akafunga kuti atumidzwa chete cabs pamusoro vawo, uye zvose.

Chete munhu vokukurukura pakati shamwari dzakanaka akabvumira vazhinji mashoko kuti usimbise tsitsi: ". Shamwari yangu" "mweya wangu,", "Mudiwa", Kana kurapa kwakadaro hwakachinja yacho "changamire" Pakarepo, inoti kuti ukama neshungu.

Sharuka kwete sharuka

Nhasi, nehasha kwakadaro pakutaura nokuzvibata kunodiwa. Asi pane mamiriro ezvinhu apo zviri zvairayirwa. Saka, munguva yakafanira chimiro uye mumazuva edu musoro dzimwe nhume nemadzimambo (saizvozvo kunyange USSR, kunyange pfungwa chokuita okuremekedza vakanga kunaka kwazvo). Strict nokuzvibata Kutaura chiri zvokutonga muitiro. Vakapona yekare siyana kero muchechi, uye vari kushandiswa uye enyika vanhu nyaya zvebhizimisi nevanhu vamiririri Ecclesiastical zviremera.

Modern Russia sezvo haina zvakasikwa muchimiro netsika kero (murume kana mukadzi). "Mr." uye "Mai", zvizere zvinoenderana netsika midzi yacho. More wakakomborerwa Soviet shoko "komuredhi" - achiri kushandiswa muuto Russian pamutemo, asi pachigadziko vakawanda pamwero - zvikuru zvikuru. Shoko rakanaka - mune Ages Europe vakadana mumwe fraternities vadzidzi, kudzidzira kwemusangano kana vamwe varwi; mu Russia - vachitengesa imwe chigadzirwa, kureva, muzviitiko zvose zvakafanana vanhu kuti zvinonakisa anobatsira. Asi vamwe vanofanira chisiye se "munhu kakasaririra Soviet Union." Somugumisiro, yechinyakare kutaura nokuzvibata zvakadaro handikanganwi, uye ano asi kutanga.