The chromosomal dzidziso yedzinza

Tariro uye kutya, vaizova yakafanana mwana asati aberekwa, kubva pakati vabereki nhaka njere uye chii hunhu husina achaita hwake nguva dzose aende moms, vabereki vanasekuru kumarudzi avo nepamuviri uye achiri mucheche. Asi hazvisi zvokuti novimba vabereki - pano anoita chromosomal dzidziso yedzinza, genetics uye ... nyaya.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti okutodza munhu ane majini rakakamurwa mhando mbiri - autosomes uye pabonde okutodza. Vamwe nemagene zvinhu chokuita zvepabonde kwevanhu, apo ari dzasara autosomes ane mirayiridzo ruzivo. A jini rimwe DNA chidimbu ine anoverengeka nucleotides uye kutevedzana izvo uri mashoko nemagene, mamwe zvinoisa paumbwe dzakananga zvechadenga muviri. Ivo vane mhando mbiri - chikuru uye recessive. Kurekodha nzira majini ruzivo majini api aizova nucleotide sequences, uye anonzi majini remitemo.

Uye zai dzisingaoneki pakunambwa kuuya 23 nomwe zvavo zvakakodzera kuti Pakusarudza fetus magene romutemo. Kunyange ipapo vakaisa ziso Ruvara mwana, panyama ayo mamiriro, nevamwe yokuda uye mafungiro. Ndicho vaiita nhamba 23 zvinoreva kuti vose amai uye baba vakapfuura chete hafu guta ravo majini - kuti hazvibviri kufembera. Kureva, mumwe hunhu mwana nemhaka kuyambuka maviri mubereki zvinhu. 22 autosomes vakaverengwa maererano nokukura. dzimwe okutodza maviri, X uye Y, ndivo bonde okutodza. muenzaniso uyu dzevanhu okutodza yakarongwa vaviri vaviri uye inonzi karyotype.

Nhodzera, pazororo iri muitiro ruminant basa rinokosha, chinhu chinokosha pfuma zvipenyu uye avo unhu - morphological, vasiri, nokukanganisika kana zvepfungwa. Mitemo inokosha yedzinza vakanga akagadzira muna 1866, Mendel, anonzi muvambi sayenzi genetics. Akati kuti munhu ehupfumi kuti kuvimba chaiyo masero okutodza (majini akazopiwa zita), pakugadzirwa gametes mugove uye kubatanidzwa muchangosangana yavo. Somugumisiro, vanhu vanozvarwa vaine zvakasiyana mubatanidzwa yemadzibaba uye rwaamai magene.

basa Mendel akaramba, American geneticist Thomas H. Morgan. chromosomal ake Pfungwa yedzinza inobva migumisiro pakutsvakurudza enhunzi-drozdofil. Akagumisa kuti majini riri okutodza siyana nhaka tisingatungamirirwi. Batanidzo okutodza panguva pakusangana zvikuru kukosha kwemashoko nhaka unhu. peya imwe neimwe ine majini akafanana uye nyore chimiro nhaka anogona chokuita chimwe peya majini.

Mukuwedzera, chromosome dzidziso wenhaka kutenda uye majini zvichibvira debonding. Kukundikana kunowanzoitika nhamba okutodza mune masero uye ndivo chikonzero kutungamirira yokugara zvirwere womunhu. Vamwe chromosome abnormalities regai kukonzera zvirwere mutakuri, kunyange vangangotaura kutungamirira kuberekwa mwana ane zvemamiriro nhamba okutodza (chromosome chirwere). zvokurwara Izvi zvinogona kuitwa munyika kwakaderedza nhamba okutodza, kuvapo makopi, zvinopesana neizvi mirayiridzo kana kubatana chikamu chromosome mumwe chromosome. kunotouraya Most vasina kwavanotsigira mune zvakakwana, uye hazvina zvazvinoita pakukura kwevanhu. Anosiyiwa vari chromosomal aberrations kuti kuchinja urongwa okutodza.

tsvakurudzo Morgan akanga asiri pasina. chromosomal ake Pfungwa yedzinza hwakasimbiswa uye, Chikurukuru, pakuzadzisa ari kudzidza hunhu majini.