Telegraphs: Marudzi, dhayagiramu uye mifananidzo

Telegraph airidza basa guru kukura evanhu vemazuva ano. Slow uye vasingavimbiki hutachiwana mashoko kudziviswa mberi uye vanhu vari kutsvaka nzira mhanyisa nayo. Tiine chakatangwa magetsi akaita zvibvire kusikwa namano, pakarepo achitumira vasanonoka Data pamusoro madaro marefu.

Pakutanga kwezana nhoroondo

Telegraph akasiyana incarnations - mukuru dzokukurukurirana nadzo. Kunyange kare maiva kudiwa nekufambisa mashoko ari nechokure. Somuenzaniso, muAfrica, nokuti nokupfuuridzirwa mashoko siyana vakashandisa Tom-toms ngoma mu Europe - moto, uye gare gare - semaphore kutaurirana. Yokutanga semaphore teregirafu yakatanga kunzi "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", asi zvino vakaritsiva ine zita kukodzera kunzi "teregirafu" - "dalnopisets".

mudziyo wokutanga

With yawanikwa Chiitiko kuti "magetsi" uye kunyanya pashure zvidzidzo zvinoshamisa pamusoro Danish musayendisiti Hans Kristiana Ersteda (muvambi dzidziso yemagetsi) uye musayendisiti Italian Alessandro Volta - musiki wokutanga muchitokisi electrochemical uye wokutanga bhatiri (zvakanzi iyoyo "voltaic murwi") - pakanga paine pfungwa rakasikwa remagetsi teregirafu .

Kuedza kugadzira zvemagetsi zvemhando wokushandura zvimwe zviratidzo kune kure zvakafanorongwa, akatorwa kubva kumugumo rechi18. Muna 1774, mumwe teregirafu nyore yakavakwa Switzerland (Geneva), musayendisiti uye muvambi Lesage. Akatangawo transceivers maviri 24-packs it dzoga waya. Kana kushandisa imwe kupomba achibatsirwa ane zvemagetsi muchina rimwe rokutanga kunonoka mudziyo bhora yechipiri chakatsauka Buzinova runoenzanirana electroscope. Ipapo zvemichina kwakavandudza mutsvakurudzi Lomon (1787), kutsiva waya 24 one. Zvisinei, ino ndiyo zvakaoma kudana neteregirafu.

Telegraph akaramba kuvandudza. Somuenzaniso, imwe yefizikisi French André Marie Ampère akasika munhu achitumira midziyo zvinosanganisira rinobva tsono 25, yakaturikwa kubva zvokubatisa, uye 50 uye waya. Zvisinei, kura mano akaita mudziyo akadaro kushanda unusable.

Schilling midziyo

The Russian (Soviet) bhuku rinoti kuti chokutanga neteregirafu, hwakasiyana ayo vamutangira kunyatsoshanda, nyore uye kuvimbika, rakagadzirwa muRussia Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom muna 1832. Chokwadi, dzimwe nyika dzakawirwa nharo kutaura ichi, "kukurudzira" masayendisiti ake muduku unyanzvi.

Zvekufamba shilling (vazhinji vavo, zvinosuruvarisa vasina rakabudiswa) mu telegraphy zvine zvakawanda zvinonakidza zvaMambo dzemagetsi telegraphs. Baron Schilling midziyo akanga vakapakata makiyi izvo Minamato haipindurwe remagetsi iri tambo unobva achitumira uye kugamuchira apparatuses.

teregiramu rokutanga renyika, chine 10 Mashoko, akanga apfuura October 21, 1832 pamwe neteregirafu, yakaiswa pamusoro Pavla Lvovicha Shillinga mufurati. The muvambi rave yakatangawo cabling chirongwa kubatanidza neteregirafu pamusoro pasi Gulf Finland pakati Peterhof uye Kronstadt.

Driving teregirafu

Kugamuchirwa midziyo zvaisanganisira Coils, nerimwe rinosanganisira unobva waya uye rinobva tsono yakaturikwa kumusoro Coils pamusoro filaments. On pemavara izvi akasimbisa imwe nekomichiyakazara, dzakapendwa kudivi dema, mumwe chena. Vachisundira kiyi wokutepfenyurisa Coil ari rinobva tsono vakatsauka uye akatamira akakodzera nzvimbo denderedzwa. Combination urongwa unotenderera telegrapher womuchato iri rinokosha arufabheti (bumbiro) tsunga chiratidzo zvitange.

Chokutanga, waya misere zvaidiwa, ipapo nhamba yavo wakaderedzwa kusvika maviri kukurukurirana. Kushandisa imwe teregirafu zvakadai PL Schilling yakatanga rinokosha remitemo. Zvakazoitwa vavambi Vose telegraphy munzvimbo kushandiswa hutachiwana Coding dzemitemo.

zvimwe

Anenge panguva telegraphs zvakagadzirwa zvakafanana vanoshandisa induction dzenzvimbo yakatanga nemasayendisiti German uye Weber Ghaus. Nechekare muna 1833 vaiva teregirafu mutsetse paUniversity Göttingen (Lower Saxony) pakati astronamicheskoy uye rinobva Observatories.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti mudziyo Schilling aiva kumumvuri nokuda British Telegraph Cook uye Winston. Cook vakapedzisira vava kuziva mabasa Russian vakatanga Heidelberg University (Germany). Pamwe shamwari Winston ivo nani midziyo uye patented. The mudziyo akanakidzwa zvikuru kubudirira muEurope zvokutengeserana.

A chimurenga duku 1838 akaita Shteyngeyl. Kwete chete kuti, akapedza wokutanga teregirafu mutsetse daro refu (5 km), saka kunyange netsaona akaita kuwanikwa kuti waya imwe chete (chechipiri anoita pasi) inogona kushandiswa chiratidzo hutachiwana.

Morse teregirafu

Zvisinei, zvose mano aya dials uye rinobva tsono akanga isingarapiki pachiri - haagoni akagadzikana: kukurumidza kupararira mashoko, kukanganisa kunoitika uye rugwaro haana kunaka. Kupedzisa basa iri kutanga nyore uye yakavimbika wedunhu teregirafu waya maviri Anotsiviwa American Artist uye muvambi Samuel Morse. Iye akakudziridza uye akashandisa imwe teregirafu remitemo umo tsamba neimwe arufabheti akanga asarudzirwa zvimwe mubatanidzwa Dots uye dashes.

Morse teregirafu kuvakwa kwazvo nyore. Nokuti redunhu uye kukanganisa ichangobuda kushandisa kiyi (achifurira). It rine mhikuriso yakagadzirwa nesimbi, akabatana iyo anokurukura nerwonzi kondakita. Mumwe kuguma tsime-ruoko mhikuriso rikazvisundira kuti simbi pamusara, wired that kuti mugamuchiri pasi (muvhu rinoshandiswa). Kana telegrapher runonditsikirira mumwe mugumo ruoko, kuti maererano neimwe fungidziro chokuita kuti bhatiri waya. Panguva iyi, magetsi nenhokwe kuburikidza kuti mugamuchiri yaiva yakasiyana nzvimbo.

At kugamuchirwa chezvitima iri rinokosha Drum muchikuvadza yakamanikana kanyika pabepa inofamba dzose clockwork. Nokupesvedzera kuuya ano electromagnet kunokwezva chinhu netsvimbo yedare iyo rinobaya pepa, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe kutevedzana kwezviitiko vatambi.

Academician kuvamba Jacoby

musayendisiti Russian, Academician Kavalkaran Jacobi nguva kubva 1839 kusvika 1850, akasika marudzi anoverengeka telegraphs: kunyora, turnouts-danho synchronous zviito uye wokutanga teleprinter kwenyika. Ichangobva kuvamba muJinja mutsva kukura kutaurirana enyika. Bvumiranai, zviri nyore zvikuru kuti kuverenga pakarepo akatuma teregiramu pane kupedzera nguva yake inopangidza.

The achitumira yakananga-zvokudhinda midziyo Jacobi raiva raundi nomuseve uye kuonana yacho dhiramu. On rokunze yakaurungana raundi rakachengetedzwa tsamba uye nhamba. The kugamuchira mudziyo ine raundi nomuseve, uye mukuwedzera, kusimudzira uye zvokudhinda electromagnets uye vhiri mhando. On randinenge vhiri akanyorwa ose tsamba uye nhamba. At kutanga-up mukufamba nokupfuuridzirwa umhare magetsi pulses kusvika kubva mutsetse, kudhinda midziyo kugamuchira electromagnet kunouya chakatsindirwa bepa dandemutande kuti mharidzo vhiri uye papepa wakagamuchira chiratidzo.

midziyo Hughes

American muvambi David Edward Hughes mvumo telegraphy nzira synchronous kuvhiyiwa, kuvakwa muna 1855 teleprinter pamwe mureza vhiri chichiitwa kutenderera. The Rinofambisa mudziyo uyu chaiva kiibhodhi-mhando piyano, pamwe 28 makiyi vatema uye chena, zvakanga akuvadzwa tsamba uye nhamba.

Muna 1865, Hughes michina vave ndakagadza kuti sangano teregirafu basa pakati St. Petersburg uye Moscow, uye ipapo rakapararira Russia. mano aya dzaishandiswa chaizvo kusvikira 30-ies ose XX remakore.

Bodo midziyo

Hughes midziyo vasingagoni kupa kumhanya wiring uye kushandisa zvinobudirira kubatana. Naizvozvo, kuti atsive mano aya kuuya vakawanda teregirafu mano, chakagadzirirwa muna 1874 maererano injiniya French Georges Emilem Bodo.

Bodo The mudziyo unobvumidza mawa hutachiwana anoverengeka teregirafu opareta musi iwoyo mutsetse wandei neteregiramu mune zvose kumativi. The midziyo unotora munhu Distributor, uye vakawanda achitumira uye kugamuchira namano. wokutepfenyurisa keypad ine shanu kiyi. Kuti uvandudze kunyatsoshanda mashandisiro yokukurukurirana mitsetse wakashandiswa midziyo Bodo wokutepfenyurisa kwakadaro midziyo umo mashoko zvitange iri encoded telegrapher manually.

musimboti oparesheni

The achitumira mudziyo (kiibhodhi) muchina chimwe chiteshi iri kwaita kubata kuburikidza mutsetse kwenguva pfupi kuti nhengo vagamuchiri. Murayiro maererano dzavo uye nokuchinja kururama nguva dzokunwira inopiwa Distributors. teregirafu kumhanya basa vanofanira uwirirane basa Distributors. Brushes mavharuvhu kutapukirwa uye kugamuchirwa zvinofanira tenderera synchronously uye kuyaruka. Zvichienderana uwandu kuparadzira nokugamuchira mano chokuita kuti Distributor, chokupika teregirafu Bodo yemakomo mashoko 2500-5000 paawa.

The zvidzidzo okutanga yakaiswa pa Bodo "Petersburg - Moscow" teregirafu muna 1904. Mune ramangwana, mano aya zvinowanzoshandiswa neteregirafu richikurukura USSR uye kushandiswa kusvikira 50s.

Inching mudziyo

Inching teregirafu Kunoonekwa mudariro mutsva kukura teregirafu michina. The mudziyo muduku, uye zvinonyanya nyore kuti ishande. It tapureta Style kiibhodhi aishandiswa kekutanga. zvakwakanakira izvi zvakatungamirira kuti chokwadi kuti kuguma 50s Bodo michina vakanga kusundwa chose kubva waya pfungwa.

nomupiro Great kukudziri- mumhuri kutanga-chichiita mano vane A. F. Shorin uye L. I. Treml, iyo yakatanga pasi mumhuri indasitiri muna 1929 akatanga kubudisa itsva teregirafu hurongwa. Kubvira muna 1935, otomatiki wokutepfenyurisa (wokutepfenyurisa) uye mugamuchiri redunhu (reperforator) akatanga kugadzirwa mudziyo mienzaniso ST-35, kuma1960 kwavari kunge yakatanga.

yeEncoding

Sezvo mudziyo PT-35 kushandiswa teregirafu yokukurukura mano pamwe Bodo, chaiye remitemo №1, izvo akasiyana zvatinosiita dzakawanda remitemo kuti kutanga-chichiita motokari (№2) code yambokurukurwa kwavari.

Pashure decommissioning Bodo mano havachafaniri kushandisa munyika yedu asiri mwero kutanga-vanorega code, uye vose CT-35 ano paka hwakatamisirwa dzakawanda remitemo №2. Mano pachavo, somunhu modernized, uye idzva design, vakagamuchira zita ST-2M uye STA-2M (pamwe prefixes kushandisa michina).

Rolling michina

Zvimwe zviitiko muSoviet Union dzave pitted kuzorwa naro, kuti asike zvikuru vakarongeka mupumburu teregirafu. peculiarity Its ndechokuti chinyorwa inodhindwa mutsetse norwonzi pamusoro akasiyana pepa, sezvinoita dot-chizvaro purinda. High kuita uye kukwanisa kubvisa yakawanda mashoko zvaikosha kwete chete nokuda vanhuwo zvavo, asi kuti zvivako utariri uye hurumende masangano.

• Round Wire T-63 muchina vakapakata evoruzhinji matatu: Latin, Russian uye digitaalinen. Achibatsirwa chibhakera tepi vanogona kungoerekana kugamuchira nekufambisa mashoko. Printing paruchaitika papepa mupumburu 210 mm.
• Zvoga rwakapetwa zvemagetsi teregirafu PTA-80 kunoita kuti kuisa sei manually kana vapiwa kutuma uye kugamuchira tsamba.
• Midziyo RTM-51 uye PTA-50-2 inoshandiswa mashoko kunyora ingi 13-mm tepi uye mureza mupumburu bepa upamhi (215 mm). The muchina Prints paminiti kusvika 430 vatambi.

Contemporary

Telegraphs, mapikicha rinogona kuwanikwa pemapeji emabhuku uye miziyamu kuratidzira, vakaita basa rinokosha pakuita kuwedzera mberi. Pasinei nokukurumidza kukura runhare kukurukurirana, mano aya haana aenda yokukanganwa, uye rakavapo kupinda ano Fax michina uye yakagozha zvemagetsi teregirafu.

Pamutemo, wokupedzisira teregirafu waya, anoshanda ari Indian ezvinhu Goa, yakavharwa July 14, 2014. Pasinei kukuru kwokudiwa (5000 neteregiramu daily), basa rakanga maturo. Mune US, wokupedzisira teregirafu kambani Western Union akarega kuita zvakananga mashandiro muna 2006, kufunga remittances. Zvichakadai, nenguva Telegraphs haana pamusoro, uye akatamira electronic kwezvakatipoteredza. Central Telegraph Russia, kunyange yekudyidzana akaderedza mudonzvo, anoramba kuzadzisa ayo nemhiko, sezvo asiri ose mumusha munzvimbo yakakura zvinobvira kuitisa runhare neindaneti.

Munguva ichangobva nguva teregirafu migero kutakurwa kakawanda wiring, vakarongwa runonyanya nokuda waya uye redhiyo ataure Links. The chikuru mukana Frequency telegraphy ndechokuti zvinoita mureza runhare mugero kuronga kubva teregirafu migero 17 kusvika 44. Uyezve, Frequency wiring runoita kuti tiite chero kukurukurirana kure. The Kukurukura Network anoumbwa kakawanda migero wiring, nyore yokuzvigadzirisa, uye anewo mukana wokushandiswa inoita nokusika circuitous nhungamiro kukundikana pokupedzisira mutsetse negwara. Frequency wiring yakanga yakakodzera saka, mari uye yakavimbika, riri pari teregirafu migero DC anoshandiswa zvishoma uye zvishoma.