Sirivha P6M5: maitiro, kushandiswa

Nhengo yechikamu chechisere yeMendeleyev periodic system ne atomic nhamba 26 (iron) nekomboni nezvimwe zvinhu zvinowanzozivikanwa sesimbi. Iine simba rakakwirira uye rakaoma, harina ductility uye kusuruvara kunokonzera kabhoni. Izvo zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinowedzera maitiro akanaka ealloy. Kunyange zvakadaro, simbi inofungidzirwa sechinhu chesimbi chinosvika 45% yesimbi.

Chimbofunga shanduro yakadai seP6M5 yesimbi, uye ona kuti chii chakasarudzwa uye mune zvipi zvarinowana kushanda.

Manganese sean alloying element

Kusvikira muzana ramakore rechi19, simbi yakajairika yakashandiswa kushandiswa zvisingatisi masimbi nematanda. Maitiro ake ekucheka nokuda kweizvi akanga akakwana. Zvisinei, paanenge achiedza kugadzira nhengo dzesimbi, chimbo chacho chinokurumidza kupisa, chakasakara uye kunyange chakasvibiswa.

Mutauro weEngland metallurgist R. Müshett, kuburikidza nekuongorora, akawana kuti kuitira kuti girafu rirambe rakasimba, zvakakosha kuwedzera anogidhijiti kune iyo, iyo inosunungura oksijeni yakanyanya kubva nayo. Sirasi yakagadzirwa nesimbi yakange yakawedzerwa pagirazi simbi, yaiva nemanganese. Sezvo iri chirevo chechipiri, chikamu chacho hachifaniri kudarika 0,8%. Nokudaro, P6M5 simbi inobva kubva ku2 0.2% kusvika ku 0.5% yemanganese.

Tungsten Iron

Imwe muna 1858, masayendisiti mazhinji uye metallurgist vakashanda pakuwana zvinyorwa zvemaalloys ne tungsten. Vainyatsoziva kuti iyi ndeimwe yezvinhu zvinonyanya kushandiswa. Kuwedzera kune simbi sechinhu chinonzi alloying chakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana gorosi inogona kumira mazinga echando uye ichigere kusakara.

Sirivha P6M5 ine 5.5-6.5% tungsten. Alloys ine zvinyorwa zvaro zvinowanzotanga netsamba "P" uye inonzi high-speed. Muna 1858, simbi yekutanga ine 9% ye tungsten, 2.5% yemanganese uye 1,85 carbon yakabudiswa na Muyette. Gare gare, kuwedzera imwe 0,3% C, 0,4% Cr uye kubvisa 1.62% Mn, 3.56% W, metallurgist yakawana girosi rinonzi samocal (P6M5). Mune maitiro ayo, yakafananawo nesimbi P18.

Kukwana kwetungsten

Zvechokwadi, mumakore ekuma1860, apo zvinhu zvakawanda zvaive zvakakwana zvakakwana, simbi pamwe nekuwedzerwa kwetungsten kwaifungidzirwa kuti yakasimba kwazvo. Nokufamba kwenguva, chinhu ichi mumasikirwo ari kuderera uye mutengo wacho uri kukura.

Kubva pakuona kwehupfumi, kuwedzera yakawanda yeW yesimbi yakashaya basa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, P6M5 yesimbi yakanyanya kudarika kupfuura P18. Sezvo vakatarisa pamakemikari avo, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti zvinyorwa zve tungsten muP18 ndeye 17-18.5%, nepo mu tungsten-molybdenum alloy iri kusvika kusvika pa6,5%. Mukuwedzera, kusvika ku2,55% mhangura uye molybdenum kusvika ku3.3% varipo mu samokal.

Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinyorwa

Kuwedzera kune zvakataurwa pamusoro apa carbon, manganese, tungsten uye molybdenum, P6M5 inewo cobalt (kusvika ku 0.5%), chromium (4.4%), mhangura (0.25%), vanadium (2.1%) , Phosphorus (0.03%), sulfur (0.025%), nickel (0.6%) silicon (0.5%). Ndezvipi?

Chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvine basa razvo. Somuenzaniso, chromium inofanirwa kuomeswa kwetema, uye nickel inowedzera visikiti. Molybdenum nevanadium zvinogona kubvisa embrittlement mushure mekutsamwa. Zvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvinoshandura zvinoshandisa zvinhu zvesimbi, zvakadai sehuturu hwakatsvuka uye hutsinye hunopisa.

Iyo P6M5 simbi, iyo maitiro atinenge tichidzidza, ane utera hwe66 HRC muhuni hudzimwa pahutano hwekuedza kusvika kusvika ku6 ° C. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange nekupisa kwakasimba, hazvikanganisi simba raro, uye naizvozvo hazviperi kana kuora.

Iyo inonzi P6M5

Iko kushandiswa kwesimbi kunobva pakuitwa kwayo, chii chinoshandiswa pakugadzirisa zvinhu izvo zvinosanganisira uye kuti yakawanda sei kabhoni. Kune zvakasiyana zvakasiyana siyana zvemarudzi akasiyana. Kana, somuenzaniso, gorosi risina zvinyorwa zvinyorwa, rinonzi "St" uye nhamba iyo inoratidza huwandu hwehuni hwehuni muhuni (St20, St45).

MuAlloys yeAlloy, inotanga kusvika peresenti yekasa, uye ipapo tsamba dzinoreva makemikari (10ХСНД, 20ХН4ФА). Kana pasina nhamba dziri pedyo navo, semuenzaniso, ipapo zvinyorwa zveumwe nomumwe wavo hazvipfuuri 1%. Tsamba iyo "P" mualloy mark inoratidza kuti yakakurumidza (kukurumidza).

Inotevera chiverengero-ichi ndicho chiyero che tungsten (P9, P18), uyezve, tsamba uye nhamba ndiyo zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa uye zvikamu zvavo. Izvo zvinotevera kuti p6M5 yakakura-yesimbi yakazara kusvika pa6% tungsten uye kusvika 5% molybdenum.

Annealing

Sezvo mutemo, kubudiswa kwealloy yakadaro is classical uye inoshandiswa kune dzose dzakakwirira-dzinotora. Zvisinei, inofanira kutarisirwa mupfungwa kuti kuitira kuti tungsten-molybdenum alloy ive yakasimba kwazvo, yakaoma uye isingagadziki, inofanira kuwedzerwa.

Kana mamwe marikisi, somuenzaniso, St45, anorasikirwa nemasimba avo panguva yekugadzirisa, ipapo inokurumidza kusvika, pane zvinopesana, inovandudza uye ichisimba uye yakaoma. Ichi ndicho chikonzero P6M5 inowedzerwa isati yasvika. Izvi zvinoitika sei?

Kuramba (somuenzaniso, pepa re "p6M5 yesimbi") nehupamhi hwemasendimita makumi maviri nemasere muvira rinopisa rinopisa kumusana we 870 ° C, uye yakanatswa kusvika 800 ° C, uye inopisa zvakare. Maitiro akadaro anogona kuva anenge gumi.

Mukuwedzera, shure kwechishanu, zvinokosha kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedze kutonhora. Somuenzaniso, kupisa zvakare, asi kusvika 850 ° C, kunotonhora kusvika 780 ° C. Uye zvakadaro kusvikira ichisvika 600 ° C.

Kutora kwakadaro kwakaoma kunotsanangurwa nekuvapo kweaustenite mbeu mu alloyed alloys, iyo inonyanya kusingadiwi. Kupisa uye kunotonhora kunobvumira zvakanyanya kuparara kwezvinyorwa, asi panguva imwechete austenite haizokura.

Kana hurumende yekutonhorera isingagoni kuchengetedzwa uye yakasungirwa pane kutonhora kweanopfuura 900 ° C, kuwedzera kwechibvumirano chinoumbwa muchiganda uye udzvinyiriri hunoderedzwa. Kuchenesa kunorudzirwa kuti kuitwe nekubatsirwa nemafuta ekugezera, izvi zvichadzivirira tungsten-molybdenum alloy kubva kumapfudze uye nadals.

Mhando yekugadzira Р6М5

Zvechokwadi, kufanana nedzimwe sarudzo, P6M5 inogadzirwa mune imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana. Saka, mune mamwe mabhizimisi tsvina yakawanda-inopisa inodururwa mu ingots. Mune imwe mhizha, inotungidzwa ichipisa. Kuti uite izvi, zvinopisa zvinoputika zvinoputika pakati pemapumburu ekugurisa. Chimiro chayo chichange chichienderana nemufananidzo we shafts pachavo.

Isimbi yegorosi P6M5 inowanzoshandiswa kune zvikamu zvinoshandiswa pamatambo makuru. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, munguva ichangopfuura nzira inonyanya kufarirwa yekugadzira sirivha.

Paanodurura simbi inopisa kuva ingots, kusunungurwa kwakanyanya kwe carbides kubva kunyauka kunoitika. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vanoita nzvimbo dzisina kufanira dzemasumbu, iyo mune ramangwana iine nzvimbo ye nucleation yekuputsa.

Utachiona hwehupfu hunoshandisa poda yakakosha, iyo ine zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa. Iyo inotungidzirwa mune imwe mudziyo unomira unopisa uye yakanyanya kutonhora uye kushanda. Izvi zvinobatsira kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana.

Kushanda

Sirivha P6M5 inowanzoshandiswa mumakambani akasiyana-siyana. Kazhinji kazhinji inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekucheka kwekushandura, kugadzira uye kushandiswa kwemichina mumetallurgy. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nehutano hwahwo hwemasimba, kupisa kupisa, kuoma.

Sezvo mutemo, kubvongodza, matepi, kufa, vatambi vanoitwa kubva pairi. Simba rekucheka chigadziko kubva pesirivha P6M5 rakakosha pakucheka nekukurumidza, uyezve, hazvidi kuti kunonoka nejasi. Iyo banga kubva munyemba Р6М5 hainawo kuwanikwa.

Sezvo tungsten-molybdenum alloy ine utera hwakakura uye yakakwirira ye-viscosity, inowanzoshandiswa kuita mapanga ane masimba akasimba uye akanaka maitiro.

Alloying zvikamu muhuwandu hunodiwa hunobvumirwa kuti hugadzire simbi yakasiyana-siyana, iyo inenge isiri dziya uye ine kugadzira zvakanaka. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera kukurumidza kutema ka 4 nguva mubasa rekugadzira.

Inoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwemhepo inopisa isingaiti mabhesi ari kuita nekukurumidza kusvika pakushambidza kwe500-600 ° C. Nhoroondo dzeP6M5 alloy ndiP12, P10K5F5, P14F4, P9K10, P6M3, P9F5, P9K5, P18F2, 6M5K5. Kana tungsten-molybdenum alloys, sekutonga, inoshandiswa kuita zvigadzirwa zvekutsvaira (drills, cutters), uye vanadiumdium (P14F4) yekupedzisa (scanning, broaching). Pachigadziro chimwe nechimwe chekuchera pane zvinoreva kuisa chiratidzo, izvo zvinokubvumira kuti uwane kuti zvipi zvayo zvinogadzirwa.