Nucleolar mabasa muchitokisi chii? The nucleolus: marongerwo uye mashandiro

Sero inokosha chairema zvipenyu Panyika, uye ane kunzwisisa namakemikari sangano zvivako rinonzi organelles. Izvi zvinosanganisira mwoyo, marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita izvo ticharamba kuongorora munyaya ino.

Zvinoumba eukaryotic nuclei

masero Nucleated wayo sezvamunoita rine non-Kamudzira organelles wakatenderera, mukobvu kupfuura karyoplasm akadana nucleolus kana nucleoli. Vakanga zvakawanikwa muzana remakore rechi19. Zvino zvakakwana nucleoli vakadzidza kuburikidza Erekitironi microscopy. Inenge kusvikira 50s ari nucleolar basa remakore rechi20 vasina kuzivikanwa, uye masayendisiti vaiona organelle ichi, asi somunhu dura kupembedza zvinhu yaishandiswa panguva mitosis.

Kutsvakurudza Modern akagadza kuti organoid chinosanganisira granules nucleoprotein hunhu. Uyezve, nokukanganisika kuedza kwakaratidza kuti organelle unotora vakawanda mapurotini. Kuti kukonzera dzakakwirira arambe achirema kwayo. Uyezve proteids, nucleoli aripo murwiyo shoma RNA uye DNA.

sero kutenderera

Sezvineiwo, muupenyu sero, chine zororo nguva (interphase) uye kupesana (meiosis - zvepabonde, mitosis - the somatic sero), nucleoli zvakachengetwa kugara. Saka, muna interphase musimboti pamwe nucleolus, izvo zvinhu zvifambe - pakuchengetedza genome uye paumbwe puroteni-synthesizing organelles varipo hazvo. Pakutanga muchitokisi weboka, zvinoti prophase, ivo Zvibvisike uye apiwa akaumba chete pakupera telophase, achichengetwa Sedendere kusvikira rinotevera kupesana kana kuti apoptosis - kuparadza kwayo.

nucleolus kuronga

Mune 30s remakore rapfuura, masayendisiti akawana kuti paumbwe nucleoli inotongwa zvimwe zvikamu zvimwe okutodza. Ivo ane majini, izvo kuchengetera mashoko pamusoro chii marongerwo uye chii vari mashandiro ari nucleolus muchitokisi. Pane kuwirirana pakati nhamba yemabhuku nucleolar murongi uye organelles pachavo. Somuenzaniso, African clawed datya rine wayo karyotype mbiri nucleolus chromosome uye nokudaro ari nuclei masero somatic ndiye nucleoli maviri.

Sezvo nucleolus mabasa uyewo waro pamberi kune chokuita muchitokisi kupesana uye nokuumbwa ribosomes, ivo organelles pachavo kushayikwa zvikuru kushandiswa uropi, ropa, uye ari zygote blastomeres Mace.

amplification pamusoro nucleoli

The chakaita zvokugadzirwa Danho interphase pamwe DNA kuberekana kuzvidzora doubling kunoitika nekumwisa rRNA majini. Sezvo chikuru kushanda nucleolus - kugadzirwa ribosomes, maererano overexpression pakati loci DNA kuti takura ruzivo pamusoro RNA zvinoshamisa zvakawedzera uwandu organelles izvi. Nucleoproteins, kwete nevanhu okutodza vanotanga ishande autonomously. Somugumisiro - mumwe muzvizhinji nucleoli ari neerekitironi kuumbwa, distancing pacharwo kubva nucleolar okutodza. Fani iyi inonzi amplification pamusoro rRNA majini. Uchidzidza mashandiro ari nucleolus muchitokisi, tinoona kuti vakawanda vanoshingaira kwetunhu kunoitika muna meiotic prophase pamusoro meiosis, apo rokutanga kuitira oocytes ingasanganisira anoverengeka zana nucleoli.

The zvipenyu kukosha chinoita izvi zvinova pachena kana ukafunga kuti mukutanga zvokukura embryogenesis: kupwanya uye blastulation, unofanira guru mari ribosomes synthesizing huru chivakwa zvinhu - mapuroteni. Amplification - zvakajairika muitiro, zvinotora nzvimbo oogenesis zvinomera, tupukanana, amphibians, mbiriso, uye vamwe protists.

Histochemical sezvamunoita organelles

Tinoenda pakudzidza masero eukaryotic vavo zvivako, uye funga nucleolus, mamiriro uye mashandiro ayo zvinodyidzana. Unowanikwa kuti rine mhando zvitatu:

1. Nukleonemy (ndebvu inotungamirwa). Vane heterogeneous uye ane fibrils nemavhinga. Sechikamu zvose chirimwa uye mhuka masero, nukleonemy chimiro fibrillar nzvimbo. Cytochemical marongerwo uye kushanda nucleolus ndiyewo novimba kuvapo mairi ari chizvaro - samambure bhuku mapuroteni tertiary nemamiriro mamorekuru.
2. Vacuoles (pfungwa).
3. Granular pellets (nucleolin).

Mukuona kuongorora makemikari, kuti organoid ine anenge zvachose RNA uye mapuroteni uye DNA ndiyo chete panguva yayo arikunze, pokubatana annular marongerwo - okoloyadryshkovy chromatin.

Saka isu makasimbisa kuti nemamiriro nucleolus rinoumbwa masangano shanu: kuti granular uye fibrillar nzvimbo, chromatin, puroteni reticulum uye gobvu zvinoriumba fibrillar.

marudzi nucleoli

Nemakemikari maumbirwo organelles izvi kunobva sero mhando yavanofanira varipo, uyewo hunhu muviri wavo. Kusiyanisa 5 Mhando dzinokosha STRUCTURAL nucleoli. Origin - reticular, rakajairika uye kunoratidzwa zvakawanda gobvu fibrillar zvinhu clumps uye nucleoproteins nucleons. Muitiro rewriting mashoko nucleolar murongi kwazvo kushingaira, saka fibrillar nzvimbo dziri havaratidzi kuonekwa pasi maikorosikopu.

Sezvo chikuru kushanda nucleolus muchitokisi - kubatana kwetunhu ribosomal subunits, iyo zvinoumba puroteni-synthesizing organelles, ari reticular mhando sangano kuri zvose chirimwa uye mhuka masero. Nucleoli annular mhando kunoitika muna connective zvinyama masero: lymphocytes uye masero endothelial, vane majini transcribed rRNA kushanda. Residual nucleoli zvinowanika mumasero atadza transcription zvakakwana, somuenzaniso, normoblasts uye enterocytes.

Zvakaparadzaniswa masero yokusafa mhando dzakaona kudhaka carcinogens, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Pakupedzisira, chitsidzo mhando nucleolar fibrillar nzvimbo dzinoratidzwa yakatarwa uye vashoma nucleons.

Nucleolar mapuroteni chizvaro

Tinoenda kudzidzwa womukati nemamiriro tsanga zvivako uye kusarudza vari mashandiro ari nucleolus muchitokisi muviri. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vanenge 60% kubudikidza yakaoma kurema inowira ichi organelle mapuroteni anoumba chromatin, ribosomal nezvimedu, uyewo zvakakodzera nucleolar mapurotini. Ngationgororei navo zvizere. Chikamu proteids rinobatanidzwa kubudiswa - paumbwe vakura ribosomal RNA. Izvi zvinosanganisira RNA polymerase 1 uye nuclease kuti abvise zvakawandisa vatatu vose rRNA mamorekuru. Protein fibrillarin yaiva gobvu zvinoriumba fibrillar uye, kufanana nuclease uye anoita kugadzira. Chimwe puroteni - nucleolin. Pamwe chete fibrillarin zviri muna PFC uye FC nucleoli uye nucleolar murongi chromosome prophase kuti mitosis.

polypeptide akadai nukleofozin yaiva granular mapazi uye rizere pakuderedza fibrillar, izvozvo paChikoro paumbwe ribosomal 40 S uye 60 S subunits.

Ko nucleolus

The kwetunhu ribosomal RNA - huru basa chiri kuita nucleoli. Panguva ino, pamusoro wayo pechiso (i.e. mu fibrillar nzvimbo) rinowanikwa transcription parutivi enzayemu RNA polymerase. At ichi nucleolar murongi synthesized mazana pre-ribosomes ribonucleoprotein inonzi globules. Vevaya akaumba ribosomal subunits kuti kuburikidza renyukireya pores kusiya karyoplasm pachavo vari muchitokisi cytoplasm. The duku subunit 40S zvakabatana nhume RNA, uye chete pashure kuti huru subunit 40S wanamatira kwavari. Image ane akura ribosome inokwanisa kuti kutepfenyurwa - kubatana kwetunhu cellular mapurotini.

Munyaya ino isu nucleolar marongerwo uye basa rakanga anodzidzwa chirimwa uye mhuka masero.