Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin: Biography uye mabasa

Nikolai Karamzin, ane Biography kunotanga December 1, 1766, akaberekwa muna Simbirsk mudunhu iri anokudzwa mhuri vakadzidza uye kuvhenekerwa vabereki murombo. dzidzo yokutanga muna private chikoro Purofesa Shadena. Pashure paizvozvo, kufanana vakawanda vamwe yokunyika vechiduku, akaenda kushanda Guards, uyo yainzi imwe yakanakisisa.

Panguva ino, Nikolai Karamzin, pfupi Biography iyo chinopiwa pepa rino kekutanga zvakajeka kuziva chikonzero kwavowo, rakasiyana vanhuwo: basa rinobudirira, munzanga, dzakakora uye kumuremekedza. izvi zvose hazvina inokwezva munyori ramangwana. Pashure pokushumira muuto isingasviki gore, iye ari pasi chinzvimbo refutenendi muna 1784, vakasiya basa uye yadzoka Simbirsk.

Upenyu wepurovhinzi Simbirsk

Externally Karamzin akararama zvisakafanira, akapararira upenyu romunhu, chichipenya yemo tsika uye mhare tsika pamwe vakadzi. Nikolai Mikhailovich mufashoni madhirezi, kuona chimiro chavo, kutamba makasa. At amachinda balls akanga akangwara uye kwakajeka Orange Yane no. Asi izvi zvose - chete kwokunze kuratidzwa hunhu hwake.

Panguva ino, Karamzin, ane Biography akapfuma zvikuru zvisingatarisirwi majana zviitiko, uye zvakakomba kufunga nzvimbo yavo muupenyu, anoverenga chaizvo, akasangana vanhu zvinonakidza. Akatoratidza dzidzo yakanaka, asi anoramba ichishanduka kubudikidza nezivo itsva muminda siyana. Most Karamzin aifarira munhau, mabhuku uye uzivi.

shamwari Family Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, Mason uye munyori, yakaitwa ushamwari huru Nikolai Ivanovich novikov (uyo aivawo Mason, unyanzvi wenhau, bhuku muparidzi uye satirist), iye zvange upenyu munyori. At pfungwa yake, Nikolai Mikhailovich akatamira Moscow uye akasangana mudenderedzwa novikov. Saka vakatanga mutsva nguva muupenyu hwake, kufukidza nguva kubva 1785 kusvika makore 1789. Toti mashoko mashomanana nezvazvo voga.

Kujairirana navavaki

The-Gore mana kwaaita denderedzwa navavaki chaizvoizvo kwakachinja nzira Karamzin, upenyu hwake uye mafungiro. Ona kuti nhoroondo Freemasonry muna Russia haisati aizvinzwisisa. It yagara vaiona sayenzi chezvematongerwe reactionary. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura, imwe pfungwa iri kufamba uyu siyanei.

Masonic vadzimu ndivo tsika uye zvechitendero anokosha yeChina, hwakavakirwa kokutanga muEngland regumi namasere remakore, uye gare gare vamwe inoti, kusanganisira nyika yedu. Hwaro Code, iyo vaiti navanoronga mabwe, ndiye vanoda zvokunamata kukwana murume. Vaiva chirongwa chake political, zvikuru chokuita nechitendero uye tsika. Nokuti mabasa nevaFreemason kwave dzinoratidzwa chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo kupira, chakavanzika, jousting uye dzimwe tsika, nokuva rakavanzika yokureva. Akanga azere noruzivo uye pakunamata, dzinoratidzwa tsika dzakanaka uye kukomba. Navavaki vakaramba usipo. Kuti yakadaro inorondedzerwa zvavo mhepo vakakomba kubva Karamzin. Akatanga kutaura kuvanhu zvinonakidza: Nikolai Ivanovich novikov (ona mufananidzo pazasi) uye Alekseem Mihaylovichem Kutuzovym. Igaroziva unhu aakatipa zvakadaro akapa kurudziro simba kuti pave mabhuku tarenda uye ake okusika kuzvisarudzira.

First Karamzin anoshandura kupinda Russian ingano, uye vakazotanga kunyora kuti magazini "Vana Kuverenga", vanobudisa chakanga Nikolai Ivanovich novikov, enhetembo mabasa ake okutanga. Zvaive munguva iyi kuti anoziva tarenda rake somunhu munyori.

Asi pano panoperera nguva yokuzvisarudzira, uye nawo Masonic nguva woupenyu muduku munyori. Mapuranga Masonic vadzimu akava pedyo naye, anoda kuziva upenyu hunova aro, kusiyana uye siyana. Kuti uve nyanzvi munyori, unoda kuona wokutanga ruoko mativi aro zvakanaka nezvakaipa. Naizvozvo, Karamzin, ane Biography ichaongororwa mugadziriro rino, vachisiya navavaki uye anoitazve parwendo.

Kuenda mu Europe

Kuti aite izvi, Nikolai Mikhailovich akaisa taluk ake uye akasarudza kupedza zvose mari parwendo kuEurope, ipapo muirondedzere. Yaiva ushingi uye kujairika nhano iyoyo. Pashure pezvose, nokuti Karamzin raireva kurega upenyu pamusoro yacho pakati nhaka matunhu uye vazviriritire maererano nebasa serfs. Zvino Nikolai Mikhailovich aifanira kuwana chokurarama nacho nokuda pachake basa nenyanzvi munyori wavo.

Kunze, akapedza rinenge gore nehafu, akaita akaenda Switzerland, Germany, England uye France. Karamzin, ane Biography chinorondedzerwa munyaya ino, tinyatsoziva dzinonakidza uye vanhu vakakurumbira munyika idzi, kwete kunzwa somunhu dzematunhu, rinomirira nyika yangu chakakodzera chaizvo. Akatarira, akateerera, uye zvakanyorwa. Nikolai Mikhailovich akakwezva dzimba dzevanhu, munhoroondo nzvimbo, mafekitari, kumayunivhesiti, mumigwagwa mitambo, maresitorendi, ichiitirwa muchato.

Akanga kunyatsoongorora uye enzanisa vatambi uye tsika imwe nyika, kudzidza zvinhu kutaura, akanyora mubhuku rake rinonzi kurondedzera mumigwagwa zvikamu, vaichengeta nhoroondo dzakasiyana kubvunzurudzwa uye dzavo zvichiratidza. In kuwa 1790 Karamzin kuRussia, uye akatanga kuparidza mashoko "Moscow Journal", iro rinoisa nyaya, nyaya, nhetembo. Pane aidhindwa, uye akakurumbira "Mutsamba imwe Russian mufambi", uye vakauya kwaari mbiri huru, "Varombo Liza".

The Bhuku almanacs

Mumakore mashomanana akatevera, Nikolai Mikhailovich rinobudisa anthologies, pakati raiva mavhoriyumu matatu Anthology rinoti "Aoide", zvakanyorwa mundima, uyewo dzakaunganidzwa "pezvisingakoshi wangu", rinosanganisira siyana nyaya uye nhetembo. To Karamzin anouya mbiri. Anozivikanwa uye aida kwete misoro miviri (Moscow uye St. Petersburg), asi yose Russia.

Nhoroondo nganonyorwa "Marfa Posadnitsa"

Mumwe mabasa rokutanga Karamzin, akanyorwa prose, inobudiswa 1803, "Marfa Posadnitsa" (a Genre - nhoroondo yokufungidzira). Zvakanyorwa kare nekuchiva nokuda enganonyorwa Valtera Skotta yakatanga Russia. In ichi nyaya Karamzin pachena kukwezvana kuti kare, Classics kufanana haungambofari yakanaka yetsika, iri akaronga kare pakati 1790s mu pakuva "vokuAtene."

In Epic, vekare chimiro hondo pakati Novgorod uye Moscow chaauya mubasa rake, Nikolai Karamzin. "Gavhuna mudzimai" zvinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha ouzivi: pamusoro poumambo uye zvokuvhoterwa, vanhu uye navatungamiri "mwari" nhoroondo dzekugadzwa uye kudarika munhu kwaari. The netsitsi pamusoro munyori akanga pachena pamusoro parutivi Novgorodians uye Marita, uye kwete monarchical Moscow. Nyaya ino dzakaonekwa uye pfungwa kupokanidzana munyori. Chokwadi nhoroondo yaiva Chokwadi, kurutivi Novgorod. Zvisinei, Novgorod inokundikana, mashura zvakaipa Precursors kwechimbichimbi kuparadzwa muguta, uye gare gare vakasangana.

Nyaya "Poor Liza"

Asi kubudirira mukuru aiva nyaya "Varombo Liza", yakabudiswa shure muna 1792. kwakakurumbira mabhuku Western pamusoro nemasere remakore, nyaya sei munhu aikudzwa anyengedza murimi mudiki kana zviduku Bourgeois, mumabhuku Russian pakutanga yakatanga munyaya Karamzin. Biography mutsika, vasikana akanaka, uye pfungwa yokuti unosuruvarisa mugumo zvakafanana kunogona kuwanika dzakapoteredza chokwadi, vakabatsira kuti ubudirire kwazvo chigadzirwa ichi. Uyewo chinokosha ndechokuti NM Karamzin ( "Poor Liza" kwake "bhizimisi kadhi") akadzidzisa vaverengi vake kuona kunaka mai hunhu uye unomuda. Humanistic wezwi basa rave kunokosha kuti mabhuku nguva.

Ngano "Natalia, kuti Boyar kuti Mwanasikana"

In chete 1792, iye akaberekwa ari nyaya "Natalia, mwanasikana Boyar kuti." Hazvina pamwe sevatsigiri "Varombo Liza", asi kunosanganisira mibvunzo inokosha zvikuru tsika kuti kunetseka vaairarama NM Karamzin. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha basa ndiro dambudziko rukudzo.

Alex Mudiwa Natalia, aiva murume akatendeseka vaishumira Russian chamber. Saka akareurura "mhosva" ake kuti kubiwa mwanasikana Matthew Andreyev kufarira Boyar changamire. Asi mambo anokomborera muchato wavo, achiona kuti Alex - yekutenga murume. Inoita uye baba vomusikana. Achipedzisa nyaya, munyori anonyora kuti vaviri vaigara vachifara uye vakavigwa pamwechete. Vari kusiyaniswa rudo vepachokwadi uye nokuzvipira kuna Kesari.

Munyaya, hwakasikwa maererano Karamzin ( "Boyar womwanasikana"), nyaya kukudzwa vasingasiyani kubva pabasa ramambo. Anofara munhu anoda Kesari. Saka, upenyu hwemhuri ichi hunotanga saka zvakanaka, nekuti kunaka mubayiro.

yakakodzerwa kuzivikanwa

youth wepurovhinzi kuchanzi mabasa Karamzin. Kuri mumabasa ake nyore, kukurukura, dzinongoitika manyorerwo, kwezvokufuka uye panguva imwecheteyo democratic zvinoyevedza netsika zvakanga echimurenga panyaya omumwe nevoruzhinji mabasa. First akaumba pfungwa ane, kuverenga inonakidza anonakidza, uye nawo kunamata mabhuku munyori.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, Biography zvinhu uye kuti chinokwezva vazhinji, anonakidzwa mukurumbira zvikuru. MuMoscow Kunokwezva nechido vechidiki kubva zvose pamusoro nyika chete uone kufarira munyori. Lysine dziva, akava nomukurumbira nokuti zviitiko nyaya "Varombo Liza" ari kuitika pano, iri Suburban musha Kolomenskoye, anotanga kuridza basa panzvimbo yokufananidzira, uyai pano, kuti rondedzero rudo kana kuchema oga.

Kunoshanda "History of Russian State"

Pashure pechinguvana Karamzin zvikuru uye pakarepo ochinja hwake. Achisiya ingano, paanoendeswa sezvo guru nhoroondo basa - ". The History of Russian mamiriro" The chinangwa basa iri, sokuti, yagara yakura mupfungwa dzake.

Mukutanga namapfumbamwe remakore akatanga ushe Alexander I, ari kufarira muzukuru Catherine II. kokutanga, akanga ari mutongi norupo uye vakambovhenekerwa. Nhoroondo rondedzero Akatopinda zita se "Alexander Spring".

Karamzin shamwari uye aimbova mudzidzisi wechiduku Emperor, MN Masvosve apindire kune Nikolai Mikhailovich akagadzwa wenhau mudare. Kugadzwa Izvi zvaikosha chaizvo kuti Karamzin, uye akazivisa kuti iye munhu mukana hombe. Zvino akatambira mudyandigere (sezvo tichiziva, dzimwe nzira nechouviri kumunyori haana). Asi Chikurukuru, ane kuwana nhoroondo yamabhuku, akanga zvikuru. Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, ane Biography chinopiwa kuna dzako, mukusanzwisisa basa: akarava manyoro uye mabhuku nhoroondo, vakaongorora ari tomes yekare, akanyoresa, zvichienzaniswa.

Zvakaoma kufungidzira basa guru rinoitwa wenhau Karamzin. Pashure pakusikwa gumi vhoriyamu yake "History of Russian State" makore makumi maviri-matatu basa rakaoma, kubva 1803 kusvika 1826 The mharidzo yezviitiko zvinokosha zvakanga zvakasiyana, kure sezvinobvira, kusasarura uye kuvimbika, uyewo yakanaka unyanzvi maitiro. Nhoroondo akaendeswa "nguva matambudziko" iri nhoroondo Russian wehurumende. Kufa Nikolai Mikhailovich havabvumirwi aite hombe-pamwero chirongwa pakuguma.

Karamzin basa, zvaakanyora kuti akaenda gumi mavhoriyamu, vanotevera vakataurirana, chakaita mhinduro vaverengi vakawanda '. Zvichida kokutanga munhoroondo akadhindwa bhuku chagumbura kuwedzera munyika hana vemo Russian. Karamzin yakawanikwa vanhu nyaya yake uye akatsanangura ake kare.

Zviri basa vachinzwisisa nani ambiguously. Saka, rusununguko-rudo nevechiduku vakanga vachida nharo kutsigirwa umambo, izvo akaratidza mumapeji "The History of Russian State" Karamzin wenhoroondo. A Pushkin vaduku akanyora akashinga epigrams pamusoro seane uchenjeri dzakaitika mumakore iwayo. Maererano naye, basa iri rakaratidza "kudiwa autocracy uye runako chiwepu."

Karamzin, bhuku hamuzosiyi iwe hanya, mukupindura nokutsoropodzwa kwagara yakaderera-kiyi, kudzikama akaona sezvo nokunyombwa rumbidzo.

Opinion pamusoro "History of Russian State" A. Pushkin

Kukurudzirwa St. Petersburg, iye, kubva 1816, vakabata umwe muchirimo Tsarskoye tiiviste nemhuri yake. Karamzins - mutsa wehondo vanotora kwavo kurarama zvakadai vadetembi yakakurumbira sezvo Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky uye Batyushkov uye vechidiki akadzidza. kazhinji paiva muduku AS Pushkin nechido kuteerera kudzokorora nhetembo vakwegura, kutarisira mudzimai wake, NM Karamzin, asisiri muduku, asi anokwezva uye akangwara mukadzi, uyo akamboda kunyange kutumira nokunzi rudo. Akachenjera uye ruzivo Wandinyengedzerei Karamzin akakanganwira jaya sezvo ake akashinga epigrams pamusoro "History".

Papera makore gumi, Pushkin, atova murume akura, yakasiyana Kutarira basa guru Nikolai Mikhailovich. Muna 1826, apo nhapwa muna St Michael, iye akanyora mu "Notes pachena dzidzo" kuti nhoroondo Russian vanofanira kudzidziswa maererano Karamzin, uye kumutumidza basa hachisi basa wenhoroondo kukuru, asiwo Feat chechokwadi murume.

On chikamu Alexander, yakanga isiri chokunyengetera. kuvimbika kuzviremera mutariro ruregerero uye kudzoka kubva pakutapwa. Kwete, nokuti paya gore Ndadzoka Pushkin isu kudzokera zvakare kune "History", kamwe zvakare kunzwisisa kumusoro kwayo.

Pamakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake

Karamzin mamirire zvaisazova kwakakwana pasina rondedzero okupedzisira oupenyu hwake. Pamakore okupedzisira gumi kunge aifara chaizvo. Aiva shamwari chamber, Alexander I. Friends taiwanzofamba pamwe muna Park, nguva refu vachitaura, murunyararo uye zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvinogoneka kuti mambo, nokuziva rupo uye undere Nikolai Mikhailovich, akamuudza zvikuru kupfuura yamambo vakuru. Karamzin kazhinji vasingabvumirani mibvunzo uye pfungwa Alexander I. Zvisinei, haana kugumbuka nazvo, uye akanyatsoteerera uye akatora manotsi. "A chinyorwa yekare uye itsva Russia", izvo munyori akapa mambo, ine yakatarwa pfungwa umo dzakaitika haana kubvumirana nehurumende wokuti nguva.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, ane mabhuku aiva akakurumbira chaizvo muupenyu hwake, haana kuvimbisa kuti chero mibayiro, kana zvikonzero. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti akanga ane rejira, raakanga Zvisinei, nguva dzose kubatwa ndyaringo uye zvinosetsa.