Nhoroondo Russian kutamba; asi chidzoke uye mberi

Midzi Russian Ballet, kufanana chero uri chimiro, vari kutamba ngano. Ungangove, izvi zvakanga chitendero (mhando dzose kutamba) uye uchitamba mutambo wacho ( "pereplyas", "Kuma, apo paiva" uye zvichingodaro.) Dance. Russian kutamba hakusi chete rakaramba ose aesthetic canons, asi akavawo muparamende munyika kutamba.

panotangira

In Kievan Rus 'pakutanga kwezana VIII-IX emakore, akatanga kuonekwa vachitamba wokutanga, nyanzvi mumunda yavo - Clowns ... Papera kanguva, kana guta guru raiva Moscow, Clowns vakanga hazvo vanhu.

In XV-XVI emakore kusetsa kwechishamiso entertainers nezviso hwakavigwa zvifukidziro, vanonzi "mashkarami" vakashamiswa uye kushamiswa mukushanyira vatorwa.

Muzana XVII remakore nhoroondo Russian kutamba kwakaratidza buri varaidza mumuzinda of Kremlin Theater. Maererano netsika yakasimbiswa, mashoko norumwe yemitambo anogara rakapera mezhdusenyami (chaiwo outputs kutamba). Izvi zvinonzi entrée anoitwa varume vakapfeka vachivhaira nguo. Vatambi akaratidza zvimwe zvinhu ballroom kutamba.

The chamber kuti mafaro

Yokutanga renguva pamwero ballets muRussia anonzi sekurukurirano akanunura February 8, 1673. Zvino chiitiko chinokosha mudare chevaux Alexei Mikhailovich, uye akanzi "Ballet pamusoro Orpheus uye Eurydice." Nhoroondo chidzoke yeRussian kutamba anorondedzera nayo sezvo vanoshanda ceremonious postures, anononoka nokupembera, uta uye kuchinja. Between vatambi nomusoro nemusoro kutaura kana kuimba. Zvose izvi ndizvo zvishoma akafanana chaiyo chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo chiito. Yakanga chete youmambo kunonakidza, vanonyengera chokwadi chacho.

Zvichakadai, Gregory I., ari murongi yemitambo, anokoka Nicola Lima aronge ekudzidzisa kuti chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo unyanzvi namambo yemitambo. Pakutanga, vana 10 vanokudzwa burghers, ipapo 20, vakanga vakabudirira vakadzidziswa uye akaratidza mambo mudare kutamba mutambo "Orpheus" iri French manyorerwo.

The basa seti

Chete pashure kota zana, Peter I, wakati nechinangwa kuchinja upenyu tsika Russia, kunoita kuti upenyu Russian vanhu mumhanzi nokutamba. Vachidziparadza kuroverera muri vepamusoro strata kuti vagari St. Petersburg. Kuti aite izvi, Peter I vanza Moscow yemitambo Alexei Mikhailovich uye anobudisa echimurenga chirevo. Izvi chirevo kuti magungano zvaida hurumende masangano ose kudzidzisa ballroom kutamba pasina kukundikana. kuchinja izvi vakaita nzvimbo kutamba tenzi hahungawanikwi dzakakwirira. Ndizvo venhaka magungano kutamba vanosungirwa chitarisiko kutamba vachitamba inofamba vaibva kune dzimwe nyika, zvakagadzirwa muchimiro zvinhu National kwechiSlavonic vachitamba.

Author V. Krasovskaja ( "History wokuRussia Ballet" - LA Art, 1978) anotenda kuti simba uye categorically Peter I mumuzinda dzimba yaiitwa zvesimba kubva kutamba troupes, vaimbi uye vaimbi dhanzi vakakokwa kubva kunze kwenyika.

Pakutanga 1738 pachikoro kutamba rakarongwa munyika, razova, chaizvoizvo, wokutanga. Nhoroondo Russian kutamba zvishoma rinotaura pamusoro iyi. Kudzidza kushanda kutamba Mapoka yokumwe kudzivirira vanonzi yemitambo (vatambi, korasi). Zvakanga chete zvikuru vakanga akazobvuma kuti huru kumapati.

Kudzidziswa rokutanga

Paucheche hwemazuva kutamba kare funga Land vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Corps. It akashanda yakakurumbira Zhan Batist Landzh, uyo pamwe vadzidzi vake vatatu dare ballets. Sezvo nhoroondo Russian kutamba, vakava anongoda wokutanga kutamba zvesimba, zvose mitemo akakodzera uye nemirau yacho Royal Academy of Dance iri guru French.

Vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Corps Cadets akatora chikamu mune zvedzidzo, poluharakternom lyrical uye panguva imwe chete vanouya enyambo kutamba troupes kubva Italy VaT.

Elizabeth I, kuti arege kurasikirwa yakarovedzwa kutamba vachitamba, akazarura kutamba chikoro Mariri mambo, wokutanga yakatarwa vaiva vana 12 vanhuwo yake.

Pakazosvika 1742, ari Empress akasaina chirevo vagadze kutamba troupe kuti vachitamba Russian. Zviri ikoko kuti dzakavhenekera pakutanga nyeredzi Russian ari - nyanzvi kutamba vachitamba: Aksinya Baskakov uye Athanasius Toporkov.

Out akafa magumo

Death Baptiste panyika kunounza vavhiringidzika magadzirirwo awo mabhizimisi munyika. Mharidzo, iyo anomhanya vaTesaronika, muri zvakafanana mhando uye hakunakidzi burlesques. The Fafitera hazvirevi kukwezva nezvinobvamo zvakadaro.

Nhoroondo Russian kutamba anorondedzera muchidimbu iyoyo. Panguva ino Europe pane mubvunzo uri kuchinja zvinhu choreographic mhosva. Rousseau uye Cinq-Mars rinoda kutamba vachitamba kubvisa akasvibirira nguo nezvifukidziro wigs. Diderot anokurudzira zvakasimba kuchinja storylines kutamba zvesimba. Zvichakadai, Dzhon Uiver, pasina kumirira zvinonyatsorehwa shanduko, zvinokonzera kutamba unongotaura ane kufunga nyaya, uye Zhorzh Nover akanyora ngano "Mutsamba kutamba."

Kwete kure shure uye Russian kutamba. Chitarisiko Hilferding - uchapupu. Izvi Mazvikokota German wakaiswa rondedzero magadzirirwo awo muSt Petersburg. In Paris nyaya ballets akazviratidza makore 15 chete gare gare. Hilferding akabatsira Leopold Paradiso. Pakazosvika 50 fung kwemakore XVIII remakore, ivo akasika yakazvimirira kutamba mitambo.

Tanga nezvinobvamo zvinoshamisa

The Mutambo wokutanga Russian kutamba runobva A. P. Sumarokovu. Aitsigira rumbidzo kudhanzi zvesimba, mabhuku hwaro anoumbwa kutamba zvesimba "kwokupotera kunaka" uye "Monastery New".

Gasparo Anzhiolini akakoka King choreographer, kuwedzera nokupenya necheSalvic zvavo rwiyo notok anoisa kutamba chiito "Fun for Christmas nguva." Catherine II akarumbidza zvikuru kumiririrwa. Muna 1779, ivo Legislative Commission on banc akabvuma kutamba, mimhanzi nokuti zvakanyorwa pachishandiswa necheSalvic ngano.

Mushure akadaro chaizvo kubudirira Anzhilini akatamira zvemafaro chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo nezvinobvamo, izvo akasekwa kukamura uchishandisa nyaya. Izvi zvakaitwa eulogies ruzha: "The Triumph kweRussia" (touted akunda hondo Turkish pana Cahul uye Larga), "The New Argonauts" (mbiri ode kuti rengarava reRussia Empire) uye "Vakakunda kufunga" (kuzvimba usava kudiwa kubaya pamusoro kwakapararira chibhokisi).

wokutanga umhare kutamba waivako "Semira" zvishoma kwave kare akanunura. Kubvira choreographers vave achiteerera zvikuru expressiveness munhu kutamba kutamba. Nokuti vachitamba panguva imwe chete zvinogona vakabatikana uye varaidza dhanzi zvesimba vasiri ehurumende dzemitambo, uye mune ekunyebera operatic inoratidza kuti libretto iro mambokadzi pachake rakanyorwa.

Nokuti itsva 1778 muSt Petersburg (sezvo nhoroondo Russian kutamba, mabhuku tsanangura ichi chiitiko rakasiyana zvakajeka) hwakamirira vaoni kare maviri dzemitambo: vezvokutengeserana "Free Theater" uye dare.

The rusvingo mapoka okutanga

In yechipiri yezana XVIII remakore, nokurongerwa iri nounyanzvi kutamba. Uye mangwanani 1773 pasi tutelage pamusoro Leopold Paradise muguta guru pachishandiswa wenherera akazarura kurovedza wokutanga pakati, uyo akazova wokutanga ruzhinji yemitambo yacho. In wokutanga yakatarwa paiva nevana 60. Musi wokutanga choreographic kuita wakaratidzwa Cosimo vaipemberera Maddox, anoti mubhuku rake rinonzi Yu Bakhrushin.

Nhoroondo Russian kutamba, vakadzidza uye inovarondedzera zvakawanda, azere kuvatungamirira kunozarura nguva iyi, unyanzvi kutamba. Maddox aine chikwata muduku, akadzidza mu Russia, vachitamba kufanorongwa munhu enyambo dhanzi, magadzirirwo awo yakatsaurirwa kuna zviitiko zvechokwadi (somuenzaniso, "kunwa Ochakovo"), uye Divertimenti.

Against ichi nechekumashure, nokukurumidza akatanga kuva serf yemitambo. Mumakore gumi okupedzisira ezana remakore XVIII chave kuzivikanwa guru seboka serf vatambi. Mapoka akadaro zvave Zorich Golovkin, Apraksin, Sheremetyevo, Potemkin nevamwe venyika.

Iyoyi akaona kukura uye idzidziso vanhukadzi kutamba unyanzvi uye unyanzvi magadzirirwo kumiririra zvaiitika. Pane idzva tsika nyama pachikuva kuitika, kuti zvandakaona kuti nyora musoro werudzii, kushandisa mutambo hafu-mimvuri uye chiedza.

Yakunda Russian kutamba

Nhoroondo Russian kutamba ose 19-20 emakore izere uye zvakasiyana-siyana. By pakutanga XIX remakore kutamba uri inowana Kukura iyo kunoongwa nokuda vateereri. Russian Ballerina tanga kupinda magadzirirwo awo nenyama, chakanaka uye kuratidza. Zvinonzi chaizvo nomazvo anoona A. S. Pushkin, kutsanangura kunaka kutamba inofamba vakararama panguva yake, nenyeredzi ari kutamba kuitika, Istomin: "Mweya huzere kutiza" (mutsara rava rakafanana nerokuti ari kutamba). Her chiso chedu uye runako kuti kutamba masangano kuyemurwa. Vazhinji vaoni vakaenda chaipo Avdotya Istomin.

No zvishoma yakanaka vaiva Lihutina Anastasia, Catherine Teleshova, Danilova Mariya.

Ballet zvesimba kuwedzera kukurumbira. Ballet kutamba, sezvo unyanzvi, izvozvo Zvinosarudzwa, uye dzinounzwa ehurumende dzinopiwa.

By newfangled pamusoro "realism" makore 60th remakore rapfuura, tsika vepamusoro chinofukidzwa. The Russian theatre dambudziko rinouya. With maererano kuna choreographies, iye achiisa primitivism yacho storyline, izvo kuchinja mumwe kutamba. Vachitamba vanenge zvasvika hwakakwana, kupa kutamba mu sezvazviri nezvinobvamo.

Nhoroondo Russian kutamba anoenda kuvandudza. Rumutsiriro kwakatanga Petra Chaykovskogo, uyo akanyora nziyo yokutanga choreographic nezvinobvamo. Munhoroondo yose kutamba, kokutanga mumhanzi rava chinokosha sezvo kutamba. Uye kunyange akazviratidza pamusoro ndima chete dhanzi mumhanzi uye symphonic nziyo. Kana mimhanzi Tchaikovsky akanyora pasi kutamba okunze, zvino kutamba mutambi plasticity, kufamba uye nyasha akatsvaka kuratidza zvokuridza mwoyo uye manzwiro, pane kubatsira Fafitera kukanganisika pebindu, akaronga munyori wacho manotsi. Nyika ichiri inoyemura akakurumbira "Swan Lake."

Choreographer Gorsky vakagadzika kubudiswa panguva zvinhu zvokuita, ndakatanga kuteerera chaizvo mifananidzo kugadzira mapango okuvaka zvaiitika, muchitenda kuti Fafitera anofanira kunyudzwa zvakazara mune zviri kuitika pachikuva. Vakarambidza kushandisa mime zvinhu. Akanyatsosiyana kushandura mamiriro ezvinhu Fokine. Akararamazve ari kudanana kutamba uye akatora mutauro kutamba uye mutauri zvakajeka muviri. Maererano Fokin, posing nomumwe pachikuva anofanira kuva akasiyana nemamwe. Kureva mumhanzi, kutamba manyorerwo uye muenzaniso kunge rakasiyana kune imwe maonero. Mumakore wokutanga zviziviso XX remakore filmed kugadzirwa ake "muIjipiti usiku," "The Dying Swan", "Dream Midsummer Usiku," "Acis uye Galatea" uye vamwe.

Muna 1908 Diaghilev S. P. Fokin akakokwa kuva chikuru mukuru Parisian "Mwaka Russian". With kukoka ino Fokin akava nyika yakakurumbira. A Russian kutamba vemifananidzo simbi gore mukukunda kuita guru French. Nhoroondo Russian kutamba vachitamba rinorumbidza Russian troupe, vane mazita anozivikanwa munyika yose: Adolf Bolm, Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina, Vaslav Nijinsky, etc. Uye panguva kwokuderera European kutamba.!

Diaghilev akatora mukana uye akunda. Iye akaunganidza troupe vaduku uye unyanzvi kutamba vatambi uye akavapa akasununguka ruoko. Kubvumirwa kushanda kunze yechinangwa known, wakaisa yakakurumbira, asi kare Petipa zvikuru kare.

Rusununguko chiito kwakaita vachitamba kuziva uye kutaura pachavo. Kuwedzera kune izvi echimurenga zvakagadzirwa Diaghilev anokwezvwa akajeka yakakurumbira vemifananidzo vezera ake (Jean Cocteau, A. Derain, Picasso) uye Vanyori (K. Debissi, Ravel, Stravinsky). Zvino ose kutamba kugadzirwa raiva rounyanzvi.

Mushure October Revolution, vachitamba zhinji uye choreographers akasiya breakaway Russian. Asi nomuzongoza akasara. Vanova pedyo vanhu Russian kutamba. Pages nhoroondo shure kuita ... ona zvakawanda

Mushure pakati XX remakore, vachitamba uye choreographers vorudzi chitsva madzokera mamiriro Thumbnail akanganwa kutamba, norudimbwa uye kutamba mumwe chiito. Kuwanda Studios uye mitambo yairamba ichikura.

"The Hunokunda", Ballerina, kutamba mutsoropodzi

The akakurumbira Russian mutambi Vera Mihaylovna Krasovskaya raivapo kumashure Russian hweRoma, September 11, 1915 ari. Ndapedza chikoro akapinda uye muna 1933 vakabudirira kudzidza Leningrad Choreographic School. Akadzidzira panguva yakakurumbira Vaganova Agrippina. Kubvira panguva iyoyo kusvikira 1941 Krasovskaja anoshanda Theatre. Kirov. Iye vakabatikana mubasa ballets Yedzidzo repertoire.

Muna 1951, Vera M. kudzidza chikoro muna Leningrad Theater Institute. Ostrovsky, pashure dzidzo panguva rorusununguko yemitambo.

chikoro nyanzvi akagamuchira Krasouskaya kutanga boka Agrippina Vaganova, ipapo postnovkah kutamba of Mariinsky Theater, aine pfuma nokuziva Encyclopedic scale, revatongi, tsika nemagariro uye zvinoshamisa nokurayira mutauro (French uye Chirungu), kuubvumira kuva kwakajeka uye zvechokwadi chikuru kutamba uri mutsoropodzi.

Muna 1998, mashoko akanaka rakapararira yemitambo yose. Premium "Triumph" yakahwina Vera Mihaylovna Krasovskaya. Nhoroondo Russian kutamba, izvo iye akatsanangura mumabhuku (vamwe vavo mumitauro yokumwe) uye nyaya (300) sezvo unyanzvi wenhau dzakaitika uye mutsoropodzi, akaita Vera Mikhailovna weNobel wakasununguka "Triumph" Russian Award. mubayiro Izvi paakavapa kuti soro kubudirira mune uye mabhuku.

Muna 1999 Krasouskaya Vera Mikhailovna akanga aenda.

epilogue

Nhoroondo Russian kutamba nokuonga rinochengeta mazita vatenzi ose kutamba, uyo akaita mupiro wakakura kuti paumbwe Russian magadzirirwo awo. Izvi chazezesa Didlo S., M. Petipa, A. Saint-Leon, S. Diaghilev, Fomin, uye vamwe vakawanda. A netarenda vemifananidzo Russian vakaswedera uye nhasi chinokwezva akawandisa vanoiona pose.

Nanhasi, Russian kutamba makambani vanonzi chakanakisisa munyika.