Mutauro Catalan - unhu. Apo vachitaura Catalan

Catalan ndezvevanhu oksitano-Romance subgroup of Indo-European mhuri. Zviri mamiriro muna weutungamiriri of Andorra. Uwandu vanhu vanotaura Catalan, iri vanenge mamiriyoni 11. Kakawanda, mutauro uyu unogona kunzwiwa mundima zvionera Communities muSpain (Balearic Islands uye Valencia), Italy (Alghero, riri pachitsuwa Sardinia) uye France (ichindosvika kuPyrenees-Orientales).

General mashoko uye tsanangudzo pfupi

Muzana XVIII remakore rakanga mazita akawanda Catalan nezvichaitika chii rakashandiswa mundima dzakasiyana. Nanhasi, akachengetedzwa mamwe mazwi maviri kureva mutauro uyu - Catalano-Valencian-Balearic (kushandiswa zvikuru mabhuku nesayenzi) uye Valencian. Zvapedzisira Ipfungwa rinoshandiswa chete vanhu vanogara zvionera nenzanga Valencia (chikamu Spain). Pane isingawanzowanikwi wenyaya "Mallorquina", iro rinoshandiswa zvisina nguva (Balearic Islands, Umambo Majorca).

Catalan akatora nzvimbo vanoremekedzwa wechitanhatu muna Romance boka vakaverengwa vakurukuri (kwete vanhu zvishoma pane mamiriyoni 11.6). It mberi chiSpanish, vokuItaly, French, Portuguese uye Romanian. Catalan ari rechi14 nzvimbo European Union maererano nokuchena kushandiswa pakutaura kwezuva nezuva.

Nokuti kunyora rinoshandiswa akachinja Latin: somuenzaniso, mubatanidzwa tsamba -ny-, -l ∙ l-, -ig, hazvina kumwe. Maitiro zviri mutauro chokuita phonetics uye girama, pamusoro nhamba mavhawero (muna Romance boka iri Catalan nomwe, - masere) uye pakushandisa nyaya chaiyo pamberi mazita.

Muna January 2009, rekodhi wakarebesa kupa vamwe mukana wokutaura munyika (maawa 124 dzamarudzi kutaura) rave iiswe. Most kazhinji kutaurwa Catalan. rekodhi munyori akanga perpinyanets Lewis Kulet.

Nhoroondo chidzoke uye kukura

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mutauro Catalan akatanga kuoneka kudzoka X remakore sezvo tanga Zvivako uchishandisa "Kudzidzisa simba" mutauro, iyo yakawanikwa hwekare kubva ichi remakore. It akasimuka pahwaro nyadzisa echiLatin kuchamhembe chikamu Iberian Peninsula. Mukupera Middle Ages kwainzi repamusoro Catalan uye aiwanzoshandiswa mumabhuku (saka ndinosarudza kunyora muna Occitan), uzivi uye kunyange nesayenzi.

Kubvira XIII remakore, bazi remutauro achisimbisa zvishoma nezvishoma nzvimbo yacho kuti vave yakazvimirira mutauro. Nepo Ramon Lully nokushandiswa Catalan akasika mabasa pamusoro yebhaibheri, kwouzivi uye unyanzvi misoro. Zvechokwadi yendarama zera kuti mutauro vakava XV remakore. The tenzi kupfuura consummate uye yakajeka mumwe akatanga kushandisa mutauro uyu nhetembo, vakava Auzias Mark. Ukuru muna prose Chokwadi, ndowenyika yokufungidzira "The White mudzvinyiriri" uye "Curia uye Guelph," munyori yaiva Zhuanot Martorell.

Pakutanga ari XIX remakore, mutauro Catalan varasikirwa pakubwinya kwayo kwokutanga. Chikonzero ichi chaiva magariro uye enyika vepamusoro, izvo vakatanga kushingaira kushandisa Castilian (zita yekare Spanish). Nokuda vanhuwo uye vafundisi, akaramba kushandisa Catalan muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva, mutauro asingadi kuva akafa.

Pashure Civil yeHondo 1936-1939. uye kukunda Franco yaiva zvairambidzwa kushandiswa bazi remutauro mune anotaurwa uye zvakanyorwa mutauro. In Spain, panguva iyoyo paiva nemutemo maererano izvo munhu uchishandisa Catalan, pasi mhosva chirango. VeMubatanidzwa hweruzhinji munyika kwakakonzera autonomization dzimwe nzvimbo, saka kuti mutauro zvakare akava mamiriro.

chiperengo

Catalan kunyora hurongwa inoshandisa Latin arufabheti pamwe diacritical mavanga. Pakati zviri nezvitsinga uyu dzinounzwa sezvinotevera:

• shandisa Interpoint pakati kaviri tsamba L: intel • ligent - akangwara;
• kushandiswa anofambidzana -ig-, izvo zvinoratidza kuridza [ʧ] nemashoko dzakadai maig, faig nezvimwewo.
• shandisa tsamba t, rinomirira chinotevera kwenguva nzvanyira TL, tll, TN uye TM: setmana - vhiki, bitllet - tikiti;
• coupling zw, ts, TJ, TG rinoshandiswa affricates.

Mamirire zviri mavhawero

Mumwe zviri ichi mhando mazwi - Kutsakatika iyi mavhawero pakupera mashoko Latin mavambo kunze tsamba s. Nyaya iyi iri anonyanya kusiyaniswa mumutauro Catalan Italo-Roman uye Western Iberian subgroup. Mutauro subfamilies izvi ngaunyatsobata zvose yokupedzisira mavhawero. Catalan uye Occitan kugovana wandei mashoko monosyllabic uye vakawanda diphthongs. The musiyano mitauro miviri pamusoro ndiye rutapudzo ari diphthong AU kuvhura ruzha O.

Catalan akasiyana Spanish ezita richengetedzwe yakazaruka pfupi akasimbisa mavhawero of Latin mavambo uye O E. -ACT Tikafunga tsamba pakati mashoko kaviri rutapudzo uye ichichinja -zw. Nyaya iyi zvakajairika kuti mutauro Catalan uye Western Romance (Occitan uye Languedoc mutauro).

Features emakonzonendi

Izvi mhando inzwi inozivikanwa yezwi matsi -T, -C, -P achirira -d-, -g-, -b. Nyaya iyi anosanganisa pamwe Catalan Romanesque kumavirazuva-subfamily. C. Gallo-Romanic boka mutauro runobatanidza Kuchengetedzwa FL kutanga ruzha, PL, CL, kuchinja rinyerere emakonzonendi zvinoenderana mune kana rinotevera shoko anotanga munhu vataura nzvanyira kana nzvanyira. Process Drop intervocalic -N, iro rakafanana anonyadzisira Latin uye zvinoshamisa wokupedzisira nzvanyira anosanganisa pamwe Catalan uye Occitan languedocien mutauro.

• Funga yepakutanga zvinhu zvisina rinowanikwa Romance mitauro:
• Latin nzvanyira ruzha anova -D -u;
• -TIS magumo anopinda -u (chete yechipiri munhu muzvizhinji);
• Latin finite Tikafunga mazwi -C + E, i → -u (approx. CRUCEM → creu).

mhando

Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana pamusoro munharaunda idzodzo munzvimbo vanhu vanotaura Catalan, pasi ake simba, pane mhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Funga anokosha, uyewo nzvimbo panowanikwa:

• mutauro Sicilian kumaodzanyemba Italy;
• patuet remutauro, izvo kusvikira yechipiri yezana remakore rapfuura vakataura vatama, uye gare gare - zvizvarwa zvavo kubva rwezasi Valencia, Ibiza. Kana mutauro, zvava hwaro Arab uye French mashoko;

• paumbwe mutauro panotcho (zvionera Community pamusoro Murcie) zvinokonzerwa Catalan. Kunyika kwayakabva - Spain;
• mutauro Sicilian, Southern Italy;
• rwechiHebheru churros, chiSpanish nzvimbo mundima zvionera Community pakati Valencia;
• mutauro Neapolitan, nyika - Italy.