List wokuRussia simba renyukireya miti. Vangani renyukireya simba zvinomera muRussia

Nuclear wefizikisi, sezvinoita sainzi akasimuka pashure kuwanikwa muna 1986 pamusoro radioactivity masayendisiti Becquerel uye Marie Curie, akava hwaro kwete chete zvombo zvenyukireya asiwo indasitiri yenyukireya.

Tanga Research Nuclear muRussia

Nechekare Radium Commission hwakagadzwa muna 1910 kuSt Petersburg, raisanganisira anozivikanwa yefizikisi NN Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

Kudzidza radioactivity kurongedza pakabudiswa yomunyika simba kuitwa padariro wokutanga simba renyukireya kukura mu Russia, munguva kubvira 1921 kusvika 1941. Zvadaro, zvakaratidza zvichibvira Nyuturoni kubatwa protons hunonzi isimbiswe mukana zvenyukireya siyana nokuda fission kuti uranium exchange.

Achitungamirirwa I. V. Kurchatova vashandi kuti masangano ose mumadhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana chave kuti yakananga basa Implementation ari cheni maitiro uranium exchange fission.

Pakusika zvombo zvenyukireya zviri USSR

Pakazosvika 1940, akaita akazviunganidzira chihombe Statistical uye zvinoshanda ruzivo, akabvumira masayendisiti kureva hutungamiri munyika iri pamutemo kushandisa chihombe mabhomba simba. Muna 1941, cyclotron wokutanga, iyo yaiita hurongwa kuongorora kuti excitation pamusoro nuclei wakakurumidza ions rakavakwa muMoscow. Pakutanga zvokushandisa hondo rakanyonganiswa kuna Ufa uye Kazan, uye netsvimbo vanofanira kuenda.

By 1943 pakanga chaiyo murabhoritari maatomu musimboti achitungamirirwa I. V. Kurchatova, chinangwa raiva pakasikwa bhomba yenyukireya kana uranium exchange mafuta.

Kushandiswa mabhomba mabhomba neUnited States muna August 1945 muna paHiroshima neNagasaki akasika muenzaniso kuti chindingindingi vaiva munyika superweapon uye nokudaro akamanikidzira Soviet Union kuti rikurumidze basa chokusika bhomba yayo renyukireya.

Mugumisiro zviyero nesangano chaiva kushanda uranium exchange-graphite reactor yenyukireya rokutanga Russia mumusha Sarov (Gorky Region) muna 1946. In mumuedzo reactor F-1 uye vokutanga kudzora maitiro yenyukireya chaiitirwa.

Industrial reactor nokuti plutonium vapfume yakavakwa muna 1948 muna kuChelyabinsk. Muna 1949, rimwe bvunzo chaiitirwa kupomera plutonium renyukireya panguva bvunzo nzvimbo muna Semipalatinsk.

danho iri rakatanga regadziriro nhoroondo renyukireya wechipfuwo. Uye kare muna 1949, magadzirirwo basa kuvaka yenyukireya simba chirimwa zvakatangwa.

Muna 1954 iri Obninsk vakatanga yokutanga (Demo) kugadzwa renyukireya munyika simba vade (5 MW).

Industrial Dual-chinangwa reactor, apo Kuwedzera kugadzira magetsi kuunganidza zvakawanda uye plutonium zvombo giredhi, akaiswa Tomsk (Seversk) pa Siberian namakemikari chirimwa.

Russian renyukireya: marudzi reactors

simba renyukireya Soviet Union yakanga pakutanga nezvezvandaifanira kushandisa mukuru-simba reactors:

• Mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka chafariz reactor RBMK (RBMK); Chinotsva - zvishoma zvakapfumisa uranium exchange yakasviba (2%), maitiro retarder - graphite coolant - kufashaira mvura yakaidzwa deuterium uye tritium (mvura chiedza).
• The reactor WWER (VVER) Nyuturoni chafariz akanyudzwa ari kumanikidzwa mudziyo, huni - uranium exchange yakasviba vafumiswa pamwe 3-5% Sachigaro - mvura, zviri vo coolant.
• BN-600 - kutsanya Nyuturoni reactor, huni - zvakapfumisa uranium exchange coolant - yavaibvisa. Munyika yezvokutengeserana reactor chete ichi mhando. Akagadzawo panguva Beloyarsk yemapurisa.
• EGP - chafariz reactor (simba heterogeneous loop) chete inoshanda Bilibino. Inozivikanwa kuti overheating pamusoro coolant (mvura) kuitika reactor pacharo. Kuzivikanwa sezvo unpromising.

In yose, Russia anogona kuwedzera NPP ichishanda nhasi vari 33 inokwana zviyero ane zvachose kukwanisa anopfuura 2300 MW:

• VVER - 17 inokwana zviyero;
• reactors RMBK - 11 dzakabatana;
• reactors BN - 1 chikwata;
• reactors EGP - 4 zvinogumbura.

List wokuRussia uye dzeSoviet NPP chiyamuro nguva kubva 1954 kusvika 2001.

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, Kaluga Region. Chinangwa - kuratidzira uye maindasitiri. Reactor mhando - AM-1. Akamira muna 2002
2. 1958, Siberia, Tomsk-7 (Seversk) Tomsk nharaunda. Chinangwa - kukudziridza plutonium zvombo-sosaiti, mamwe kupisa uye mvura inopisa kuti Seversk uye Tomsk. Reactor mhando - EI-2, 3-Ade, Ade-4, 5-Ade. Pakupedzisira akamira muna 2008 pasi chibvumirano muUnited States.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). reactor mhando - Ade, Ade 1, Ade-2. Chinangwa - kukudziridza plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi kuti vakuchidzire esimbi emhodzi muna Krasnoyarsk. Kwokupedzisira vanorega kwakaitika muna 2010 pasi chibvumirano muUnited States.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region. reactor mhando - dig via 100, dig via-200, BN-600 uye BN-800. Dig via-100 akambopedza 1983, ari dig via-200 - muna 1990 chiito.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. reactor mhando - VVER mabhuroko mashanu. Rokutanga uye rechipiri chemabhazi. Status - matsva.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, guta Melekess (reDimitrovgrad 1972) Ulyanovsk nharaunda. Types isingachinji pakutsvakurudza reactors - WORLD SM RBT-6, muBor-60 RBT-10/1 RBT-10/2, VC-50. MuBor-60 uye VC-50 kubudisa okuwedzera magetsi. Kuramba chokuwedzera vanorega nguva. Status - chete yemapurisa pamwe tsvakurudzo reactors. Zvinofungidzirwa mukuvhara - 2020.
7. 1972, Dzhafarova (Mangyshlak), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN, akamira muna 1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, Polar Zori Murmansk nharaunda. Four VVER. Status - matsva.
9. 1973, Leningrad, Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad nharaunda. Four reactor RMBK-1000 (zvakafanana muna paChernobyl). Status - matsva.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP Bilibino, Chukotka zvionera nzira mucheto. Mhando reactors - dig via (pari akamira), BN mana EGP. Vachiita.
11. 1976. Kursk, Kurchatov Kursk nharaunda. reactors Four akaisa RMBK-1000. Vachiita.
12. 1976. Armenian, pamusoro Metsamor, Armenia. kutanga akamira muna 1989, vaviri VVER Unit, chiito wechipiri.
13. 1977. PaChernobyl, paChernobyl, Ukraine. reactors Four akaisa RMBK-1000. The anovhara chechina akaparadzwa muna 1986, chikwata chechipiri anomiswa muna 1991, yokutanga - muna 1996, wechitatu - muna 2000
14. 1980. Rovno, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne nharaunda., Ukraine. zvidzidzo vatatu VVER reactors. Vachiita.
15. 1982. Smolensk, Desnogorsk Smolensk nharaunda, zviyero zviviri pamwe VVER-1000 RMBK. Vachiita.
16. 1982. South Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolayiv nharaunda., Ukraine. Three VVER. Vachiita.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (aimbonzi Ignalina dunhu), Lithuania. Two RMBK reactor. akumbirwa European Union akambopedza 2009 (pamwe kupinda EEC).
18. 1984. KuKalinin NPP, Udomlya Tver nharaunda. Two VVER. Vachiita.
19. 1984. Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Zvidhinha matanhatu pamusoro VVER. Vachiita.
20. 1985. Balakovo, Balakovo, Saratov nharaunda. Four VVER. Vachiita.
21. 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky nharaunda., Ukraine. One VVER. Vachiita.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov nharaunda. Pakazosvika 2014, kushanda zvidhinha maviri VVER reactors. Two inokwana zviyero pasi kuvakwa.

Renyukireya mushure paChernobyl tsaona

1986 akaratidza dzinouraya nokuda indasitiri. Migumisiro njodzi nomunhu akanga saka zvisingatarisirwi vanhu kuti dzinongoitika zvairatidza ari kuvhara zvakawanda zvirimwa simba renyukireya. Kuwanda simba renyukireya zvinomera pasi pose akaramba. Dzakamiswa Soviet Union pasi chokuvaka kwete chete mumhuri pazviteshi, asiwo mhiri kwemakungwa.

List wokuRussia renyukireya simba anosima, kuvakwa yaiva yakaturikwa:

• Gorkovskaya AST (kudziyisa chirimwa);
• Crimea;
• Voronezh AST.

List wokuRussia renyukireya simba anosima, akadzima panguva akagadzira uye regadziriro earthworks:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• Far East;
• Ivanovskaia AST (kudziyisa chirimwa);
• Karelian Karelian NPP NPP-2;
• Krasnodar.

Abandoned simba renyukireya miti Russia: Zvinokonzera

Kuwana nzvimbo kuvaka pamusoro tectonic mhosva - zvikonzero yataurwa pamutemo manyuko pakuchengetedza Russian renyukireya simba chirimwa kuvakwa. Map zvikuru zvizivikanwe nemichina nzvimbo munyika oga Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag mapazi Baikal kusanzwana, Altai-Sayan, East Far uye Priamurskaya.

Kubva panguva iyi maonero kuvakwa Crimean yemapurisa (yokutanga chinogumbura unoda - 80%) chaizvoizvo akatanga buda. Chikonzero chaicho kuti ndichengetedze simba kuramba ari inodhura vakava vanoshorwa mamiriro - the zvoupfumi munyika USSR. In iyoyo vakanga conserved (chaizvoizvo aiswa kuti embezzlement), maindasitiri nzvimbo zhinji, pasinei mukuru mwero nokugadzirira.

Rostov NPP: ari resumption okuvaka Kurwisa voruzhinji

Kuvaka chirimwa chakatangwa muna 1981. Muna 1990, pasi nezvinhu chinoshingaira voruzhinji Regional Council kushandisa chisarudzo pamusoro pakuvaka kuchengetedza. Unoda wokutanga chinogumbura panguva yakanga yatova 95% uye 2nd - 47%.

Makore masere gare gare, muna 1998, akanga yakadzokororwa chepakutanga kunze, nhamba vezvikwata ipfupi maviri. Muna May 2000, kuvakwa rakazotanga, uye muna May 2001 yokutanga hadzisisina anobatidzwa kusvika afoot. Kutanga gore rinouya, yava akatangazve pavakwe yechipiri. Kwokupedzisira kanda yakanga ichinonoka kakawanda, uye muna March 2010 rakaitirwa kubatana kwayo kusvikira afoot yeRussian Federation.

Rostov NPP chikwata 3

Muna 2009, chisarudzo chakaitwa musi kukura Rostov simba renyukireya chirimwa pakagadzwa yakawanda inoperera yake mana nokuda VVER reactors.

Tichifunga kuitika panguva magetsi nokutengesa pamusoro Crimean kweItari inofanira kuva Rostov NPP. 3 chikwata muna December 2014 raiwanzobatana kuti simba ezvinhu ari Russian Federation kusvikira risingamboshandisi simba. By mid-2015 zvinonzi aronga kutanga yezvokutengeserana kushanda (1011 MW), izvo zvinofanira yekuzvidzivirira pfupi Magetsi kubva kuUkraine muna Crimea.

Renyukireya muna Russian ano

By pakutanga 2015 zvose simba renyukireya miriwo Russia (yaivapo uye pasi kuvakwa) vari subsidiaries kuti "Rosenergoatom" hanya. The dambudziko iri nemauto nezvinetso uye Nokurasikirwa kwakakurirwa. Pakazotanga 2015 muRussia mune 10 renyukireya simba zvinomera pasi kuvakwa - 5 pasi uye mumwe zvinoyangarara chiteshi.

List wokuRussia simba renyukireya miti kushanda kutanga 2015:

• Beloyarsk (mukutanga kushanda - 1964).
• Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant (1964).
• Kola Nuclear Power Plant (1973).
• Leningrad (1973).
• Bilibino (1974).
• Kursk (1976).
• Smolensk (1982).
• KuKalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovo (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Russian renyukireya nesimba zvinomera pasi kuvakwa

• KuBaltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad nharaunda. Two inoperera pahwaro ari VVER-1200 reactors. Construction rakatanga muna 2012. Tanga - muna 2017, ari zvakagadzirirwa vanokwanisa - muna 2018

Zvinonzi aronga kuti kuBaltic NPP achaita Export magetsi kuti European nyika: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. magetsi rokutengesa muRussia vachaitwa kubudikidza Lithuanian simba hurongwa.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk nharaunda, pamusoro ano nzvimbo. Mumwe chikwata - inobva BN-800 reactor. Pakutanga kurongwa nokuti pakuparurwa muna 2014 kwave zvava nokuda havatorina rweUkraine chokuita enyika zvakaitika 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2 Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad nharaunda. Chetyrehblokovaya chiteshi kwakavakirwa VVER-1200 reactors. Zvichava chinzvimbo Shera (Leningrad). The chikwata yokutanga aronga kutanga muna 2015, zvinotevera - 2017, 2018, 2019. azvaitwa.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 Novovoronezh Voronezh nharaunda, kwete kure chiito. Ichatsiva vakaronga kuvakwa kutigumbura zvina, wokutanga - pachishandiswa ari VVER-1200 reactors, zvinotevera - VVER-1300. Kutanga akagadzira vanokwanisa - muna 2015 (wokutanga chikwata).
• Rostov (cm. Above).

Zvenyukireya Power Industry Munyika Yose: muchidimbu

Muchikamu European kwenyika dzinovakwa zvinenge zvose Russian renyukireya simba miti. Map yemapuraneti urongwa renyukireya simba miti chinoratidza wevasungwa zvinhu zvinotevera kunzvimbo zvina: Europe, Far East (Japan, China, Korea), kuMiddle East, Central America. Maererano IAEA, reactors zvenyukireya vanenge 440 kushanda muna 2014.

Nuclear zvirimwa simba vari kusimbiswa zvinotevera nyika:

• US renyukireya simba miti kubereka 836 630 000 000 kWh / gore ..;
• muFrance - 439 730 000 000 kWh / gore ;.
• Japan - 263 830 000 000 kWh / gore ;.
• mu Russia - 160 040 000 000 kWh / gore ;.
• muna Korea - 142 940 000 000 kWh / gore ;.
• mu Germany - 140 530 000 000 kWh / gore ..