Kutyora thermoregulation muviri; zvinokonzera uye zviratidzo

Mumwe nemumwe wedu anoziva kuvapo chinhu chakadai tembiricha muviri. In noutano vakuru, ayo kuita kuti ave kuwanda 36-37 ° C. Zvakasiyana kana nhungamiro achiratidza panowanikwa zvirwere chero etiology kana kutyora thermoregulation of muviri. Ichi chirwere, sezvo vakadaro, hakusi Zvisinei, unogona kukonzera destabilization ari nhengo uye hurongwa, kunyange zvinouraya. Thermoregulation kugona kuti zvose ushamwari-ropa rechiJudha chairo mhuka, kusanganisira vanhu. basa Izvi kuzoumba uye sangano mukufamba shanduka. It rinoronga dzinotsanagura muviri, hunobvumira kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu enyika kunze nyika, nokudaro vachibatsira zvipenyu kurwira ivepo. Mumwe nomumwe, pasinei mhando, chinzvimbo, kana zera, ose wechipiri ari pachena kuti mamiriro ezvinhu, uye muviri wayo kuramba kuitika yakawanda yakasiyana siyana. pezvakaitwa zvose izvi vanotsamwisa nokufamba mumuviri tembiricha, iyo, asi nokuda thermoregulation, kuzvidzora, kwaizounza kuparadzwa munhu nadzo uye muviri wose. Zvikurukuru, chii chinoitika kana pane kutyora thermoregulation. The zvinokonzera chirwere ichi ingava yakasiyana kubva duku kune zvikuru hypothermia CNS zvinetso, thyroid kana hypothalamus. Kana kutambura kwakadaro zvirwere thermoregulation hurongwa kuzvigona havaratidzi pamwe mabasa ayo kuti igadzirise zvinhu, zvinokosha kurapa runotikurudzira chirwere. Kana thermoregulation iri uchaputswa hwakanaka munhu, uye chikonzero kuti aiva nechitarisiko mamiriro zvakadai ekunze, unofanira kupa izvi wacho rwekutanga. Kazhinji zvinokanganisawo utano uye upenyu hwavo ramangwana. Nyaya iyi anopa mashoko pamusoro sei mutemo tembiricha yomuviri, iyo zviratidzo zvinoratidza kukundikana thermoregulation, uye chero chinhu iyi, unofanira kutora.

muviri tembiricha Features

Kutyora thermoregulation inokosha chokuita tembiricha muviri. Kakawanda, zviri akayera ari hapwa, apo unowanzovapo vaifungidzira kuti 36,6 ° C. ukoshi Izvi anoratidza kupisa mumuviri uye anofanira kuva chaivo kuramba. Zvisinei muviri tembiricha iri neeSultan maduku dzingasiyana, semuenzaniso, zvichienderana nenguva zuva, izvo zviri kuitika. kukosha kwayo yakaderera akanyorwa pakati 2 uye 4 o'clock mangwanani, uye soro pakati 4 uye 7 pm. Munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri tembiricha kuverengwa vari kuchinja, pamwe nguva zuva zviri akazvimirira. Saka, muna mugaranhoko vaiona kwomuzvarirwo netsika ne 37,2 ° C kuti 37,5 ° C, uye muromo kubva 36,5 ° C kuti 37,5 ° C. Uyezve, tembiricha wavo romuzvarirwo nhengo dzose. The soro mumwe ari chiropa, apo wasvika pachiyero 38 ° C 40 ° C. Asi pazuva okunze muviri tembiricha kuchinja hazvifaniri kuchafadza. Thermoregulatory ndero kunyatsoreva irambe kugara pasi ezvinhu zvose zvakatipoteredza. In mushonga inonzi homeothermy, uye kugara tembiricha anonzi isotherms.

Kutyora thermoregulation pamusoro muviri hunhu kuwedzera kana kudzikira muviri tembiricha tsika. Pane zvakawanda pachena yaro okumusoro tsika, kupfuura izvo haugoni kuenda, nokuti chinourayisa. Mune mamwe nokumutswa munhu anogona kurarama kana ayo tembiricha muviri akatura 25 ° C kana kumuka 42 ° C, kunyange pane nyaya kupona pasi zvikuru akanyanyisa tsika.

Pfungwa thermoregulation

Conventionally, muviri womunhu anogona anomirirwa muchimiro panozogadzirika tichigara tembiricha, uye goko, umo anochinja. The tsanga pezvakaitwa kuitika somugumisiro iyo kupisa asunungurwa. Kuburikidza goko pakati kwokunze ezvinhu uye kupisa Exchange core. Kupisa kunobva ndicho chikafu kuti isu uchapedza zuva nezuva. Kana processing zvokudya, oxidation kwemafuta, mapuroteni, Mahydrocarbon, i.e., zvinoitwa muviri. Pavaifamba Chokwadi, uye kuumbwa kupisa kugadzirwa. Musimboti thermoregulation ndiko kuramba pakati nepakati kupisa mukutsinhana uye paumbwe kupisa. Nemamwe mashoko, kuti tembiricha muviri aiva mukati inowanzotorwa siyana, kuti goko unofanira kupiwa kupisa svikiro chero bedzi achiumbwa munyika core. Kukanganisa muviri thermoregulation kunoitika kana paine mari vachamhanyira nokupisa, kana, nekusiyana, zvinova zvikuru kupfuura goko tichakwanisa zvakatipoteredza.

Izvi zvingava nokuda:

- kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu (zvakare inopisa kana akanyanya chando);

- yakawedzera fiznagruzok;

- kwete dzakakodzera ekunze zvipfeko;

- kutora zvimwe mishonga;

- doro yaunodya;

- kuvapo chirwere (dystonia, rouropi, chirwere cheshuga insipidus, siyana syndromes atadze kushanda zvakanaka pamusoro hypothalamus, thyrotoxic dambudziko nevamwe).

Thermoregulation nenzira mbiri:

1. Chemical.

2. Physical.

Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

The mushonga nzira

Zvinonzi inobva ukama pakati uwandu zvakapararira kupisa mumuviri uye mwero exothermic siyana. Chemical mhando zvinosanganisira nzira mbiri kuchengeta zvinodiwa tembiricha - contractile uye non-vaidedereswa nemvura yainaya thermogenesis.

Contractile anovamba ishande kana zvakakodzera kuwedzera muviri tembiricha Somuenzaniso pa pakunzwisisa inotonhora. Tinozviona nokumutsa bvudzi pamusoro muviri kana uchimhanya "hanzi anorovera", izvo Micro-vibration. Vanogona kuwedzera kupisa kugadzirwa kuti 40%. In zvikuru chando tinotanga kubvunda. Naizvozvowo hazvina maturo sezvo thermoregulation nzira umo chizvarwa kupisa ichiwedzerwa anenge 2,5 nguva. Kunze involuntary dzepanguva dzekukurira chando, vanhu kutamira, anogona kumutsa tembiricha mumuviri wako. Zvaipesana thermoregulation munyika iyi kunoitika apo kugara kutonhora iri kuresa, kana kuti tembiricha iri pasi, zvichiguma activation pakati exchange anokundikana kubudisa kutsvakwa huwandu kupisa wanda. Mukurapa, mamiriro inonzi hypothermia.

Thermogenesis zvinogona sekubvunda, kuti inoitwa pasina kutora chikamu tsandanyama. Muviri ari kufambira kana nokukurumidza pasi pokudzora zvimwe kugadzirira vezvokurapa, kana zvakawedzera Kugadzirwa mahormone vari thyroid shwanu uye adrenal medulla, pamwe rakawedzera basa aimunzwira tsitsi tsinga. VaBennett thermoregulation hwevanhu kana ichi nhema ichangobva kutaurwa zvirwere thyroid shwanu zvomukati, musimboti tsinga, kutyora adrenal basa. Information pamusoro kuchinja tembiricha nguva dzose anoita kuti CNS. Heat centre iri muchikamu duku pakati zvenguva uropi, hypothalamus. Zvinonzi nevamwe munharaunda pamberi anokonzera Kupisa Exchange, uye shure, basa kugadzirwa kupisa. CNS zvokurwara kana dysfunction pamusoro hypothalamus mukaputsa rinopindirana basa zvikamu izvi, izvo kwakakanganisa rinokanganisa thermoregulation.

Kuwanda kupisa, uye kuwedzera, vamwe vascular nerevane zvinokonzerwa hormone T3 uye T4 thyroid. In inowanzotorwa mamiriro kuti kuchengetedza kupisa, midziyo constrict, uye kuderedza nayo, kuwedzera. Masayendisiti Californian kwakaratidza kuti mahormone anogona "kukanganisa" midziyo, zvichiita kuti kukundikana kuitei uwandu kupisa vanowanika uye kudiwa muviri wayo. In okurapa, kazhinji dzakaona zvaipesana thermoregulation pavarwere nechirwere rouropi kana thyrotoxic dambudziko.

The nzira chaiko

Ane basa kupisa kurasikirwa zvakatipoteredza, izvo kuitwa nzira dzakawanda:

1. Radiation. Zvakajairika miviri zvose uye vanotongwa, tembiricha yomunhu rinopfuura razero. Mwaranzi yakazara remagetsi mafungu michini siyana. Pamusangano tembiricha 20 ° C uye 60% mwando, mukuru anorasikirwa 50% nokupisa kwaro.

2. conduction, izvo zvinoreva kupisa Nokurasikirwa ari kutonhora kuti kubata zvinhu. It kunobva nzvimbo yacho kukurukura hukawanika uye nokudyidzana refu.

3. Convection kutonhora muviri kunoreva kuti tudonhwe svikiro (mhepo, mvura). inoramba yakadaro rondedzera muviri kutora kupisa, uye kupisa simuka, achipa nzvimbo itsva nezvimedu kutonhora.

4. The kwemvura. Izvi zvose zvaizivikanwa ziya, uyewo kwemvura ine mwando kubva mucous panguva kufema.

Munguva nekusagona kushandisa nzira idzi pane kutyora thermoregulation muviri. Zvikonzero izvi zvingave zvakasiyana. Saka, convection uye conduction kurasikirwa kuti kuderedzwa kuti zero, kana kana munhu murima nguvo dzakakudzingai tangency pamwe mhepo kana mumwe chinhu, uye kwemvura hazvibviri pa 100% mwando. Ukuwo, hombe kupisa activation uyewo kunotungamirira kuti kuvhiringidza thermoregulation. Somuenzaniso, convection akanatsiridzwa nemhepo uye kuwedzera kakawanda mvura inotonhora. Ichi chimwe chikonzero vanhu kunyange kuziva sei kushambira zvakanaka, kufa yokuputsikirwa nengarava.

Thermoregulation vakwegura

isu akatarira kumusoro, chii vari thermoregulation muviri womunhu uye zvinokonzera kutyorwa, asi pasina kufungisisa zera zvinhu. Zvisinei, vanhu kukwanisa kudzora muviri tembiricha munguva upenyu changed.

Old vanhu vakakanganisa nzira yacho hypothalamus, kuita tinyatsonzwisisa ambient tembiricha. Havaiti zvakananga kunzwa chando imire pamusoro chando pasi, uyewo haana pakarepo kupindura mvura inopisa, semuenzaniso, vari yokugezera. Naizvozvo, vanogona kukuvadza nyore pachavo (supercooled, scalds). Zvave zvichinzi kuti vanhu vakura havatombobvumi vachinyunyuta pamusoro chando, kwindi, zvinoita sokuti groundless Kusagutsikana, uye kana ukaronga navo hwomutambarakede ezvinhu "zviratidzo" izvi zvose inokuvadza yezvakaita penga nokuda kokuchembera kuderera kana kubviswa.

Panguva iyoyowo, vanhu vakwegura vakawanda vari kuoma nechando kunyange kumbonyanya hwomutambarakede mhepo tembiricha. Vanogona kazhinji kuoneka noushamwari zuva muchirimo akapfeka chando. Kwakadaro kuchinja thermoregulation inokonzerwa kweropa zvirwere uye kuderera Chizenga mumatunhu.

Old vanhu havasi chete nechando, asi kupisa uye woita yakati siyanei. At yakakwirira ambient tembiricha, vangadikitira vanotanga kwapera uye mitemo kudzorerwa muviri tembiricha waivako iri nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva. Nemamwe mashoko, zviratidzo hypothermia kana overheating, vanotanga kuonekwa paya pane vechiduku, uye muviri nokupora zvakawanda zvakaoma.

Kutyora thermoregulation ari mwana

Nokuti muviri wemwana kunoratidzwa nedzimwe zviri ezvinhu thermoregulation. Vachangoberekwa zviri kukwana chaizvo. Vacheche vanoberekwa vaine tembiricha muviri mune zvakawanda 37,7 ° C - 38,2 ° C. Mushure akawanda maawa rikawira munenge 2 ° C, uye ipapo zvakare nepaanogona 37 ° C, kuti hazvifaniri kukonzera kunetseka. Mwero wakakwirira anogona chiratidzo kutanga chero chirwere. Kusakwana basa thermoregulation wemuTesitamende vacheche vanofanira ndanyarara hangu nokuumba naYe kuva okunze. Saka, kusvikira 1 pamwedzi vana vanofanira kuramba mhepo tembiricha 32 ° C - 35 ° C, kana mwana undressed, uye 23 ° C - 26 ° C, kana zapelenut. Kukurudzira thermoregulation vanofanira kutanga nyore - kwete kupfeka ngowani mumusoro. In vana vakuru 1 mwedzi, tembiricha mitemo vari kuderedzwa anenge 2 ° C.

Vana akaberekwa nguva isati yakwana vane zvinetso zvakakomba zvikuru pamwe regulators, saka pakutanga mazuva, mavhiki uye dzimwe nguva ane navo muchitokisi chaiyo. manipulations All navo, kusanganisira tambo, kuchenesa zvokudya uye kuitwa cuvettes.

It nechokumusoro muviri tembiricha kuzvidzora 8 chete makore.

Kutyora thermoregulation ari mucheche anogona kuitika nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:

- mwoyo zvazvinoita hypothalamus (fetus hypoxia, hypoxia Generic, intracranial kunotevera pakusununguka);

- vachiberekwa CNS zvokurwara;

- hypothermia;

- overheating (kunyanya wrapping);

- zvinodhaka (Beta-blockers);

- Climate Change (zvinoitika paunenge vaifamba pamwe chete nevabereki kwevacheche).

In vacheche tembiricha akayera ari hapwa ichaongororwa zvakajairika mu kuwanda kubva 36,4 ° C kuti 37,5 ° C. Lower tsika zvingaratidza kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri, vascular insufficiency. Yepamusoro tsika anoratidza kuitika mumuviri chokutsva.

Zviratidzo hypothermia thermoregulation

Zvichienderana mhaka atadze kushanda zvakanaka iri kudzorwa tembiricha yomuviri, pane zviratidzo siyana kutyorwa thermoregulation muviri. Zviratidzo supercooling kana hypothermia vanotanga kuratidza mukuderedza muviri tembiricha kuvatumwa 35 ° C. mamiriro kwakadaro kunogona kuitika panguva kwenguva refu uchinzwa kuchitonhora kana mumvura. Nokuti avhareji yevanhu kutonhorwa mvura iri kuwanda 26-28 ° C kunoonekwa sechinhu chinogamuchirika, i.e., zvinogona zvakakwana refu. Akaroromesawo nguva zviratidzo izvi, izvo zvinogona nenzira aqueous unosvikirwa pasina kukuvadza utano, kunoderedza zvinoshamisa. Somuenzaniso, pana T = 18 ° C haadi kusapfuudza maminitsi 30.

Hypothermia, zvichienderana kunzwisisa aibuda, unotora matanho matatu:

- chiedza (muviri tembiricha kubva 35 ° C kusvika 34 ° C);

- zvinoreva (T = 34 ° C 30 ° C);

- zvakakomba (T = 30 ° C 25 ° C).

Zviratidzo zviri munyoro chimiro:

- hanzi anorovera;

- cyanosis;

- muviri nokudedera;

- kupfupika mweya;

- dzimwe nguva pane kuwedzera BP tsika.

Zvimwe zvaipesana thermoregulation pezvakaitwa ari kufambira mberi.

Munhu wacho zviratidzo zvakadai:

- pasi BP;

- bradycardia;

- kupfupika mweya;

- constriction of vadzidzi;

- kumira sekubvunda mumuviri;

- kunyangarika kurwadziwa nehanya;

- chinovhiringidza kuti hunenge;

- kurasikirwa pfungwa;

- pakoma.

Mabatirwo hypothermia

Kana, nokuda supercooling kutyora chakaitika thermoregulation muviri, kurapwa zvinofanira zvainanga kuwedzera muviri tembiricha. In munyoro hypothermia kungotevera matanho aya:

- kuenda noushamwari nzvimbo;

- kunwa Hot tii;

- varikwizire makumbo uye kupfeka inodziya masokisi;

- tora rinopisa nemvura.

Kana usingakwanisi kukurumidza kupinda kupisa, zvinokosha kutanga basa kufamba - achisvetukasvetuka, vachidzipukuta nemaoko (kwete chando), donje, chero muviri.

chinobatsira kuti kutyorwa thermoregulation wechipiri, dhigirii kunyanya rechitatu zvinofanira akapa vanhu vepedyo sezvo akuvara haachagoni kuzvitarisira. The algorithm ndiko:

- kuita kuti munhu noushamwari;

- anokurumidza kubvisa nguvo dzake;

- basa varikwizire muviri;

- kuti Sunga mugumbeze, uye jira nani haasi nemhepo;

- kana hazvimbotinetsi pakuparadza dzepanguva, nokunwa inodziya mvura (tii, muto, mvura, kwete doro!).

Kana zvichibvira, unofanira kushevedzera amburenzi uye kuunza murwere kuchipatara, uko kurapwa chichaitwa nokushandiswa tsandanyama relaxants, analgesics, antihistamines uye Anti-anogumbura zvinodhaka, mavhitaminzi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, akaita nokumutswa, dzimwe nguva zvakakodzera kuti dimura frostbitten nemakumbo.

In vana, panowanikwa hypothermia kunoitika kakawanda. Kana supercooling vanoda inodziya wrapping, ipai chipfuva kana inodziya mukaka. Excellent nzira masero thermoregulation anoomesa, kuti vabereki vanofanira kubata mwana mumwedzi zvoupenyu rokutanga. At kutanga matanho zviri mabhati mhepo uye mhepo yakachena. Naizvozvo akawedzera makumbo akanyorova achipukuta jira, kugeza nemvura inotonhora, kushambira ane nezvishoma kuderera tembiricha mvura, achifamba asina shangu.

hyperthermia

The kuwedzera muviri tembiricha, kana hyperthermia ndiyo inenge nguva dzose kutyorwa thermoregulation muviri. Zvikonzero angava sezvinotevera:

- zvirwere vazhinji (kunotevera, utachiona, kuzvimba, dystonia);

- kwenguva yakareba kunokuvadza zuva;

- zvipfeko, kunotadzisa ziya;

- kushushikana;

- yakawedzera kurovedza muviri;

- nokudyisa.

Kana murwere ane zviratidzo chirwere (chikosoro, gastrointestinal zvirwere, kunyunyuta kurwadziwa vari nhengo, etc.), inofanira kusangana dungwerungwe chirwere miedzo kuona chikonzero tembiricha vosimba:

- ropa bvunzo;

- weti ongororo;

- X-ray;

- ECG;

- Ultrasound.

Zvaakanga nechirwere, kurapwa kuri kuitwa kwakaratidza kuti chirwere kuti kufanana anodzosa muviri tembiricha kuti kwomuzvarirwo tsika.

Kana nokuda overheating yakaitika thermoregulation chinovanetsa, kurapwa kuti asike zvinhu nokuda kudzorerwa sei muviri hurongwa basa. Kana sunstroke zviratidzo zvakadai:

- zvakawanda zvive;

- nomusoro;

- svoto;

- fivhiri;

- yakawedzera iratidzike seiri kubuda;

- dzimwe nguva kugwinha, kurasikirwa pfungwa, uye nosebleeds.

Munhu wacho anofanira kuiswa panzvimbo inotonhorera nzvimbo (zvimwe Bed uye kusimudza makumbo), uye:

- on wonamatidza sezvinobvira;

- pukuta muviri ane nyorova jira;

- akaisa pahuma chando tsonyera;

- kunwa inotonhorera acharungwa mvura.

Heat ronda iri nezvezvikwata zvitatu umbirimi:

- chiedza (tembiricha muviri yakawedzera zvishoma);

- zvinoreva (T = 39 ° C 40 ° C);

- zvakakomba (T = 41 ° C kusvika 42 ° C).

Easy chimiro kunoratidzwa nemusoro, utera, kurukutika, kukurumidza kufema, tachycardia. Sezvo kurapwa kunogona kutora inotonhorera nemvura uye kunwa chicherwa mvura.

Kutyora thermoregulation womunhu muviri pakati chakafanana aratidza zviratidzo zvakadai:

- utera;

- svoto kuti kurutsa;

- nomusoro;

- tachycardia;

- dzimwe nguva kurasikirwa chavanoziva.

Zviratidzo chakakomba:

- kuvhiringidzika ;

- nokugwinha;

- thready kufamba kweropa kakawanda;

- kufema kakawanda, kudzika;

- mwoyo kuridza muffled;

- ganda inopisa uye akaoma;

- anuria;

- zvinovadadira uye fungidziro;

- kuchinja ropa sezvamunoita (rutapudzo pamusoro chlorides, kuwedzera urea uye residual senitrogen).

At mwero uye kwazvo siyana ari ndichibvunza kurapa, kusanganisira jekiseni "Promethazine" kana "Diazepam" zvinoratidza kutungamirira analgesics, neuroleptics, cardiac glycosides. Vasati vasvika amburenzi akuvara anofanira undressed, pukuta nemvura inotonhora, akaisa chando ari muhudyu, muhapwa, pahuma uye mutsipa.

dhefisiti nyonganyonga thermoregulation

zvokurwara iri kuchengetwa hypothalamic dysfunction, uye anogona kuratidza sezvo hypo uye hyperthermia.

zvikonzero:

- vachiberekwa zvokurwara;

- kuzvimba;

- intracranial chirwere;

- migumisiro nemwaranzi;

- bulimia;

- neanorexia;

- zvokudya;

- mumwe overabundance nesimbi.

zviratidzo:

- varwere vari zvakafanana havaratidzi akaramba, uye kutonhora nokupisa;

- nguva chando migumo;

- masikati tembiricha inoramba kugara;

- nefivha yakaderera wegiredhi haana kubvuma nemishonga, glucocorticoids;

- achideredza tembiricha chaiko netsika pashure kurara pashure kugamuchira sedatives;

- kubatana tembiricha nokufamba pamwechete psycho-mupfungwa;

- zvimwe zviratidzo hypothalamic dysfunction.

Treatment rinoitwa zvichienderana zvinokonzera matambudziko pamwechete hypothalamus. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakakwana kupa murwere zvakanaka zvokudya, vamwe zvinoda kemikari mushonga, uye wechitatu - kuvhiyiwa.

perfrigeration chirwere rinoratidzawo kuti kutyora thermoregulation. Vaya vane chirwere ichi vari kuramba kuoma nechando, kunyange muzhizha. The tembiricha hazvisi kazhinji zvinoitika kana zvishoma akakwidziridzwa, fivha yakaderera wegiredhi rinovapo refu uye monotonous. vanhu vakadaro vangave kamwe kusunungurwa kumanikidzwa, kupomba unoraramisa, pane kufema zvirwere uye kunyanya vangadikitira, akavhunduka chido uye chido. Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti mhaka perfrigeration chirwere vari zvinetso zviri autonomic tsinga.