Ko pfungwa "Utongi enyika"? Concept, zvazviri, features, mifananidzo, siyana ehurumende utongi enyika

Musimboti zvematongerwo enyika, riri kuiswa munyika munguva nhoroondo kana hurumende ine chaizvo zvinangwa, nzira uye zvinoreva kuti nekuita ayo murayiro - kuti ndizvo zvinorehwa nemashoko "hurumende enyika".

The anokosha marongerwo kana nzira kuwirirana?

Pakusarudza mamiriro enyika hurumende kana zvematongerwo enyika hakusi chinhu chinokosha kuziva nzira kudyidzana pakati ehurumende uye nzanga, fananidzo kodzero uye rusununguko munhu wose, murayiro inotungamirwa enyika masangano, nzira uye kutarisirwa manyorerwo. Chii rinotsanangura enyika chero hurumende: pfungwa, features, mhando kwayo - unhu ava siyana chaizvo uye zvinogona dzakachinjwa.

Kunyange kwakadaro ehurumende zvivako kunogona chaizvoizvo akasiyana enyika hwoudzvinyiriri. Uyewo zvimwe mhando kana zvakafanana modes simuka nyore zvakasiyana-siyana enyika pamusoro sechivako mutemo. Somuenzaniso, hurumende enyika vamwe mubumbiro monarchies (Belgium, Norway, uye vamwe) ndiro Republican simba mamiriro, iro rinoshandiswa democratic nzira utongi. Uye, somuenzaniso, Iran, iro rine democratic chivakwa mu mutemo musangano wehurumende, Chokwadi - anomanikidza mamiriro. Aongorora ezvinhu mukati munyika uye goho tsanangudzo, izvo zvinoreva kuti pfungwa utongi enyika.

The chikuru zviri

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvatariswa ndiyo arongwe nhungamiro hurumende masangano ose, uyewo vakatevera zvinangwa zvematongerwe enyika uye nzira uye nzira yekuwana pavo. Masirogani akadai "kukunda zvodii" kana "mugumo unoruramisa rinoreva" kunoratidzwa ezvinhu hurumende enyika pevatongi. Concept uye mhando modes dzinoiswa maererano ongororo iyi.

Hunhu hurumende enyika inoumbwa pachiyero paruzhinji enyika nemagariro uye nhoroondo netsika yevanhu. Chero mudzvanyiriri kana ushe vepamusoro kubvuta simba sezvavanogona vanobvumirwa kuita kudaro, veruzhinji uye vakawanda. Mune dzimwe nyika, utongi hwoudzvinyiriri vanotenderwa nyore, sezvingatarisirwa, ndizvo enyika tsika netsika dzavo.

mhando

Vaongorori kazhinji kusiyanisa marudzi makuru matatu zvisingaverengeki akasiyana hurumende: Democratic, udzvinyiriri uye anomanikidza. Zvatakurukura vose uye vakaongorora, zvinokwanisika kuti kutsunga kuti zvinoreva "utongi enyika".

The pevatongi Hurumende

Totalitarianism - pasocial gadziriro asi chaiwo, yakabuda sezvo pasocial uye enyika chakajairika muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Izwi anobva totalis Latin - wakakwana, rose, wose, ndiko, kureva hurumende hurongwa, zvachose, kuti ndiye, kwakakwana kuzviisa pasi mamiriro vemo.

In political mazwi akatanga pfungwa totalitarianism muna 1925 rokuItari mutungamiriri zvemagariro urudzi B. Mussolini. Zvisinei, nheyo totalitarianism zvakatanga kare yakanaka ezvinhu Plato, uye nemabasa utopian T. Campanella, T. Mora nevamwe.

Kupfuura unoshamisa uye anokwezva kuchiitwa totalitarianism akava chinodiwa zvachose zvakasikwa nekuenzana. Gracchus Babeuf akadana otyatiyu munhu anotarisira kuva simba, akafuma, ruzivo, pane dzimwe vagari. Izvi akaronga maumbirwo kuvakwa uye kusimudzira mamiriro, kuchinja vanhu nokuda rechiKomonisiti pfungwa.

political sangano

Pfungwa kuzviisa pasi ose ehurumende vagari akaparidza J.-J. Rousseau, muzivi wokuFrance. Pasina chaakasiya kubata boka zvakaitika kubva zvikuru anonzwisisika "yemadzibaba" chido kutungamirira vanhu vake nomufaro, asi iyi zvakafanira kuchinja vanhu ichi achibatsirwa wakanyatsojeka, chikonzero, gutsaruzhinji uye rusununguko. Yevanhu munhu sezvo urwa mumuviri politic wenyika, zvayo yetsika seboka yose.

Hurumende - kutsigira mukuru kuda vagari vane indivisible changamire uye mhedziso simba. Kusateerera uye kuramba munhu kana mapoka ayo anoita kushanda simba, kumanikidzira kusununguka mukati zvavo kuda. The chikuru zviri totalitarianism:

• dzinenge nguva dzose dambudziko pamwe Mvumo nezviremera, nekuti modes aya kuisa mushure nemhirizhonga, the nezvimwe usurpations simba;
• ruzhinji vagari havagoni vaunze simba uye kuchinja nayo, kuzvidzora yayo chiito;
• zvachose bureaucratization ose evanhu ukama, kusanganisira unyanzvi uye sayenzi, izvo vanoitwa inotongwa nehurumende; Mhedziso kutsamira wezvizvarwa wenyika, nokutyisa zvemukati;
• Tsika mitemo panzvimbo pamutemo hurongwa, mitemo havasi nokudenga, simba hauna ukama nemitemo mutemo; kazhinji chete rezvematongerwo enyika ari mamiriro, iyo muridzi simba;
• unhu kunamatwa mutungamiri;
• ideologization uye politicization ukama zvose munyika;
• pedyo kwenyika budiriro.

Pfungwa dzenzvimbo yakakamurwa totalitarianism mu "kodzero" uye "vakasara." Pfungwa enyika hurumende mamiriro zvinoreva kuti "vakasiya" - mumwe kunobva nenhungamiro Marxism-Leninism, uye "kodzero" - omurume pfungwa National Socialism, ndiko Fascism. Chero hurumende utongi hune maitiro zvinhu: munhu paramilitary sangano rose muvanhu, hwusina kutsaura kuteerera yepamusoro simba uye vanachandagwinyira tote simba.

anomanikidza mamiriro

Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti kubva muchiLatin auctoritas - nezvaizoitwa simba. Simba rose kusimbiswa mumwe munhu - mudzvinyiriri kana mambo, ndicho chirevo pfungwa. Hurumende enyika kunoratidzwa soro centralization simba, zvinenge zvose zvoupenyu ogosudarstvleny, utariri nzira, murayiro-uye kuzvidzora, kuteerera isiyo hurongwa, vanhu Makasunungurwa kubva kwaari, rinopikisa chaiye hakuwaniki, rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau iri shoma.

Real kupatsanurwa simba pamusoro nezvakatongwa, Executive uye zvemitemo haachipo, kunyange setsikawo zvivako pamutemo seizvi angawanika. The Constitution pasi anomanikidza hwoudzvinyiriri kungapfuurira, asi declarative. nesarudzo hurongwa huripo, asi chinokosha-null basa, migumisiro pre-vakatsunga uye unhu aripo hurumende enyika hakurevi kukanganisa.

Transitional utongi

Iri zvakajairika mhando enyika ino. Magadzirirwo isa imwe anomanikidza hurumende iri zvenguva nzvimbo apo pevatongi muvanhu anotanga kuvimbisa hweruzhinji, kana ndiEzekieri, izvo zvinoreva kuti pfungwa "enyika nehurumende iitike."

The anomanikidza hurumende iri siyana, zviri kusiyaniswa zvinangwa nzira zvinetso, uyewo nzira sangano simba - mberi, kuchinja kana reactionary. Pfungwa hurumende enyika neHurumende runosanganisira chaiyo iri pakuti musimboti simba haawanzopiwi yakasimbiswa kwenguva refu, uye nokusingaperi hurumende hurongwa haako.

utongi hwegutsaruzhinji

Izwi rakabva kuna Demos muchiLatin uye kratos - vanhu uye simba hweruzhinji. In chimiro ichi evanhu kuti vanhu vaiona muridzi hurumende, ayo rutsigiro. Pfungwa uye bhuku rinotsanangura enyika hurumende hweruzhinji, zvakare chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda. hurumende iyi, iyo iri zvakazara akaziva gutsaruzhinji hakuwaniki, chinhu akanaka evanhu.

Mune yegutsaruzhinji zvinofanira kuitwa pasi apa vanhu zvido: rusununguko, kururamisira, kuenzana, kuremekedzwa kwekodzero zvose, kutora chikamu vomuUmambo muhurumende. Kazhinji vanotaura Positioning pacharo somunhu gutsaruzhinji, vanopikisa kuti anomanikidza, udzvinyiriri uye okudzvinyirira hwoudzvinyiriri mamwe marudzi.

Zviratidzo hweruzhinji

In yakaisvonaka chimiro hweruzhinji haisati akasimbisa chero mamiriro, saka kakawanda vanhu vanosarudza mutambo ane zita miviri: Democrat Christian, Social Democrat, Liberal Democrat, kunyange nyika democrats. Saka rakamanikana mumagariro nezvatinovavarira evanhu kufamba vari kuedza kuratidza kuzvipira democratic tsika. Political rudzi, features, mhando Classified neDare zvinokosha zvinodiwa rakabva kuongorora.

Mamiriro ezvinhu pasi iyo hurumende iri pakutsvaga democratic hurumende:

• uchangamire vanhu zviri pamutemo;
• Zviremera huru nguva nenguva kusarudzwa;
• Suffrage iri pasi nokudenga, uye kubatanidzwa hurumende uye paumbwe mumiririri mitumbi yose uye hurumende nemasangano anogona ose mugari;
• ose mugari anekodzero yekusarudza kwete chete paruzhinji mamaneja, asiwo inogona akasarudzirwa pachena zvokuwedzera hofisi chero;
• Zvisarudzo inonwiwa ruzhinji uye vashoma omurume ruzhinji;
• mumiririri miviri anotarisira mabasa nevarikutonga bazi;
• kusarudzwa mitumbi kuzvidavirira vomumatunhu avo.

mhando hweruzhinji

The chikuru nzira pakutevedzera gutsaruzhinji pakuti sei vanhu vanogona kushandisa kodzero dzavo simba, sei iye pasi hurumende enyika neHurumende. Concept uye mhando vakakamurwa sezvinotevera:

a) yakananga yegutsaruzhinji, apo vavhoti zvakananga zvisarudzo akuteerere Implementation dzavo - kuti chakaitika mangwanani siyana hweruzhinji wedzinza munharaunda mhando (muAtene yekare, Rome yekare, Novgorod, Florence nemamwe maguta ari Republic);

b) munhu plebiscite yegutsaruzhinji, kana vanhu kusarudza chete mune zvimwe zviitiko - remakurukota, Independence referendamu;

c) mumiriri yegutsaruzhinji, apo simba hunopiwa vamiririri vanhu Muchafambisa mamiriro, ndicho uye inobudirira chimiro hweruzhinji, hakusi isina zvainovhiringidzawo uye (sarudzo matambudziko).

Hurumende muchinangwa pesimba muoti

Maererano chimiro hurumende uye miganhu nemamiriro nyika hazvibviri kuziva zvinoreva shoko rokuti "hurumende enyika". Pano zvakafanira kuziva nzira iyo kubata wehurumende simba, kuti aone kukosha mauto dzekirasi mune zvematongerwe bhora, kunzwisisa basa reDare hurumende iri chokwadi muna basa chavagari nzvimbo.

Wide kusvika anoita enyika hwechiFascist, pfungwa, chimiro chayo evanhu upenyu Fani uye yose mamiriro ezvinhu ari nzanga yose zvayo. Narrow kusvika chinoita ndezvaJehovha chete ehurumende uye voruzhinji upenyu, sezvo iye rinowedzera kutsanangura zvakawanda kumwe hurumende (muchimiro hurumende Somuenzaniso).

Asi chii musoro vanopedzisira pfungwa "enyika nehurumende" vanhu vanonzwisisa Chiitiko muna chimwe? Pane vanoda zvose nzira, uye yakafara uye yakatetepa, kana havanzwisisi enyika pezvakaitwa kuitika zviviri - uye socio-enyika uye mamiriro. Uyewo kujeka hunhu zvematongerwo enyika richaramba - ose ayo masangano paruzhinji, mapati, inoita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu.

Mamirire siyana utungamiriri

Kuti paruzhinji kwaiita zvematongerwo enyika, unofanira kufunga zvinhu zvizhinji. A yakatarwa nzira uye unyanzvi hweutungamiri ehurumende kuti "yakamanikana" pfungwa uye unosanganisira pfungwa enyika hurumende ehurumende. Tsanangudzo iyi mwero anoziva kodzero uye rusununguko, chaiye kana kwete zvaidiwa mubumbiro (mukuru) uye mutemo chaiwo. Hunhu ukama pakati zviremera uye nheyo hurumende yepamutemo chinoreva "wakafara" maonero hurumende enyika neHurumende. The chete nzira kuona mufananidzo yose.

Mumamiriro characterization akadaro anonyanya kuzivikanwa pamutemo kana extralegal nzira utungamiriri. Zvinokosha zvakaenzana kutanga kushandisa simba: majeri nedzimwe mujeri masangano, democratic kana okudzvinyirira nzira matambudziko pamusoro rehurumende vakawanda, kuvapo kana kusavapo Pfungwa kumanikidzwa, havachanyatsogoni kana rusununguko munhu, kudzivirira kodzero, zvoupfumi rusununguko, mafungiro kuti zvine muridzi uye zvichingodaro.

The Zvinoumba zvematongerwo enyika

Zvinoitwa ehurumende anoreva zvose pasina chaakasiya; rokuti zvikamu enyika ino, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, uye mapoka basa, uye veruzhinji masangano, vose vasiri yezvinhu, zvingaita sokuti, muri Church, siyumomentnye vakawanda kufamba uye zvichingodaro. Zvese wegadziriro vari yekudyidzana kuchinjwa hurongwa.

Panguva iyoyowo inofanira kuva chandagwinyira uye inofambiswa, sezvo hurumende, kuburikidza tsanangudzo, anofanira kunzwa matambudziko enyika uye munzanga ezvinhu. Saka yakawiriranwa simba kunoita kuti pakagadzwa kweutongi enyika.

Vanoumba hurumende ushe

Saka chii "Utongi enyika"? Muchidimbu, mumwe mashoko anoti - ndiye kirasi hunhu simba (Marx). Uyewo, maererano Marx, zvose neChikomonisiti enyika inogona rakakamurwa mugovanisi / capitalist protosotsialisticheskie uye / protokapitalisticheskie. Vane akajeka uye yakavimbika, monocratic (okudzvinyirira), autocratic uye gutsaruzhinji, unogona kuva Directory (pamwe seboka nokutonga) uye zvabatanidzwa.

Kakawanda, nezvimiro uye mhando enyika hwoudzvinyiriri vakakamurwa mushure kuongorora simba ukama, nzanga uye munhu. kupatsanura Izvi zvinopa yakanaka, kureva, hunonzi, mamwe paruzhinji enyika hwoudzvinyiriri. In upenyu chaihwo, kwete chete hurumende enyika zvayo yakachena chimiro haako.

Zvisinei, boka rikava mhando nhatu huru (totalitarianism, gutsaruzhinji uye authoritarianism) unoenderana chokwadi kuti, kuti kunosiyana madhigirii, pedyo yokungotaura ndozvakajairwa, mhando izvi kazhinji aripo munhoroondo yevanhu uye munyika yanhasi. Mano enyika hwoudzvinyiriri kunge wakashanduka-shanduka zvishoma zvinoomesa ari kuongorora uye kupatsanura, asi unhu hunodiwa kupa pacharo akanzwa. Somuenzaniso, zvematongerwo hwechiFascist, pfungwa uye zviri izvo anoenderana zvegutsaruzhinji misimboti, semubairo ari kubvuta masimba, kumukira, kubvuta masimba anogona dzikava zvimwe.