Kalmyk mharapara: Photo uye tsananguro. Saiga mharapara: kwaanogara uye chii achidya

Saiga, margach kana Kalmyk mharapara - hoofed mhuka of subfamily pakati antelopes izvi. Kubva 2002, International Committee kuti Nature Protection howa kuchitaurwa sezvo pangozi uye dziri pamusoro Red List. Muna 17-18 emakore saiga, ari kupfuura zhinji mhando ungulates muna Eurasia, navanhu vose inowanzorimwa uye nharaunda Semi-mugwenga kubva Carpathians kumadokero China uye Mongolia. Nhasi zvinhu hwachinja. Kusingadzoreki kunovhima ndiyo ufuza waiva mugumisiro aiparadza ichidonhedzera uwandu hwevanhu nemhuka idzi. The unopinza kuderera nerudzi rwayo kupfeka vatarisana kutsakatika.

Kalmyk mharapara: ndiani iye?

Saiga - chete zvikara ungulate mhuka vanogara steppes yeRussia. mhuka idzi zvinoshamisa kubvira munguva dzekare. Vaiva vakararama munguva yakatotsakatika mammoths uye Saber-toothed Tigers uye vakagaramo nharaunda huru, vaigara vose Eurasia kusvika kumhenderekedzo Alaska. Nokuda kwayo chakanakisisa kuchinjika kuti chero mamiriro ezvinhu uye yakakwirira wokubereka, antelopes achiripo kusvikira nhasi. Havana kutendera njodzi prehistoric mammoths uye woolly rhinoceroses, asi munhu basa tagging nemhuka iyi panjodzi marudzi.

Features mhando

Saiga - mhuka haisi kunyanya guru, muviri urefu 1-1.4 M uye kukwirira dzimwe hunooma ose 0,6 - 0,8 m, sezvamakaropafadzwa maitiro pachirauro mhino-proboscis uye kuva madzerere ruvara: yakatsvukuruka zhizha nechando chiedza pfumbu. Muviri uremu antelopes zvichisiyana 20 kusvika 40 makirogiramu. Vamwe specimens yairema kusvika 60 makirogiramu, asi zviri apo neapo kuona. The rupawo rwako ane chimiro moyo ine pakukura 6-8 masendimita kuguma forked uye zvikuru zvakafanana zvisaririra emakwai anopfuyiwa. In siyana non-mureza kana ngozi ezvinhu zvayo kupa Inzwi - pakutanga bleat.

Saiga, mufananidzo riri dzaitaurwa muongororo, ndizvo chaizvo wemabviro uye asingakanganwiki chitarisiko nemhaka kwenguva proboscis pamusoro tomu. Izvi zvinokosha, kana zvimwe Kushatiswa muviri wayo chiso mhuka kunodiwa. Kuwedzera lumen nasal mhango, izvozvo rematsutso inotonhorera mhepo munguva yechando, achiita nyore saigas vanotsungirira matambudziko kwechando. A chirimo akanatsiridzwa ndima nasal rinoshandiswa senzira Sefa, achinatsa inowanzorimwa mhepo neguruva uye yokudzidzivirira kupinda mumapapu. Mune utsinye ezvinhu oupenyu proboscis dzakadaro kazhinji anoponesa upenyu tenzi wake.

Inofamba mhiri inowanzorimwa zvayo zvinoshamisa wakatsetseka amble. Zvakafanana iye anokungurutsa, musoro wake vakakotama. Kubva chero ngozi zvayo yomuka atiza, kuwedzera kusvika 60-70 km / awa. Zvisinei, akamhanya ari kumhanya vanokwanisa saiga hapana zvinopfuura 10-12? Km. Paaitiza nguva nenguva iye akasvetuka kumusoro.

varume musoro yakashongedzwa zvakanaka curved chiedza translucent nyanga dzinotanga kukura zvinenge pakarepo pashure pokuberekwa. Panguva mwedzi mitanhatu specimens nyanga rima mumvuri. Pakazosvika makore rimwe gore nyanga ruvara kuchinja kubva murima vachienda kuchiedza. Vanowana rakaisvonaka translucent, akafanana waxy marongerwo. Vanhurume mukuru ndidzo nyanga urefu rinosvika masendimita 40.

Saiga nyanga, avo zvinoshamisa runako uye achiporesa zvivako vakaita yenhamo basa hwake. Zvikuru touted kutengeswa dema, vakatungamirira kuti ufuza kuparadzwa akawandisa mhuka.

dzinogarisana

Munguva yekare, saiga anogara yose Eurasia, asi pashure muaizi zera zvakachengetedzwa chete inowanzorimwa dziri kondinendi. Kunyange makore 200 apfuura, asiwo mezvikomo Makomo Carpathian, nzvimbo dzinogarisana yave shrunk zvinoshamisa muzana remakore rechi20 uye nhasi ane nzvimbo diki nzvimbo yacho inowanzorimwa kumatunhu Russia. Inowanzorimwa mharapara anogara chete akazaruka dzezvimwe pamwe kumeso, yakasimba dzine mabwe kana ivhu nevhu, tichidzivisa kunyange zviduku matanda uye havo pfupi uswa dzakadururwa steppes uye Semi-mumarenje. Nokuti naye, zvakakosha kunzwa vakachengeteka uye kwete kuti pasi pakarepo kurwisa inoitika vavengi.

Nhasi saiga anogara ari inowanzorimwa nzvimbo munyika shanu dzakasiyana - Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan uye Uzbekistan. On the Russian expanses saiga vemo vari kutumirwa kunyanya Kalmykia, izvo zvinopa chikonzero kudana mharapara Kalmyk. The Saiga anodyisa?

Kurarama pamapani akaoma nzvimbo, dzimwe mhuka anoshandiswa kudya miriwo Prairie uye rekushongedzesa muzhizha, hutumbambeva - muchando. Ndiye zvikuru vainyara uye vanosarudza kugara kure nemisha, bypasses muminda minda. Mvura rutsigiro upenyu chinodiwa chete muzhizha.

Apo saiga anoita?

Saiga chengeta Mapoka akasiyana hukuru - dzimwe nguva 10-50 misoro, uye dzimwe nguva 100 kana kupfuura. Vanoramba tama - munguva yechando pamwe shoma chando yakava Semi-mugwenga muzhizha - iri inowanzorimwa.

Saiga, inova dzinongoitika nzvimbo mupenyu - inowanzorimwa, zvakakwana kujairana kurarama ari kuchamhembe Semi-mugwenga, zviri anokwanisa kushivirira kupisa zhizha nechando chando, anogona kudya kupfuura sparse zvinomera uye kashoma kunwa. Margachey boka tama kuti haana-kupedza tsvakurudzo vane mwero zvokudya pasina kukonzera zvakaipa kuti kurima. Saiga zvakakwana vagare dzinovaraidza, kufudza pamusoro pamafuro uye vamwe asina kudya vakavapoteredza. Tinogona kutaura kuti mombe havadyi chinhu unodya zvayo. dumbu rake digests masora muchetura zvirimwa dzimwe herbivores inobatanidza.

saiga vaitamira

Saiga - muArabhu. Vanorarama, yairamba ichifambira, haana kuzopedza nguva. Vanogara panyika go, uchitsvaka huru zvokudya - uswa uswa.

Mumazana muzhizha saiga nemombe richifura vashomanana steppes, muchidya pamusoro vamhanye matavi siyana mumapani rekushongedzesa, kugamuchira zvokudya uye mvura zvakakodzera kuti muviri. By chando padzinoungana mapoka ezviuru uye nokunamatira shoma munzvimbo chando tama kumaodzanyemba. Pazvinotanga yechando inotonhora, chando, etc. Ita antelopes tama kuti zvimwe liveable nzvimbo. Excellent uye akaomarara vamhanyi saiga kuikunda anopfuura mazana maviri makiromita pazuva. Asi, chokwadi, ndizvo rinorema motokari hakusi pasina vawirwa. Herd, achitungamirwa mutungamiriri, achiedza nokukurumidza sezvinobvira kuti kutiza inorema ezvinhu chando vakatapwa vasununguka dzoga, zvinofamba ari kumhanya zvikuru akaomarara mukono usina kumbomira kuti zororo. Simba uye vachirwara vanhu kazhinji havagoni kukurira miedzo yakadaro. Kutya kuramba nehama, vanomhanya, tichigogodza kunze simba, uye kazhinji vanosiyira akafa achityaira.

Compounds ose antelopes iri rakakura nemombe dzavo vanoshingaira kutama - inonakidza kutanga, imwe zvinoshamisa uye chikuru. boka rimwe nerimwe zvakasimba kutevera mutungamiri dzimwe nechokure, yokungodzokorora masangano ake ose, kunyange dzisinganyatsooneki. Dzimwe nguva anongofamba nzira saiga nemombe zvinogona kuonekwa mukati mashoma.

Ghosn

Pakatanga chando rinotanga Rut. Panguva iyi, varume vasava kushumba uye vari kufara chaizvo. Vari zvikuru nehasha, kuitika pakati kunotyisa hondo, panguva iyo kazhinji kukonzera zvakakomba kukuvara, dzimwe nguva zvichiita kuti rufu rimwe vechikamu kuti kurwa. Mumwe munhurume inoratidza kunharaunda yayo, vachisiya nemarara, uye anovaka "revakadzi" yayo pakati vakakunda muhondo novorudzi nhunzvi, uwandu izvo dzinosiyana 5 kusvika 50 zvinangwa. nhamba yavo kunobva simba uye basa munhurume. Uyezve, anofanira kuramba kuratidza kodzero dzavo neImba revakadzi. Nomunhurume angataure kuti "vakadzi", uye ipapo Re-yakasungirwa kurwa. Kana iwe vanorasikirwa mwene revakadzi, uyo akakunda margach anotora vakadzi vanoverengeka.

Kubereka uye upenyu anotarisirwa

Kalmyk zvayo pfupi, upenyu hunotarisirwa kuti varume nevakadzi vane zvakasiyana. Vanhurume kurarama makore 4-5, vakadzi metered refu nguva - makore 8-9. Asi okubereka mashandiro mharapara Zvinoshamisa: ivo kuwandisa nokukurumidza. Atova makore manomwe nemwedzi vakadzi vanosvika pabonde pakunamata uye kuitawo tsika, kuunza vana yokutanga nemakore imwe. Vanhurume vanosvika zvokunamata chete pamakore 2.5.

The calving wepagore kunoitika May. Pregnant vakadzi, dzikarongwa ari rongedza, vachisiya chemombe, calving kusarudza kupfuura kure nzvimbo inowanzorimwa pamwe yakaderera kana sparse chaizvo zvinomera uye kushayikwa kwemvura miviri, kureva. E. nzvimbo dzakadaro apo zvikara regai kutarira. Kwete rekuronga chero anokosha nooks, vanochitakura zvakananga pasi.

Female mombe kunowanzoita mhuru, mune vanhu vakura akaberekwa mwana 2-3. Mazuva okutanga vari zvachose kuzvibatsira, pasi uye kashoma ichifamba, kubatanidzwa nomumwe tichiregeredza yavo ruvara pamwe mukuru pakanyorwa nzvimbo. Nature aivatarisira, achipa mukana kune vanotambura zvikuru nguva upenyu kuti asazivikanwa, izvo kazhinji anovaponesa kubva kurwisa dzinongoitika vavengi - ferrets, makava, makondo nezvimwe zvikara kana kuuya kuti mbudzana afa, kubatanidzwa nomumwe pamwe ivhu kuitira kuti zvakaoma chaizvo kuona. zvimwe mhuru ndivo vana vakawanda vanoteerera munyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanovata pasi uye kumirira mai kuuya uye achaafudza. Vakadzi panguva ino zvigare, vachishanyira vana kanoverengeka pazuva.

Papera vhiki, mwana-saiga, pikicha iyo chinopiwa kumusoro, atova anorarama mai, unogona run maviri, kuwedzera mukuru, uye papera mwedzi anotanga kundofudza.

moult

Saiga zhizha jasi ane kusviba jecha mumvuri pedyo zvakasikwa mavara rakaoma inowanzorimwa. Seri kwayo zvasviba zvenzwi kupenya zvikuru panhivi. Kaviri pagore - ari chitubu uye kwematsutso - panguva margacha inopfuura Molt. Winter bhachi - zviri refu uye gobvu mbava kukura nokuda chando uye anodzivirira mhuka kubva snowstorms. Zviri vakareruka kupfuura muzhizha uye kazhinji ndiyo rinoreva zvose chiedza pfumbu zvenzwi. Mukuwedzera, chando ari saiga kuonekwa pachiso vhudzi, kufanana poro. Inokuchengetedza yepamhino kubva hypothermia. Munguva yechando yechando yose jasi kugara anoshanda Saiga, uye kutanga kwematsutso panzvimbo yayo auya zvakare lightweight-gore jecha-okuberekwa dzvuku vhudzi mbava.

Natural vavengi saiga

Saiga - mhuka, vaitungamirira daily mararamiro. Muvengi zvikuru ngozi vakuru ane inowanzorimwa mhumhi, simba uye akangwara, izvo kutiza zvayo anogona chete kutiza. Anokwanisa kuparadza zvinopfuura kota remombe. Steppenwolf, tangled muna rongedza ahutsike kuparadza simba pashure rutting vanhurume, vakadzi vane pamuviri, mhuka vanorwara. Zvishoma ngozi zvayo zvimwe zvikara. Kurwisa yamakava, makava uye imbwa rakarasika kazhinji pasi kunyange ichangotangwa akura mhuru. A achangoberekwa anogona kuva zvakatapwa ferrets, makondo uye makava. Asi mupristi nenhanho kubereka kwemarudzi anokwanisa yokufudza dzinongoitika njodzi.

A dzakawanda mhuka akaurayiwa pasteurellosis. Chete muna 2010, kupararira chirwere kwakaderedza nhamba margacha 12 zviuru.

Hunting uye poaching

makore zana nemakumi mashanu kare saiga nevakabva inowanzorimwa kumatunhu kuUkraine kugungwa, asi nokuda kwezana remakore rechi20, ivo zvakachengetedzwa muRussia chete Volga mudunhu uye Kazakhstan. Zvakanga monstrous kuparadzwa kwemarudzi kuti Lenin chirevo chinokosha inorambidza yokuvhimwa zvayo, izvo hungashatisa unopinza kuwedzera kwenhamba runochengeta mombe.

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi20 kuti saiga uwandu yakwira kusvika mamiriyoni maviri. Zviri pachena sei sezvo kurambidza yokuvhimwa zvayo, uye kutsakatika nengozi mhuka chisvetasimba - saiga gadfly. In ichi yendarama zera hombe nemombe margachey kuramba Vaidzungaira pamusoro nzira dzose akatama dzavo. Pakati pezana remakore mashanu ari saiga vezvokutengeserana kunovhima zvaibvumirwa zvakare.

Izvi zvakachinja muna 70s, kana kushingaira kusimudzira nzvimbo huru aimbova nzvimbo saiga dzinogarisana, yekudyidzana akaderedza dzinogarisana. Mudziyo mapaipi, migwagwa, nyika reclamation, migodhi yatyora vanongogara nzira runochengeta upenyu, kuchivhiringidza yepanyama yokutama maipfuura nevaitenga zvinetsoka hoofed, uye saiga nhamba rakadonha zvakare, saka kuti kuvhima pavo rakarambidzwa zvakare. Antelope nyanzvi Kalmyk expanses.

Kuparara Soviet Union, kuti rebound yarova nevanhu yemhuka idzi. Kana pamberi kwemarudzi inowanikwa munharaunda imwe ehurumende, uye kurindwa iri
Nhasi saiga mharapara - mhuka kuti anogara munyika dzinoverengeka kuti vasina gwaro chero gwaro kubva dzakawanda pamusoro kudzivirira pangozi. Kusingadzoreki kupfura yemhuka uye poaching - kuti njodzi, zvisingagone kunowirirana kupfuura zvikuru mapere. Kuparadzwa chavagari saiga zvokudya pakutanga, uye zvino nyanga vanhurume, chitsotsi kwekurasira kuna China, zvakaita kuti zvikuru donhwe kwenhamba antelopes, izvo vakasvika vanhu 35 zviuru chete. Zviri chaizvo duku, vakapiwa kuti vazhinji pevachapona mharapara - vanhukadzi.

chibatiso matanho

Kufungisisa kutambudzika kuti wamuka pamwe saiga vanogara, nyika vanofanira kutaipa kuchengeteka zviyero muzvinhu yeGungwa Aral kunge vatora, Kazakhstan uye Astrakhan steppes. Nhasi panguva Center, apo mhuka dziri akadzidza Kalmykia, rine chikamu chiduku boka dzaichengetwa sezvo negadziriro yeparutivi kudzorera mhando, kana zvikara saiga kuitika nezvinoitika dambudziko. Around 20,000 saiga antelopes vanogara shoma nzvimbo munharaunda Kalmykia hwakagadzwa Biosphere Reserve. Anogara Kalmyk mharapara mu Reserve "Rostov" riri mugungwa Manych-Gudilo.

Kuita kudzorerwa saiga kunobatsira Wildlife Fund - akasika kuramba ezvinhu nedziviriro Kalmykia margachey dzinounzwa kwaanoita.