Fort "Alexander 1" ( "wakatambudza"): description, nhoroondo, sei kuti

Makore anopfuura 10 adarika, yaApril zuva muna 2004, vagari St. Petersburg dzakavhiringika nokuda kuwanikwa mashoko. Mumwe ari Kronstadt nhare, kureva dzavarwi "Alexander 1" kwenguva refu nguva akaramba inotyisa zvakavanzika rakanamwa girazi chinu. The Old mudziyo yakanyorwa mutsamba Latin "T", iro chinyavada uye youmambo maoko maoko wokumwe richierera mvura.

wana

uyo akawana chinu digger mumazuva mashomanana akaedza akazvitengesa, akamisa kutengeswa pasi zita "hosha iri bvunzo chubhu." Uye, chokwadi, izvozvo nokukurumidza kufarira gona zviremera. The ampoule rakabvisirwa.

Asi interconnected sei gungwa dzavarwi uye ampoule ane yakaipisisa kugutsikana?

About denda

The pakukura uye vokutanga munhoroondo denda yevanhu waiva 6th remakore BC muEurope, panguva yaitonga Mambo Justinian I. Pakazosvika makore rechi14, denda akaratidza zvakare pacharo, wakati akatamira achitevedza karavhani uye gungwa kubva Asia kuEurope, nzira, nzira erasing guta pasi. Akamuka kuRussia. Zvino kubva "Black Death" akafa anenge mamiriyoni 75. Man.

Chetatu vanokwanisa rayo dambudziko kwakaitika mukupera XIX remakore. MuRussia, raiva nechokuita dambudziko vaiziva uye vakaedza kugadzirira nayo.

Kugadzirwa yokutanga Anti-denda zvinodhaka kwakasarudzwa kuti tibatirire kumucheto St. Petersburg, asi munguva yemberi, achitya kuti chinouraya utachiona aigona usununguke, muchidzidza vabva, dzavarwi "Alexander 1". Kunyange iye zvino zvakaoma kuwana ikoko: muzhizha pamusoro mvura, uye chando - Ice pamusoro yakagwamba nechando Gulf Finland.

Where nhare "Alexander 1" ndizvo

Izvi unofadza zvikuru. In rwezasi-yokumadokero Kotlin chitsuwa muGulf of Finland, 5 km kubva Kronstadt ane akasiya dzavarwi "Alexander 1". Anenge makore 200 akapfuura Department Navy yakasarudza kusimbisa kumaodzanyemba boka nhare pakati Kronstadt. Muna 1838, vakatanga kuva kuzvidzivirira nhare dzokurwa vanotungamirirwa injiniya Colonel Van der Weyden. In wawo zvakafanana pamasikiro bhinzi kusvika pakukura 90 × 60 mamita. 150 pfuti riri tiers matatu Fort kudzivirira yatinowana 360⁰. Inside hachingagari polutysyachny Garrison.

"Alexander 1" - nhare dzokurwa muna Kronstadt, akavaka makore anopfuura 10. In nheyo dzayo dzakanga scored larch 12-mutinhimira mirwi, vakatora vanopfuura 5000. A nzvimbo therebetween akanga akafukidzwa jecha nematombo. Rokunze wall, mudungwe pamwe girenayiti, aiva Ukobvu 3 m. Granite Zvidhinha kutema uye customized pamusoro-nzvimbo panguva Fort. Vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1,5 rubles akanga dzinounzwa kubva State Treasury pakuvaka ichi.

Muna 1842, 14 August, Emperor Nicholas ndakanga vakaita kushanya dzavarwi "Alexander 1".

Description pakati dzavarwi

Muna 1845, July 27, waiitwa chikuru hwomukova uye kubatidza dzavarwi, vakagamuchira zita "Alexander I». nhare Several - "Paul I" "Peter I" "Kronshlot" bhatiri "Constantine", uye pamwe chete navo uye "ini Alexander" - vakaumba chipinganidzo chisingakundiki nenzira muvengi rengarava uye achadzivirira Fairway atirari moto.

On dzavarwi vakanga yakaiswa simba 11-padiki pfuti, uye nzira dzose kwairi vakanga mined. Asi pano ndicho gangaidzo: zvayo "upenyu" anenge makore 200-kare kune dzavarwi haana moto imwe chete nguva.

Muna 1860, pamwe veMubatanidzwa itsva zvombo simba, 3-rutsoka rusvingo aisagona kudzivirirwa. Naizvozvo, muna 1896 Gurukota War yakanga yakasainwa chirevo dzakakudzingai kubva masvingo nhare "ini Perth", "Kronshlot» uye «Alexander I». Kubvira panguva iyoyo itsva papeji chakavanzika chakanga chakabatana rinouraya chinu yakavhurwa nhare upenyu.

The pakuonekwa murabhoritari

Kuti adzivise hosha uye kuhondo January 1897 maererano nomurau Nicholas II hwakagadzwa basa raikosha, inotungamirwa rezvemari Witte uye Muchinda Oldenburg. Kuti muchinda akanga mari rabhoritari, uye naivowo vakawana nyayawo uye kure nzvimbo - nhare "Alexander 1". Zvegore, izvozvo vakagamuchira mvumo commandant of Kronstadt nhare , uye gurukota War. Pashure paizvozvo, dzavarwi hwakatamisirwa wenharaunda yaitongwa "ari Institute of experimental Medicine." Yaiva muenzaniso: kekutanga anorichengeta anonzi akanga dzinounzwa yokutsvakurudza kubva samolecular kusvika yevagari pamwero. Analogues ane yunivhesiti yakadaro yakanga hapana: kana Russia, kana munyika.

Rakanga wokutanga uye chete muRussia Dambudziko Laboratory Ipapo Kronstadt vagari kunyange mhepo ichivhuvhuta kutya, uye yezvirwere yacho zita remadunhurirwa rokuti "dzavarwi of Dambudziko."

KuMiddle Ages kurapa hosha akashandisa nzira dzakasiyana: achipukuta nevhiniga, negariki. Used zvekumwe zvinodhaka: mwoyo toads, nyoka ganda uye runyanga ane simba rakafanana nerenyati. Vaiona vakaisvonaka zvinoreva mbudzi kunhuwidza. Doctors panguva akaisa chinoshamisa nedehwe chifukidzo kudzivirira kuzorwa chirwere. Zvave pachena kuti vaya kamwe akatambura chirwere, haina kukuvara kechipiri. vanhu ava akatarisira vanorwara uye kubvisa nezvitunha akafa.

Panguva ino, munyika akatanga kutora nzvimbo nehuro utachiona-siyana zvinotapukira: Louis Pasteur kuFrance akatanga kuva mushonga pamusoro chimbwamupengo uye nechigwadara; Robert Koch muGermany akaisa kuedza dzavo ngozi pamwechete tubercle bacillus; Ilya Mechnikov vaishanda dzidziso kutapata. Uye pakupedzisira, muna 1894, ari French uye Japanese bacteriologists Yersenom A. uye K. Kitasato Yersinia pestis yakawanikwa.

4 Makore pashure dzavarwi ichi "Achinetseka" ndina murabhoritari. Izvi zvakaunzwa vanachiremba uye dzavo, netsvimbo. It wanunurwa uye iiswe akasiyana michina. chete vashoma vanhu vaizosvika dzavarwi, uye kubatana kwakaita Kronstadt uye murabhoritari anodzokororwa pedyo steamer duku - "capas". Yakanga yakasiyana zvionera muzinda, yakanga zvose zvinodiwa kuti upenyu huzere.

In rinokosha rabhoritari vanachiremba vakanga vakabatikana kwete chete kugadzirwa Anti-denda mushonga: akasiyana dambudziko foci aigara wakaisa mimwe chirwere chinouraya. Doctors ose zuva kunzwisisa nemaziso vaurayi kuvandudza uye zvakakwana mishonga mitsva. Nokukurumidza pakanga mushonga pamusoro typhus, tetenasi uye korera. Asi denda kupfuura nengozi akaramba achiri.

Musha uye mushonga

The nhare yaiva musha, maiva mhuka bvunzo: Guinea nguruve, tsoko, tsuro, uye makonzo. Maererano netsamba vakararama panguva, dzavarwi akaunza ngamera uye poro. Asi chikuru mhuka kuti pave mushonga raiva bhiza. In yechipiri weDanho vari vakaronga nematanga, izvo dzichengeterwe 16 mabhiza. Vazhinji vavo kwemakore anoverengeka, vakashanda akabudisa mushonga pamusoro denda.

Kuti mushonga kupinda ropa remhuka akanga jekiseni simba, asi utachiona mhenyu. The muviri anotanga kurwisa zvavanoita uye kutanga kutapata. Imhaka ropa ichi zvinoita mushonga, kuramba kusasa vanhu vanorwara. Mukana vanachiremba uye masayendisiti vaishanda pamusoro dzavarwi, akaruramiswa: zvinodhaka ivo vakava, vakawanda vakarega nechirwere. Muna 1908 akanga akamira korera muSt Petersburg, muna 1910 - denda iri Volga nharaunda, ari Far East, Odessa uye Transcaucasia muna 1919 - typhus muna Petrograd.

The muripo kuti mushonga

Muna 1904, 7 January, St. Petersburg vakakatyamadzwa nokufa duku musoro chaiwo rabhoritari, Dr. VI Turchinovich-Vyzhnikevicha, akafa bubonic nedenda. Kufungidzira dzinouraya Vladislav Ivanovich pachayo akarayira cremated. chido chake rokupedzisira zvakazadziswa.

Pashure 3 years, akafa mumwe chiremba, Maniul Schreiber, sezvo dambudziko. Anorwara chiremba uyo dissected chitunha Schreiber uye nevamwe vaigona kudzivirira "Black Death." Kusvikira zvino, hapana anonyatsoziva kuti vanachiremba vakawanda hwavo kuti mushonga, uye apo madota dzavo vanopararira.

The kunopiswa vakapfeka forte nokuda incineration wevakafa dzinorwarira mhuka, uye vanhu cremated.

Chii muna chinu

Panguva Institute of experimental Medicine, riri mumadota urn VI Turchinovich-Vyzhnikevicha, akatamisira shure dzavarwi muna 1920, apo murabhoritari chaiyo yakavharwa.

Ampoule, inowanikwa 2004, akatanga anoonekwa gotwe mumiziyamu. Zvimwe iri Anti-denda mushonga, asi zvinokuchengetedzai kutaura hahungangovi. Ko tsamba "T" uye chifananidzo magirazi chinyavada? On ichi hapana uchapupu, kunyange Institute yamabhuku.

Kuti uone yakadururirwa chinu, zvinokosha kuvhura uye kuitisa tsvakurudzo. Hazvina zvinodhura zvikuru, uye hapana mumwe munhu akanga achida kuita. Kana iwe kuzarura ampoule, izvozvo acharasikirwa munhau mutengo wayo, saka iye akatumirwa iri pasherefu vari mumiziyamu. Munharaunda riri pedyo yakafanana bhodhoro akawana makore 15 akanga adarika, uyewo aine USINGAZIKAMWI zvokunwa.

Kuvhara dzavarwi

Muna 1918, dzavarwi akanga emauto akadzingwa mabasa, midziyo akanga namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye akatumwa Saratov, kusika masangano "Microbe".

Muna 20-ies pamusoro "wakatambudza" yakanyangarika kubva yezvirwere. The nhare akanga doused pamwe eparafini Unotungidza kubvisa maperembudzi.

Panguva Second World War dzavarwi kamwe zvakare akamira basa Yababa. Pakanga yabereka "shuga rvushki" duku asi chinokosha pamusoro zvomumvura zvimbambaira.

Paitonga Khrushchev nenhubu munhare richivezwa vakatasvisa vose simbi, uye kuti kana akawana aripo chitarisiko. Kubva yakakwana zvaibiwa kwakaenderera akaponeswa kuburikidza inotyisa mukurumbira.

Fort "Alexander 1" - sei ikoko?

pana Fort ose zhizha vanopedza "Madhindindi yebato" - kukuvara kumadhindindi. Muchivanze ravira vakurukuri guru, kuchinja okuvimba migumisiro. Vaenzi vasvike dzavarwi pamusoro mvura, pamusoro chikepe.