Dwarf planet plan Pluto

Chii kwatiri kwatiri chinova chinonakidza, uye dzimwe nguva uye chinotyisa? Chakavanzika. Unexplored. Inexplicability. Uye izvi zvinoshanda kune zvachose chero nzvimbo. Kunyange iyo yose. Kana kuti, kunyanya nzvimbo. Sezvo ihwo ipo cosmos inovanza pachayo mamiriyoni emibvunzo isina kupindurwa uye inotityisa nekusagadzirisa kwayo nekushayikwa kwekudzidza. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakadaro zvinokoshesa chakavanzika ndechokuti Pluto, nyika yakanyanya kure kure negadziriro yedu yezuva, yakawanikwa pakutanga kwema1930. Kunyange zvazvo gare gare, paaidzidza mifananidzo yakare ra1914, nyika ino yakaonekwa zvakare.

Mhemberero dziri kuitika iye zvino dzinopa ruzivo rwakakwana kunyange kutarisa kana Pluto inyika kana kuti kwete. Inoratidzika seyenyeredzi ine chiuru gumi nemashanu-kukura kukuru. Mars, zvichida, inogonawo kuva nechiedza chakafanana, iri pamakiromita akafanana kubva kwatiri. Uye izvi zvinoreva kuti Pluto, zvichida, ane zviyero zve Mars. Kuenzanisa kwakarurama kwakanyanya kwehupamhi hwepasi kwakapiwa muma1950. J. Koiper akakwanisa kuenzanisa chidimbu chemazana, akaenzana, maererano noupupuriro hwake, 0 ", 23. Kana" kushandura "zviyero zvedu, hupamhi huchava 2900 km.

Muna 1968, kubva munaEpril 28 kusvika kune 29, 12 maitatories akamirira kusvikira Pluto ichipfuura neimwe nyenyeredzi yakaenzana nehukuru. Panofungidzira, kana Kuiper yakanga isina kukanganisa mukukura, Pluto aifanira kuvhara. Asi kubwinya kwakanga kusina kusimba. Uye izvi zvakataura kuti Pluto akaenzana kwete 5500 km. Huwandu hwaPluto hwakanga huri zvakaoma kuverenga. Akange asina shamwari, makomite akapoteredza iye haana kupfuura.

Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzeAmerica R. Duncombe, P. Seidelman, E. Jackson uye nyanzvi yemapurisa wePoland V. Klepchinsky vakaita basa guru: vakagadzirisa maitiro 5426 pane chinzvimbo cheNefune panguva yakabva muna 1846 kusvika muna 1868 uye vakawana: uwandu hwePluto, maererano nenyika, 0.11. Saizvozvowo kuwanda kweMaris, asi Pluto iri pasi pe Mars. Kutora kwaari iyo yakawanda yakaverengwa, iyo yakareba anenge 5500 km, tinowana kuwanda kwehuwandu hwePluto - 8 g / cm ^ 3, uye izvi zvakawandisa. Muna 1978, J. Christie akaita kuti awane zvisingatarisirwi: anoona mumifananidzo yekare satellite yePlutonium. Kuwanikwa kwakasimbiswa nemamiriyoni emamiririri emitambo yekucherechedza muCroro Tololo. Ndiyo kurapwa kwetabhenakeri yakabatsira kuziva huwandu hwePluto pachayo: 1.1 10 ^ 25 g, uye iyi 1/500 yehukuru hwenyika yedu! Uye izvi zviyero izvo zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kuita chirevo chitsva: pasi plan Pluto pakati pemapuraneti emuitiro wedu ndechidiki!

Zvakanaka, kutonhora, munyanzvi, inofanira kunge iri pamusoro payo anenge 40 K. Panguva yekushisa kwemethane iri kuenderera mberi. Saka, methane ice inogona kunge iri paPuto. Mhemberero muna 1977 yakasimbisa kubvuma kwekuti infrared spectrum pakupedzisira yakatibvumira kufungisisa maitiro evanhu. Zvishoma zvishoma, muna 1970, ine 60-centimeter reflector, zvikwata zvakawanikwa zvakaratidzika sezviitiko zvesimbi inogadzirwa. Muna 1930, March 12, imwe mharidzo yakaonekwa: kutsvaga kwenguva refu nekuongororwa kwakaitwa naLowell wepasi rinonakidza seri kweNetune rakazopedzisira raita kuti kuwanikwa kwechinhu chitsva, chisingazivikanwi, kufamba nekukurumidza kwemasvondo manomwe kwemavhiki kunofananidzwa nemuviri, unogara uripo mushure mekutenderera kwepasi Neptune, nechokure chinoratidzwa naLowell, kukura kwechigumi nemashanu. Nenguva isipi, nyika yezvokudenga yakasarudza kupa nyika zita - nyika Pluto, yakakosha kwazvo, sezvo kufamba kwepasi kwakaitika mune zvisizvo, zvekunze kwenzvimbo yedu yezuva. Tsamba mbiri dzokutanga dzinoshandiswa muhurukuro idzi ndiwo mavambo aPercival Lowell, uyo akataura kuti kuvapo kwenyika isingazivikanwi yakafa gore rimwe mushure mokunge zvataurwa zvichiparidzirwa.

Kuwanikwa kwaPluto kunogona kuitika shure muna 1919. Paiva nenjodzi. Ipapo Milton Houmanson akaita zviyero zvenzvimbo inogona kuitika yepasi, akafukura nzvimbo yaro inokwanisa uye akawana mifananidzo yepasi rino. Chimwe chezvifananidzo chakave ne emulsion uye zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuratidza kuvapo kwemuviri wekudenga . Nyika Pluto yakanga yakamirira kuwanikwa kwayo ... Iko kare muna 1930, tichiziva zvakajeka pamusoro pekuvapo kwePluto nemakumbo ayo, yakava yakakwanisa kuziva mifananidzo yakawanikwa kare.