Country Turkey. upfumi Turkey vake. Flag of Turkey - Photo

Wokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero chikamu Asia vane nyika inoshamisa. Turkey (pamutemo kunzi Republic of Turkey) yakaumbwa muna 1923, pashure pokuwa hweOttoman Empire. The umambo yakaguma uye munzvimbo vakava rudzi-mamiriro aine predominance pamusoro Turkish dzinza.

Vazhinji munyika mubvunzo uri Armenian penyika uye Anatolian kweItari uye vashoma - pakati muMediterranean uye Black Sea (ari muBalkans).

nyika dzakavakidzana

tsanangura muchidimbu miganhu Turkey. Saka, muna kumabvazuva ehurumende yakabatana Azerbaijan uye Armenia, kumadokero - muGreece, kumaodzanyemba - kuna Iran, Iraq uye Siria. Uye vari apo Muganhu Turkey nechokuchamhembe? Map kunoratidza kuti anzwire kusvikira kuGungwa Black. Nyika okumavirira mumakungwa matatu: reMediterranean, iyo Marmara uye reAegean.

muchiuto

hondo Turkey raMwari inomiririrwa yakatarwa revarwi, ane chinangwa kudzivirira rusununguko, miganhu kuvimbika uye rusununguko munyika. Muna 2011 vagari vemo aiva 720 zviuru. People. Mukuwedzera, hurumende ine nhamba vakadzidziswa kuchengeterwa vana 90 zviuru. Pers., Pakati 38,000 vari vokutanga chokutambudzika chengetedza.

Uto Turkish vashandi kuburikidza vanopinza hurongwa. rokumanikidzirwa muchiuto nguva basa Ingasiyana kubva mitanhatu kusvika gumi mwedzi. Draft zera - makore makumi maviri. Pashure kokuyerera kwake kubva kuhondo, vagari vari wemari kusvikira makore makumi mana nemashanu. Maererano nomutemo dzeko, munguva yehondo anganzi kwete chete kuvanhu makore 16-60 okuberekwa, asi mukadzi makore 20-46.

Operational utariri dzemauto rinoitwa pasi utungamiriri General Staff mukuru, neMutungamiriri weNyika. Iye omurume vatungamiri venyika mauto, mauto wengarava, ari gendarmerie uye Coast Guard.

The upfumi mamiriro ezvinhu

Pari nyika dzaitongwa musika ukama. upfumi Turkey chiri kuramba kuitwa liberalized: privatized zvaimunetsa mamiriro, izvo inovhura mikana mitsva nokuda dzimwe vanoita mudzimai kumusika.

Mukutanga-maviri rokutanga remakore, paiva dambudziko munyika zvoupfumi. Nyanzvi vanouti panonyanyisa kuti nguva yose mamiriro chiitiko ezvinhu ane misoro mazvake. Saka, GDP mu wakaiswa mitengo ikaurawa 9,5%. Zvisinei, muna 2002 nayo akakwanisa kudzosera kukura kwoupfumi. Somuenzaniso, GNP akamuka nokuda 7.1%.

Huru munyika zvikwereti ndivo World Bank uye IMF. upfumi Turkey chiri kuramba dzakawedzerwa nemashoko zvikwereti. Saka, chete kubva 2000 kusvika 2005, nyika vakagamuchira mabhiriyoni 30 emadhora.

Not asingasviki makumi maviri kubva muzana vanhu vararame pasi urombo mutsetse. Shoma mubayiro muna 2013 yairema 405 euros.

Munyika indasitiri

kushingaira basa pamusoro pokumuka nokuwedzera Whitehead Textile, simbi, zvokudya-kubudiswa, zvemakemikari, engineering migodhi maindasitiri inoitwa Turkey.

Oil Kugadzirwa munyika haagoni kunzi zvakakwanira mumhuri rinodyiwa. emakambani State-anazvo, achitsigirwa dzimwe guta kuti kutsvaka injini basa. Rinonyatsooneka panyaya iyi ndiyo nzvimbo South-Eastern Anatolia. Nokuda kuti deposits vari kunzvimbo dziri kure, mari yokufambisa uye kugadzirwa tichingotarisira kuwedzera.

The nyika chikuru ekisipota kuti Chrome esimbi. Uyezve, kugadzirwa chakagadzirwa mhangura, tungsten, uranium exchange, uye manganese ores, mekuri, sarufa, borates, ndarama nesirivha.

Chinozikamwa kukurumidza kutanga zvemagetsi bhizimisi kuTurkey. Saka, nyika akasimbisa vakawanda kugadzirwa redhiyo, terevhizheni uye midziyo runhare, makombiyuta nezvimwe mano mazhinji. The vaitungamirira pakati aivigirwa zvigadzirwa uitore zvemagetsi thermometers.

The political mamiriro ezvinhu

Pari munzvimbo yezvematongetwo munyika inogona kuonekwa inopenya uye simba chaizvo basa hondo pakati kutsvaka kugara hukuru chinzvimbo mapato. Vose ndanzwawo kuwana kodzero yokuziva Vector yawo vavatorwa mudzimba negwaro.

Modern nenzanga ndiye Turkish vakagaramo rakadzika Pfungwa rethinking nhaka, iyo akasiya Kemal Ataturk - muvambi uye purezidhendi zvokuvhoterwa wokutanga. Itsvo dziri mumaoko nhengo raitonga Justice uye Development Party (AKP). Vamire kudzivirirwa Islamic dzemitemo uye kuchinja kuti zvemukati uye dzimwe negwaro. chikuru vorongerwa yavo inotevera mapato: mashoko Republican People (ndizvo kuomerera nenhungamiro Kemal Ataturk) uye Nationalist Action Party (inotungamirirwa Devlet Bahçeli).

Turkey wokuti (zvose zvemukati uye kwokunze) riri kuramba kufarira munyika munharaunda. Chikonzero ndechokuti Hurumende iri kuwana uremu mune dzakawanda munhandare uye ane basa zvoupfumi chinzvimbo.

Turkish President

Zvino nyika iri kutongwa Dzhumuh Abdullah keltainen. Iye Dhokotera upfumi Sciences. Keltainen akaratidza somunhu akabudirira Wenyika uye wezvematongerwo enyika. Iye anoita zvakanaka, saka vakakurumidza kutungamirirwa dzinochinja zvachose ezvinhu evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika mhepo. On August 28, 2007 keltainen - akasarudzwa purezidhendi Turkey. Zvino nyika ndiyo kugadzirira sarudzo itsva raizoitwa August 10, 2014.

State zviratidzo

Sezvingatarisirwa, ayo mureza, mufananidzo uye rumbo uye ane nyika iyi jeka. Turkey ndiye angwarire ane kirisendi uye nyeredzi dziri zviratidzo Islam. Nhoroondo kwaita mureza haasi mumwe kududzirwa. The chete zvazvisingarambiki Chokwadi ndechokuti nyika nhaka zviratidzo hweOttoman Empire, waiva ruvara rakatsvuka. Nyeredzi wokutanga akazviratidza ari mureza chete pakutanga namapfumbamwe remakore. Chokutanga, waimiririra pamwe nomwe kana vasere miromo. Uye kuti Turkish mureza sokunge ikozvino? Photos anonyorwa mu tsvuku jira shanu-wakananga nyeredzi uye kirisendi. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti nguva pfupi asati pokuwa hweOttoman Empire, nyeredzi pamusoro mureza vaiva vatatu. Modern shanduro akabvumirwa muna 1923. Makore gumi nematatu Papera pamutemo akasimbiswa nhamba 2: 3.

Turkey nguo maoko kusvikira mukutanga ramakumi remakore yakanga hunomiririrwa mitema denderedzwa uye mwedzi uri pakanyorwa nyeredzi. Under yokupedzisira ine nhoo yakashongedzwa mwedzi goridhe uye nenyeredzi, uyewo korona Sultan headgear - ngowani. Kumativi maviri nguvo maoko zvaiva mireza. Mumwe wavo - red (hweOttoman hwedzinza), mumwe - green (Islam). Mukuwedzera, nguvo maoko ichifananidzwa mikombe Empire mined muhondo.

Kana vemazuva Turkey, pamutemo nehurumende chiratidzo, iye haana. Asi, zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa chiratidzo - dzvuku denderedzwa rine vertically yakarongwa chena kirisendi uye nyeredzi. chiratidzo ichi nechimwe pamutemo zita nyika akanyorwa Turkish.

Kana rwenyika yaiti "Istiklal Kurume" ( "Independence March"), yakanga pamutemo ari munyika muna 1921. Words yakanyorwa nomudetembi Mehmet Akif Ersoy. Pakutanga, munyori mumhanzi rakanga Ali Rifat Kagatay. Melody ake raishandiswa kwemakore masere. mumhanzi rakachinjwa gare gare. Pari chokupika ari rwiyo Melody Zeki Ungor - kondakita of Presidential Symphony Orchestra.

Kwokufananidzira iri airemekedzwa vagari zvikuru. Riri kwete chete munzvimbo private uye voruzhinji masangano, asiwo mudzimba vagari.

mutemo

Kupindana pazororo, iva nechokwadi kuti wabvunza, chii maererano inorambidza uye mvumo dzinounzwa nyika iyi. Turkey - nyika nomutsa, asi murayiro mumwe zvose. Somuenzaniso, munguva pfupi yapfuura yakarambidzwa kusvuta paruzhinji uye yokufambisa (kunyange tekisi, tisingatauri mabhazi). Nokuti kutyora kutonga ichi chichange faindi mu uwandu makumi matanhatu namaviri Turkish liras (vanenge makumi matatu emadhora).

Mitemo Turkey kunoita pakureva kuchengetwa, nezvifambiso uye kushandisa zvinodhaka wakaoma chaizvo. Saka, nokuti kutyora inorambidza anogona kuwanikwa akapfigirwa kwenguva zvina kusvika makore makumi maviri namana.

Havabvumirwi Export munyika Antiques. Mukuru ngozi zvavo vashanyi ndechokuti pfungwa iyi zvikuru rwakafara. Sei uzvidzivirire? Zvinokurudzirwa kwete kutora kunyange tunhu tudiki-diki kune matongo nzvimbo uye vanotenga matkamuistoja chete mvumo munzvimbo. Purchase chero zvigadzirwa zvakadaro kunofanira kubudikidza issuance kuMudzidzisi chitupa. Available bepa vanofanira kuratidza kumuganhu vakuru kana kusiya nyika. No gwaro iri Chirango kusvika gumi makore mujeri, kutorerwa nyore hazvikwani.

Pakazosvika mhosva Turkey kwaenzaniswa Kuzvidza mureza, kukuvadza vemo mari uye kusaremekedza kuna zvifananidzo munyika muvambi, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.

Pose uri, iwe vanofanira kutakura Photo zvitupa. Kutya zvokuzvidzivirira magwaro chose zvinonzwisisika, saka, aibvumirwa kupa Somuenzaniso, hakusi pasipoti wayo kopi.

Asati kutora mifananidzo yetumedu vanhu vemo, unofanira kuwana mvumo yokuita kudaro. munyika mitemo hazvirevi chengetedza sei kupfeka, asi kuti kutyora mitemo havafaniri ngarisimbiswe emakore. Hazvina yakarumbidza kuvhura makumbo uye mapfudzi.

Tsika

Pasinei chokwadi kuti Russia uye Turkey vari munharaunda yakakura chiri pedyo nepedyo, pakati Mutsika nyika idzi rakadzikadzika. Saka, vakawanda vomunzvimbo (kwete asingasviki makumi masere muzana) Muslim. tsika iyi chaizvoizvo zvine zvose muupenyu. Chitendero inorondedzera zvinhu zvoupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye kukurukurirana.

Chinhu chokutanga zvakashamisa vatorwa vashanyi, izvozvo akasimbisa noruremekedzo kutaurirana. VokuTurkey achiri zvetsika maonero kutaura mafungiro kuremekedzwa vamwe. Zvirokwazvo kunzwa vari kero mugove compliments, uye nani sei kwavari dzoka, regai skimp pamusoro zvinozipa mashoko.

Turkish muchato tsika katyamadza nevashanyi ayo zvokushamisira uye mutambo. Setsika Connect mwoyo miviri rudo uchapisika achiperekedzwa kudanana uye Nokuvimbisana kuroorana. In kupemberera uku kunotora mazuva dzinenge mashoma. Vamwe tsika yekare, vokuTurkey ano dzakatevera kusvikira ikozvino. Pakati pavo vane "usiku Maruva ehena" (maoko mwenga kuti akafukidzwa anoshamisa mapatani, uchishandisa pendi ehena) uye "umhandara Belt" (baba mwenga asunga munhu pamusoro muchato rokwe rutsvuku Ribbon).

Hakuna Turkish zororo zvisingaiti kufungidzira kusina mutinhimira kufamba pasi nziyo yenyika. Zvisinei, kune vanopfuura zviuru zviviri akasiyana vachitamba. Zvichienderana nharaunda, zvakasiyana uye zvokupfeka, uye magadzirirwo awo uye mutinhimira.

tsika nemagariro

Funga dzakadaro sezvo mabhuku, mapurani, yemitambo, mumhanzi, Indaneti uye cinema.

Nemidzi Turkish mabhuku anodzokera kare. Saka, tanga zvakarurama yomusi mabasa ndivo zvisikwa Ahmeda Fariha, akaonekwa remakore namatatu. Hazvishamisi hweOttoman mabhuku akasiyana echitendero hunhu uye kuomerera zvinodiwa Islam. Vaongorori dzinoti kuti kukura kwayo panguva zvikuru tsika Arabic uye mabhuku Persian.

Zviri rakasiyana zvechokwadi Genre dare nhetembo kwenguva hweOttoman Empire. Pakati maitiro zviri Turkish nearufabheti dzoga zvavo tsika. Zvikurukuru munyaya iyi, cherechedza nengano Nasreddin Hodja uye umhare epos (zvose nomuromo uye pakunyora). Kana ano Turkish mabhuku, inokudziridza pasi pokudzora kumadokero.

akitekicha

Nhoroondo Turkish mapurani rakakamurwa zvitatu nguva: Seljuk (XII-XIII CC.), HweOttoman (XIV-XIX emakore.) Uye ano. On tsika rokuvaka zvivako panguva kukanganiswa mavakirwo Iran, Byzantium uye Ijipiti. Parizvino huru zviri Turkish manyorerwo zviri nyore uye functionality. Most zvivako yakavakwa manyorero modernism. Pakati havaoni chechikoro ano mapurani govera Clemens Holtsmayera Sedat Onat uye Hakim Eldema.

mitambo

Gumi nenhanhatu remakore vagere hweOttoman Empire akaziva chii munhandare yemitambo mimvuri. mutambo uyu akawana husingagumi mukurumbira. Munguva mitambo inoshandiswa kwete chete nezvidhori uye puppets, asi zvandakaona uye chiedza chaiwo nemigumisiro. Nzira dzose idzi kubvumira kusika fungidziro kuti Danho nzvimbo iri multidimensional. Sezvo makore namapfumbamwe remakore yemitambo hwapedyo misoro simba tsika dzokuMadokero. The muvambi Turkish mutambo tenda Ibrahim Şinasi uye theatre - Güllü Agop.

mumhanzi

Kwakatangira zvenziyo tsika kuti kuwanikwa mukuvamba Middle Ages, kana Seljuk vokuTurkey, akatamira kubva Central Asia, kuti vanhu Peninsula. Sezvingatarisirwa, nzvimbo itsva tsika yokuita pamwe Armenian uye nechiGiriki. A maitiro chepfungwa marimba netsika iyoyo yaiva pentatonic pakafunuka - rinokosha pyatistupennaya penguva hurongwa. All zvinoita inogona iri mambure quanta uye / kana marita.

Munguva hweOttoman Empire zvakanzi vakaumba Genre itsva - muchiuto orchestral mumhanzi, achiperekedzwa vazhinji musango uye hasha rutsigiro. Modern mumhanzi tsika kweTurkey riri pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu West. Saka, vechiduku dombo zvikuru dzakakurumbira uye mifananidzo inokukurudzira uyewo jazz. Turkish vaimbi vazhinji anozivikanwa kunze kwenyika, pakati pavo kunyanya govera Mustafa shangu, Hande Yener, Tarkan uye Sertab Serdar Ortaç Ernera.

World Wide dandemutande

Kupararira Indaneti akabatanidzwa basa rinokosha muupenyu nemagariro munyika. Saka, vanhu mumataundi maduku, mumisha uye kure enyika vakanga kuwana ruzivo inodzidzisa uye varaidzo. On nzvimbo zhinji unogona kuwana mabasa Vanyori Turkish uye vadetembi, mapepanhau vane zvavo zvemagetsi pfuma. Kuwanda Internet vanoshandisa pamusoro gumi apfuura yakawedzera 10 nguva. Pari yaaizova the World Wide Web vane mamiriyoni 26.5 vokuTurkey.

nyika sinema

About cinematography muTurkey ano yaizivikanwa kunyange pamberi pokuwa hweOttoman Empire. Saka, wokutanga vhidhiyo firimu chaipiwa kuna vateereri muna 1914. munyori wayo - Fuat Uzyknay. The pfupi mafirimu anoratidza pedyo kuparadzwa shongwe, ndakagadza mune weChicago Constantinople muna kukudzwa San Stefano runyararo chibvumirano. Shooting rokutanga dzomufirimu ( "The Kuroora Himmeta Aga") yakapedzwa muna 1918.

Pari, zvinogona nharo kuti Turkey yabudirira kwete chete cinema asiwo paterevhizheni mumunda. Kutapukirwa zvakapararira munyika nehurumende iyi, dzakakurumbira chaizvo uye kupfuura.

Local chikafu

The kunakidza munyika mubvunzo? Turkey anorova vafambi kujairika culinary tsika, uye zvose nokuda kuti muitiro kubika panguva dzakasiyana kufurirwa uye vokuTurkey, vokuArmenia, vaGiriki, maArab vokuItaly.

Yakakurumbira ndiro vemo - kababpchis uye shish-kebab (mhuru pamusoro pfira). Uyezve, Turkey kwakakurumbira chaizvo Pizza. An chinokosha chezvinonhuwira ndiro dzakawanda mafuta omuorivhi. Special kurapwa kubva veko kuti zvokuseredzera uye zvihwitsi. Kazhinji, zvinhu zvakanaka izvi zvizere nzungu uye muchero. Pakati zvinwiwa zvikurukuru emit Turkish kofi. No zvishoma dzakakurumbira ndiye tii, waini uye bhurandi (mazambiringa bhurandi pamwe anise munuhwi).

mhedziso

Turkey - inyika ine nhoroondo akaoma inonakidza. Kunokwezva mamiriyoni vafambi uye vanoda kare. Uye zvose nokuda nedzimwe kutandara zviwanikwa, uye vakawanda nhoroondo nzvimbo.