Consumer vanhu - chii?

Chii nevatengi vanhu? Ndivo huru zvoupfumi vatambi vari zvokurima cooperatives. The Company akasikwa ari chokuzvidira hwaro. Mwari akaronga kuti kudzivirira kodzero uye zvido kwoupfumi nhengo dzayo - varidzi emakambani diki uye mapurazi.

The kwaita nevatengi nzanga

Wokutanga nevatengi Society akazviratidza muBritain mukutanga XIX remakore. First vaironga philanthropic chinangwa akapfuma. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma pfungwa yakashandurwa, uye iye akamira kumusoro vashandi pachavo kana varimi avo vakawana pachavo vanatenzi pakati zvigayo, zvitoro uye Mabheka.

Vashandi akasika Mutengi nzanga kuitira kuvandudza pachiyero hwavo. Inside sangano, nhengo dzayo aigona kutenga isingadhuri zvigadzirwa vari unhu hwakanaka. Co-Operatives akazova vanhu Bank. Vakapa zvikwereti kune vanoshayiwa. Kana mutengi vanhu kupfuma, ivo vakava shareholders dzakapfuma. Mubereko sangano rakanga ainyanya kuwedzera mvumo guru, izvo kuunza mari vose nhengo dzayo.

Kubudirira mushandirapamwe

British cooperatives of XIX remakore vakaumba inoverengeka misimboti kuri mumashoko ano nevatengi munzanga, izvo zvichaita kuti kutaurwa pazasi. Vakanga dzinoratidzwa pasi mugove zvipo, vashomanana anogoverana nechimwe nhengo sangano, wakaenzana varidzi vose migove uyewo chete Pricing itsika.

Kubudirira sangano zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti muna 1860 ari cooperatives akatanga kubatana mibatanidzwa. Masangano aya kuva simba uye zvikuru nesimba muna yose European upfumi. Pakupera ari XIX remakore muTestamende World, paitova pamwe nhengo mamiriyoni maviri. International nevatengi vanhu vakatora emakambani dzavo dzemunharaunda zvinosiyana ari Socialist International. Izvi zvinosanganisira masere awa kushanda zuva, vakasununguka kurapwa uye dzidzo, uyewo kuverenga pamusoro fanira pensions kuti vashandi. Vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo nomufaro massively akabatana sangano idzva, vachitarisira rubatsiro yavo kuchengetedza basa kodzero.

Wokutanga nevatengi munzanga Russia

Panguva iyoyowo, Russia akadzidza chii munhu Mutengi nzanga. Reviews pamusoro ino akanga leaked kune epamba zvokurima kwezvakatipoteredza. Pamugumo Russian mumusha XIX remakore yaiva mudambudziko, pasinei zvichangobva abolition kuti serfdom. Vanhuwo zvavo vakaramba kurarama muurombo. Chikonzero ichi mamiriro ezvinhu akanga ari mukuru kubereka mwero mumhuri uye overpopulation, nenyika muridzi kusabatana, pasi zvibereko, kushayikwa mabhiza nemombe.

Panyaya iyi, muna 1900 vakaumba boka vasingashandi, uwandu iyo vakasvika vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 23. Uye vanhu ava vaiva nokushanda vemo. In kufanana ichi kukura mamiriro bhajeti, izvo akavata pamapfudzi kare murombo vanhuwo zvavo.

Yakanga okurima kurima kunze zvokurima pamwe vanhu. Varimi kudzidza pamusoro kubudirira co-kushanda kuMadokero, akatanga okuzvibatsira shamwaridzana mu izvi chete hurongwa kudzivirira ayo nezvido mudzimai kumusika.

Consumer nzanga kurima

The itsva zvakawanda sangano basa uye zvokutengeserana zvakava dzinokodzera vanhuwo zvavo, nokuti vanhu vomumusha vangada kuti vabatsirwe unopa guru zvebhizimisi, uye haina kurasikirwa kubatana pamwe yavo madiki kurima. Union Consumer Societies inopa nhengo dzaro mukana.

Pamberi musha paiva yakadaro kwegadziriro cooperatives, zvokurima vaburitsi nechirwere mhindu, uye kuwanda basa vanozoshanda. Kana kwematsutso anouya, zvipfuwo njanji Aisagona kutakura zvinhu zvose anobudiswa muguta. Nemhaka iyi, vanhu vakaedza "overstock" pachine, zvichiita yomwaka chingwa mutengo kunge slumped.

Zvishoma nezvishoma murimi mudiki upfumi kuRussia kuti chisanyanya zvakasikwa zviri uye kukava rokutengesa kugadzirwa. Panyaya iyi, zvipfuwo zvoupfumi iri kudiwa mutsva muchimiro sangano wezvokutengeserana mune zvokurima zvekutepfenyura. Emerging nevatengi vanhu vava zvikuru refu-akamirirwa piritsi, Achabvisira varimi kubva zvisingakoshi kunetseka uye moneylenders. Vasati kuti, chingwa usati kusvika pakaunda, akatora maoko zvishomanana vanozoshanda. Zvakadaro hurongwa Varidzi pachavo kubhadhara mari kuti vanotengesa nevaya vanofungidzira.

Atova pakutanga XX remakore, Russia rava mutungamiri nyika iri nhamba masangano akadaro uye uwandu nhengo dzavo. Yakanga isingori zvoupfumi kukura, zvakanga yaiva kusvetuka chaiye. Pausiku 1917 munyika raishanda anenge 50 zviuru cooperatives. Mumwe asiri haibatsiri nevatengi munzanga avhareji yaisanganisira hapana anopfuura 50 kuvashanu. In yose vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 14 vaivapowo ichi kufamba zvoupfumi, uye 80% kuti nhamba vaiva vanhuwo zvavo. Sangano mutengi munzanga mumusha chakamuka Kunyanya simba mushure 1905 chimurenga. Panguva iyo yakabatsira kuti Stolypin kuchinja, kuburikidza iyo vanhuwo zvavo kuti zvive nyore kusiya munharaunda. Ivo akakwereta uye kuSiberia, kwavakanga vakamirira untilled nyika. Munharaunda iyi, kunyanya kukura munharaunda mutengi vanhu.

Kushandira Pamwe ari USSR

Independent pamwe kufamba mu Russia yakaguma mushure October Revolution uye kuti Bolsheviks vakauya simba. The Socialist ngamirirwa nheyo "zvose tora uye kugoverana. ' Panguva inopikisa kuti akaratidza chero mubatanidzwa romunharaunda kuti mutengi nzanga, kazhinji haana kumbofunga nezvarwo.

Zvakaguma inosuruvarisa. Varimi vakarasikirwa kwete chete mudziyo kushandira pamwe pakati pavo, asi nokukurumidza zvose vakasiyiwa pasina nyika. Vomumusha zvaifudzwa kupinda mumapurazi. Vasingadi kushandira pamwe zviremera zveSoviet akazivisa chibhakera uye pasi udzvanyiriri. Vakawanda vaimbova shareholders kuti mutengi nzanga vakangokaruka vava nhapwa Kazakhstan uye dzimwe nharaunda kure. State takabatikana uye vakarambidza Mediation zvinoedzwa iyo akabata yapfuura cooperatives.

Consumer munzanga muchimiro aimbova havasisipo. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvimwe zvinhu zvavo vakatanga kuita toga mapurazi ose vanhuwo zvavo uye seboka-purazi acho ounyanzvi. Izvi anonyara muforoma vaimbova pamwe akabvumira vanhuwo zvavo kuti vararame, pasinei kukanganiswa ehurumende upfumi akaronga.

Consumer Society mukunopera kweSoviet

Pakazosvika mangwanani '90s, apo Soviet Union yakaparara, kwakanga chete akanyorwa kuzviomesera kuumbwa nevatengi pamwe. Zvino paiva Central Union pakutanga, uye zvino Rospotrebsoyuz. Masangano aya raitungamirwa kutanga mutengi nzanga itsva.

Muna 1990, 40% yevanhu of RSFSR kushumirwa ino. Chaiva vemumusha mamiriyoni 30. Mumazuva chishoma uye zvokudya pamwe nekurutsa mumwe remunharaunda nevatengi vanhu inoita inokosha zvoupfumi mashandiro munyika yose. Mugove hurongwa chakaita kuti 25% chitoro rokutengesa nhumbi, vanenge hafu mbatatisi preforms rechitatu murayiro muriwo zvokuvakisa uye zvichingodaro. D.

In Russia ano

Mumakore 90, Russian nevatengi vanhu kuenda kuburikidza dzakaoma. Zvose zvakachinja pashure default 1998, uye depreciation yacho Ruble. Akasunungura niches kwezvoupfumi kubvumira co-Operatives kudzokera kumusika. Nhasi, munyika yose munzvimbo Russian Federation pane 20-25 nemasangano. Vazhinji vavo umbwa okurima nevatengi munzanga. Muchiitiko chino, anenge vose hazvibatsiri pasinei mhando nemari yavo mabasa.

Nokuti ichi chinokosha zvoupfumi bhora of Tax Code. The "razero" makore akanga wandei yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita, kubatsira mutengi nzanga, vakapinda Central Council of Russian Federation. Chimiro ichi ndicho chikuru ekufambisa muviri kuti ruzhinji cooperatives.

It Tsetrosoyuz anosarudza tarisiro yayo yose zvoupfumi zvekutepfenyura. Gore negore, sechikamu congresses ayo uye Misangano ichiitwa ruzhinji gakava pamusoro sei kuvandudza hurongwa mutengi nzanga mumhuri kurima.

Kunyanya yanhasi nevatengi nzanga

Vose Russian uye chero dzakawanda nevatengi vanhu chinhu nonprofit marongerwo. Kureva, sangano mubasa entrepreneurial basa, asi panguva imwe chete generating purofiti nokuti hakusi chikuru uye nokududza basa. Mubatanidzwa wakadaro zvinoumbwa iri nokuzvidira hwaro kudzivirira zvido shareholders ayo. The chikuru Kunoshandiswa mutengi nzanga kwayo ropafadzo iri kugovera mari, izvo akagamuchira nhengo dzayo. Nokudaro, kuburikidza mipiro uye kupindurawo upfumi upenyu seboka shareholders inishuwarenzi mumwe uye vanova kudzivirirwa pamigumisiro Bhizimisi kukundikana.

Pari, mutengi nzanga inonyatsobudirira uye zvakajairika chimiro pamwe kurima. Inside Chine zvakasiyana siyana mashandiro uye zvinhu. Chekutanga, ichi chinhu yakasiyana nyika ukama, riri yakawiriranwa mubhizimisi pamusoro shareholders. Chechipiri, pfuma turnover kunoitika therebetween. Chechitatu, mutengi nzanga nzvimbo huru kusangana munzanga uye zvinhu zvinodiwa shareholders. On hwaro ichi, tinogona kutaura kuti ano Russian okumaruwa Entrepreneurs zviri nyore uye yakachengeteka kuitisa basa ravo kubatana vavakidzani vayo pane kumusika chete kuti nematambudziko.

mabasa

Chimwe chikuru mashandiro anoita mutengi nzanga kudzivirira kodzero vatengi. Vagari vanogona kushandisa kuti masangano akadaro kuti vazviriritire muchimiro ezvemutemo. Vanachiremba vanogona kuitisa yakazvimirira kuzviongorora unhu mibvunzo zvinhu. Lawyers ongorora magwaro uye zvibvumirano zviri sale, sezvo vanogona kumirira vatengi vavo mudare. Izvi zvinoratidzwa chinangwa chinokosha munzanga munzanga dzakadaro.

Mabasa sangano akadaro anoita bumbiro iri mutengi vanhu, yakaitwa panguva mukuru musangano yokuisira ose migove. Gwaro iri inorondedzera mabasa uye kodzero dzenhengo dzesangano. Ko shareholders vane zvaunoda kodzero kutenga uye kutenga zvinhu uye mabasa kuti inopiwa nesangano. Nhengo dzayo vanobatsirwa mune mufambiro chikamu mapurazi, uyewo yokutengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo. ngaavongwe Consumer nzanga wayo siyana purofiti. Most mari iyi inokamurwa pakati shareholders. The yasara mari Anopera pamusoro pokumuka vanhu pacharo.

Hurumende iri achangopfuura makore aita zvikuru kuchinja kukura kwebasa pamwe ukama. Simba paruzhinji rutsigiro, izvo zvinokosha upfumi chairema mumhuri kurima. The chikuru mutemo nokuda indasitiri chinoramba mutemo "On nevatengi pamwe". The Company anoita nevatengi kudzivirirwa pachishandiswa mumwe gwaro "On Protection yevatengi 'Rights.

Legal pachena uye yakajeka pamwe basa urongwa kuti mukana papuratifomu nokuda akanyengetedza zvose varidzi mapurazi mumusha. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mitemo pamutemo yakanyorwa mafungiro wehurumende wacho kune masangano aya. Consumer nzanga uye mibatanidzwa - vakati - chinhu chinokosha munzanga upenyu munyika.

Tsentrosoyuz

The kutsanangura chinhu chinoratidza nevatengi nzanga iri hweruzhinji yavo. Masangano akadai zvinodzorwa ne mukuru musangano shareholders, apo nhengo imwe neimwe anekodzero kuvhota. Pasi manera kwesangano iri muviri mumiririri, iyo kazhinji anoita kanzuru inotungamirirwa sachigaro. Uyewo vanhu vanofanira kuva odhita uye Control Commission, riri basa kuongorora legality uye yakarurama yesarudzo.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, chikuru dare rinodzora pamwe zvinhu yose Russia, Central Union Consumer Societies, kana chete Tsentrosoyuz. Uyewo, hazvina inotongwa nenhengo Assembly. It anogamuchira vamiririri vose mumhuri nevatengi munzanga. Assembly uchasangana kanenge kamwe pagore, kana muMoscow kuuya vaibva munyika yose. Pamusangano nezvezvinetso kuitika uye tariro kwemashoko mutengi vanhu.