Cloning: zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira. The kunopesana cloning kwevanhu

Imwe yenhau dzakakakavadzana mumishonga yave ichigadzirisa kwemakore akawanda: vazhinji vari kufarira uye nekupikisa izvi. Kutaura kwokutanga kwemashoko kwakaitwa muna 1963. Yaiva panguva iyoyo iyo izwi rakashandiswa neine geneticist kubva kuBritain.

Necessary terminology

Biologist vanoshandisa tsanangudzo dzakawanda dzezwi rokuti "clone". Kazhinji kazhinji, izwi iri rinoreva chimwe chimiro, chakaonekwa kuburikidza nekunze-kwe-kuwedzera uye nekuchengetedzwa kwefa nhaka kubva kumadzitateguru avo. Muchigadziriswa chekugadzira, gadziriro yemagetsi inobudiswa zvakare. Hazvikwanisi kutaurwa kuti aya ndiwo makopi akazara. Vane genotype yakafanana. Asi maererano nehupenzi hwavo, makoni anogona kusiyanisa. Vangave vane hutano hwakasiyana, maruva, kutengesa kune zvirwere.

Saka, somuenzaniso, iyo yakakurumbira gwayana reDolly yakanga isiri zvachose phenotypic kopi yemakwai ayo masero ayo akashandiswa kuigamuchira. Akanga ane zvirwere zvakawanda, nekuda kwekuti akafira sei achiri muduku. Uye mubereki wemakwai akanga asina zvirwere. Mushure mokuberekwa kwaDolly, vazhinji vakatanga kutaura pamusoro pemikana yekunze nekuberekwa kwevanhu. Vashomanana vevatsigiri vebazi iri rinomiswa nekuti inenge 85% yekuedza kuita ma clones anokundikana. Asi kusanzwisisika kwemukati uyu kune kurega kwemashoko ekurwisana.

Mikana inobvira

Icho chichiri kare kare kuti titaure pamusoro pekuberekwa kwezvinyorwa zvevanhu. Asi hazvisi izvo chete zvaunoda kuisa cloning: nokuti uye zvinopesana nekuenderera kwekutsvakurudza munharaunda ino, unogona kuwana zvino mhirizhonga zhinji. Asi usakanganwa kuti iyi indasitiri inopa mikana yakawanda.

Saka, imwe yenzvimbo dzinovimbisa ndiyo transplantology. Nokuda kwechirongwa chekuisa, usatsvaga mupiro, chengetedza kubatana, kumirira kuvhiyiwa, uye kunyengetera kuti nzira yekuramba irege kutanga. Kubata nyuchi kunobvumira kukura chimiro chakafanana nekuchiisa.

Uyewo, vazhinji vanoti iyi ndiyo mikana yemhuri isina vana iyo isingadi kutora mwana akarera. Mukuwedzera, kuisa cloning kunodzivisa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Vakawanda vanoda kushandisa hutenga hutano kuitira kuti vasave vakwegura uye kufa kwepanyama.

Zvakaoma kutaura izvo ramangwana rekugadzira. Zvimwe uye zvinonzwisisika zvemashoko zvakasimba kumativi maviri. Asi vatevedzeri nevashori zvekuberekwa kwakadaro kwomunhu wacho vanotaura nezvemativi akasiyana emari.

Zvinotendwa kuti kana masayendisiti anogona kugadzira neuron, iyo inogona kushandiswa nemasero emagetsi muuropi, kufa nekuda kwekuwedzera kwechirwere chePasinson. Uyewo, zvirongwa ndezvokuumba mascreatic cells anogona kuita kuti munhu awane insulin chaiyo mumuviri wevanhu vane chirwere cheshuga.

Zvidzidzo pakuita zvidzidzo

Pasinei nokuti masayendisiti achiri kure kwazvo nekugadzira kopi yakakwana yehutano hwemunhu, panhamba yepamutemo izvi zvatove zvarambidzwa. Somuenzaniso, UN yakagadzira chiziviso chakanaka, icho chinotaura kuti hazvibvumirwi kuita zvidzidzo zvakadaro pakuberekwa kwevanhu sekugadzira. Kupikisa (kuumbwa kwevatongi vemutemo, neropafadzo kune vatsvakurudzi, inongova mazano kune zvakasikwa), 84 chete nhengo dzakagadzira kukura kwezvinhu izvi. Asi chirevo chacho chinotsigirwa zvakasimba muUnited States, muEast inyika dzeArabic, muLatin America neAfrica.

Vanhu vazhinji vakataura vachifarira kuramba vachikudziridza teknolojia, vachiita kuongororwa ne cloning. Asi panguva imwe chete kukopa vanhu kunoramba kusagamuchirwa. Kubereka hutachiona kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwakarambidzwa munyika dzinopfuura makumi matatu. Pakati pavo ndiRussia, dzakawanda nyika dzeEurope, Japan, China, Israel.

Ichokwadi, masayendisiti anopfuurira kubata mazai. Zvinotendwa kuti izvi zvinotungamira zvinofanira kuunza revolution mumishonga. Mune maonero avo, vanachiremba vane rubatsiro rwemazuva ano emichina yekodzero vane mukana wokukunda zvirwere zvakawanda, zvakadai seAlzheimer's, Parkinson kana chirwere cheshuga. Genetics inofunga kuti chero chinorambidzwa, zvichida, chinodzivirira tsika, tsika, asi dzinotadza kufa kwevanhu vari kurarama nhasi. Kuti unzwisise mafungiro ako panyaya iyi, unofanira kuziva zvose zvinopikisana nemisasa yevasungwa. Zvadaro munhu wese anogona kuzviitira sarudzo uye anonzwisisa kuti inopindirana sei netsika dzemazuva ano. Vanhu vazhinji vari muchikoro vanotarisana nemhando dzose uye vanoona mativi maviri emari iyo inonzi "cloning: pro uye con." Kuenzanisa nenyaya iyi kunobatsira kunzwisisa zvakanaka mafungiro ako panyaya iyi.

Zvinotyisidzirwa nengozi

Kutaura pamusoro pekudikanwa kwekudzivisa chero upi zvake hwekuberekera hutano hwevanhu, vanhu vanotya kuti vanachiremba havagone kubata zvakanakira chero zvese zvesayenzi. Kunyange zviitiko zvakanyanya zvakavanzika zviri kuzivikanwa kune vanhu vakawanda. Somuenzaniso, zvakaitika kune zvombo zveatomu. Saka, hazvibviri kudzora zivo yesayenzi uye kugoverwa kwavo.

Pasinei nemikana yose yekugadziriswa kwevanhu kunotanga, "nokuda" uye "kurwisana" kunofanira kufanirwa zvakanaka. Semuenzaniso, kusimbiswa kwemichina iyi kunogona kusunungura maoko ehurumende dzine utsinye, mapoka emagandanga. Vanogona kugadzira mauto evanhu vane simba mumuviri vasingaremerwi nefungwa. Mukuwedzera, zvichave zvichigoneka kuumba maonesheni evatongi venyika uye kuparadza simba ravo, kuunza mhirizhonga muhupenyu hwematongerwo enyika.

Asi vachitaura pamusoro peizvi, vazhinji vanokanganwa kuti kuitira kuwana kambani yemunhu akwegura, somuenzaniso, makore makumi mana, zvakafanira kuti makore makumi mana apfuura. Pashure pezvose, vanokura nenzira imwecheteyo sevanhuwo zvavo. Mukuwedzera, zvakare zvakafanira kuwana vabereki vanobvumirana kubereka nekurera mwana akachengetwa. Saka, kuitira kuti uwane hondo yezvikoni, zvinokosha kuti makore makumi maviri nemaviri apfuura.

Imwe ngozi inotyisa ndeyokuti vanhu vachakwanisa kuronga hutano hunoda hwemwana. Somuenzaniso, muChina kana nyika dzeMuslim, apo kuberekwa kwemukomana kunonyanya kufadza, kunogona kuva nekusawirirana kukuru.

Uyewo, usakanganwa kuti izvi zvekuberekwa kwekombiyuta hazvina kukwana. Masayendisiti akadzidza kutora uye kubereka mazita emagetsi, asi zvakaoma zvikuru kuumba makopi anokwanisa kwavari. Nezvenyanzvi - iyi haisi chikonzero chokumira. Pasina kutsvaga tsvakurudzo, hazvibviri kukudziridza iyi indasitiri.

Zvimwe zvinopesana

Vanhu vazhinji vanopesana nehutano hwekubereka nekuda kwekuti havazivi kuti cloning yevanhu chii. Zvitano nehana hazvisi pachena kwavari. Vavengi vanotaura kuti munhu chisikwa chakasiyana uye hachigamuchirwe kuita kopi yacho. Mukuona kwavo, izvi zviri pasi pekuremekedza kwevanhu. Asi panguva imwechete ivo vanokanganwa kuti maikodhi akafanana ane mapatya akafanana. Kune mamirioni anenge 150 kubva kwavari pasi.

Pfungwa yekunyengedza pachayo inosemesa vanhu vazhinji. Asi iyi haisi chikonzero chekudzivisa tsvakurudzo mune iyi indasitiri. Chisarudzo chekuzvara iwe pachako chinofanira kuitwa nevanhu chete pachavo. Kana zvisina kudaro, vanhu vanoregererwa kodzero yekuparidzirwa rusununguko rwekusarudza. Vatsigiri vanonyatsoziva kuti nei kukonzera kune zvinonyangadza kupfuura, somuenzaniso, kuchinja zvepabonde.

Asi pane dzimwe nharo dzinopesana nekugadzirisa kwevanhu. Saka, kukopa kodeti kunoderedza hutano hwehupenyu hwevanhu vari panyika. Vana vakakomberedzwa vachava vasina simba, vanowanzosangana nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Uye izvi zvichava kukurudzira kwekukura kwezvirwere. Asi nokuda kweizvi zvakakosha kuti kukonzera mupfungwa chaiye kuiswa pamushonga wemabhizimisi. Vanenge mabhiriyoni matanhatu vanhu vanogara panyika. Kunyange kana zvikoni zvemamiriyoni 1 zvichionekwa, izvi zvingave zvisingabatsiri kuti zvisave nehutano hwakasiyana-siyana. Asi kunyange kana iwe uchikopa munhu mumwe nomumwe, unowana mabhiriyoni matanhatu akasiyana.

Kuti unzwisise kuti cloning chii, kana kuti kana zvinopesana nechiitiko ichi, munhu anofanirwawo kufunga kuti izvi hazvifananidzi neine genetic engineering. Muchiitiko chacho, majini haana kuchinjwa uye haachinje nenzira ipi zvayo, ivo vanongonyorwa. Izvi zvinotungamirira kumeso ekopi chaiyo yemunhu pasina chero shanduko. Haakwanisi kuva munhu akaremara kana mhuka. Migumisiro yakadaro ingangotungamirira kune kushandiswa kwemagetsi ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, uko DNA inoshandurwa.

Maitiro ezvetsika

Vanopikisa pfungwa yekugunun'una kwevanhu vanosimbisa kuti kubudiswa kwemakopi evanhu hakusi kwechokwadi. Ichechi inorwisana nayo. Asi vanhu vechitendero muzhinji ndivo vanopesana nehutano hwose hwekubereka, kusanganisira ECO. Vanotaura kuti kusikwa kwevanhu, chakavanzika chechimiro chake pachiedza chinofanira kunge chichiisa pasi paMwari chete. Munhu haafaniri kupindira munyaya idzi.

Asi vamiririri veChechi yeOrthodox yeRussia vanoti nhengo dzomumwe munhu, maviri, mhuka dzinogona kudzokororwa zvakare. Asi ivo vanopesana nokuberekwa kwakakwana kwevanhu. Zvisinei, havafungi nyaya iyi, semasayendisiti, haaongorori kubva pane zvesayenzi yekuona cloning. "Nokuda" uye "kurwisana" vane zvavo. IOrthodox inotaura pamusoro pechikonzero chetsika yemubvunzo. Chokutanga pane zvose, vanobvunza pamusoro pekuti munhu achanzwa sei kana aona kuti ndiye munhu wose. Uyewo zvinokosha ndezvemutemo. Ko clone ichava mugari wenhaka yemunhu anenge ava mupiro? Anofanira kuramba achifamba rwendo rwake here?

Mukuwedzera, zvakajeka kuti vanhu havakwanise kumira pane cloning nyore. Vachada kuzvibatanidza ne genetic engineering. Ikozvino, kana iyo mhizha ichikura, saka vanhu vazhinji vachada kuchinja makopi evanhu. Semuenzaniso, vachaedza kuwedzera kutsungirira mumuviri, kuvandudza mano ekufunga, kukurudzira nhengo dzomunhu oga, kuchinja maitiro.

Idzidziso dzepasi rose dzetsika

Kutaura nezvekubatsira kwekugadzirisa uye kutyisidzira njodzi, vashomanana zvikuru vanhu vanofunga pamusoro pokuti nzira iyi iri kuitika sei. Nokudaro, embryonic stem masero anonyatsokodzera kuwedzera nhengo. Pashure pezvose, anenge mazuva 14 kubva kune aya, nhengo dzose uye maitiro emuviri anotanga kuumba. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti mazuva masere mazuva masere akaisvonaka ekugadzira michina.

Pamusoro pekugadzira, stem pluripotent masero anonyanya kukodzera. Pakati idzi, nhengo dzose uye maviri anoumbwa, asi muviri mumwe chete haugone kuvezvezve. Pari pacho patsika kuti ma genetic anopiwa zvakanyanya kushorwa. Kwemakore akawanda ikozvino kwave kuri kukurukurirana kushingaira, kuongororwa kwave kuri kuitwa maitiro ehutsika kuumbwa kwemashure evanhu ndeokuti: "nokuda" uye "kupikisa" musasa mumwe wakasimba zvakakwana. Nokudaro, vanopikisa havaneta nokuyeuka kuti mabhesi anobvisa zvinoshandiswa kubudisa masero aya.

Kuti uwane nhengo, izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa zvinokonzerwa. Imbryo yakakura kusvika kumwedzi mitatu yemakore. Mushure meizvi, iyo inobviswa kubva muchibereko chemuviri uye ichiiswa munzvimbo isina mbeu iyo nzira dzebasa rayo rinokosha dzichachengetedzwa. Maererano nevatevedzeri veiyo dzidziso, muviri wakakura nenzira iyi haugoni kunzi munhu, kana clone yakakwana. Vanovaidza seboka rezvibvumirano zvekubatana, nokuti kuziva kwehupenyu kuri kurega basa panguva yekubvisa pamuviri. Nechirongwa chekugadzirwa kwemishonga yekuberekwa, vadzivisi vekugadzirisa zvinokonzera kusabvumirana.

Maonero ezvibhedheni

Nyanzvi dzinobata hutano hwekukura kwemasero ehupenyu huchiita, hunoti haugone kuwana ikopi yakafanana yemunhu. Shure kwezvose, hazviumbwa chete nemajini, asiwo nemamiriro ekukura kwacho. Uye hazvibviri kuzvidzokorora zvakare. Vanhu vari kufunga pamusoro pekuberekwa kwevanhu vakakurumbira, vatambi vakakurumbira, vanongwarira, asi vanokanganwa kuti kungofanana chete kwekunze kuchave kwakajairika. Ita iyo iyo kopi seyakasikwa, hazvibviri.

Mukuwedzera, inotanga kusvika kuti utaure nezvemikana yakadaro. Nokudaro, kunyange zvisina zvazvinobatsira kukakavadzana pamusoro penyaya dzakanaka uye kubata hurukuro pamusoro penyaya ye "Cloning: Pros and Cons." Iye zvino masayendisiti anokwanisa kutora mhuka dzomupi, achiisa muzai, risina ruzivo rwemajini, kukura blastocyl kubva mairi. Asi shure kweizvozvo, inofanira kuiswa mumuchibereko. Munguva yekurima kwemakwai aDolly, makironi 277 akasika, 29 chete avo vakapona mumuviri. Pano nhamba iyi, gwai rimwe chete rinobudirira rakawanikwa.

Ongororo pamakonzo yakaratidza kuti iwe unogona kuwana mbeu nenzira iyi. Asi zvakadaro mumhuka mune chimwe chirema chakakosha. Kunze ivo vane utano hwakakwana. Asi nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe ivo vose vanonyanya kukoshesa kugadzirisa.

Kunyange nyanzvi hazvizopikisa kuti hutaneti hunochengeteka. Ivo pachavo vanogona kutaura zvose zvavanoziva pamusoro pezvakanakira uye njodzi dzinobata mukati mavo ("nekuda" kana "kurwisana"). Kunyora kwechinhu ichi chimwe nechimwe chavo kuchakwanisa kuratidza kuti ndezvipi zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvinotarisira avo vanoedza.

Cons maererano nemaziso eongororo

Genetics kugadzikana kunotaura kuti ivo vanoshandisa mazai ekutsvakurudza, havatambudziki nechechi chechitendero chebumbiro kana tsika netsika dzakanaka. Vanogona kudana dzimwe nharo dzinopesana nekugadzirisa. Asi, mumaonero avo, ivo vanongobatana chete nekuti iyo indasitiri inoda kutsvakurudza kwakawedzerwa.

Saka, apo nyanzvi dzakajeka kuti kukonzera hakugone kuchinja panzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwevana. Asi chikonzero nei, nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chema clones, nzira yacho yakaoma uye yakaoma kuwana asi zvisingaiti. Pane zvinyorwa zviviri. Maererano neimwe yei, nekugunzva kwega kwega, kuguma kwekromosome inonzi "telomere" inonzi "rakaputika". Uye izvi zvinoita kuti zvisakwanise kuwedzera kukopera. Asi uku kufunga kwakatsoropodza semugumisiro wekuedzwa pamiti. Maererano nerimwe shanduro, izvi zvinobva pakuti utano hwema clones hunotambudza nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe. Asi zvakakundikana kusimbisa.

Chisarudzo chakanaka

Hazvigoni kutaura pamusoro pekuti zvakakosha kubereka munhu kana zvimwe zvipenyu. Mushure mezvose, pane nguva dzose zvicharamba dzichikakavhirana mapikicha avo vanogona kurwisana nehurukuro ye "Cloning: Pros and Cons." Itafura umo zvigaro zvose zvinobatsira uye zvisingabatsiri zvemuitiro uyu zvicharatidzwa hazvingabatsiri kuyananisa. Kunyange huchapa munhu mumwe nomumwe mukana wekuona maonero avo.

Zviitiko zvakawanikwa kuti kunyange kunyora DNA hakuzopi mukana wekuwana hupenyu huripo. Saka, somuenzaniso, kati yakagadzirirwa yakanga ine ruvara rwakasiyana kune amai varo - mupi wezvakaberekwa. Vanhu vazhinji vakafunga kuti teknolojia iyi yaizobvumira "kumutsa" mhuka dzepanyama, boldest akatarisira kunyange kubereka vanhu vakafa.

Nokudaro, kufunga nezvekugadza, sebazi rekurapa, hapana munhu panguva ino anotora. Asi pano izvi zvinokwanisika kukudziridza zvazvinogona mune munharaunda yekurapa. Kana tikaenda nenzira iyi chete, ipapo nhamba yevadzivisi yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya. Kuti uite izvi, iwe unogona kufunga nezvehu nuances ese inobata purogiramu inonzi cloning. Izvo zvinobatsira uye zvinogona kuve zvakapfupiswa nenzira inotevera. Izvo zvinobatsira zvikuru zvinosanganisira mikana yekuzarura yekurapa zvirwere zvakawanda zvakakomba, kudzorerwa kweganda iro rakatambura nekupisa, kushandiswa kwezvikamu. Asi vadzivisi vanomiririra kuti zvakakosha kurangarira ruzivo rwetsika uye rwemagariro ehutano, kuti hutenga hutano hwakagadzirirwa kuuraya hupenyu hwave hwakamuka (embryos, kubva pane masero aya anotorwa).