Chitsotsi: mhando uye nzira

Maererano Criminal Code, chitsotsi magwaro kunoreva kugadzirwa ndokugadzira zvinyorwa nokuda falsification magwaro (kusarudzwa kana kugadzira zvinoriumba: chimiro, nhau ruzivo, vakasaina, chinyorwa, inoratidza, nemicherechedzo). By pfungwa iyi chinoenderana falsification wacho zvinhu (pamutemo kuchinja zvimwe zvikamu magwaro zvechokwadi). chitsotsi, basa iro inopiwa Criminal Code, ndizvo yakazvimirira nzira yokuita mhosva kana mhosva.

Kana zvakazara VaDabengwa magwaro asiwo anobudiswa maererano zvimwe mapatani, izvo kushumira sedzechokwadi makopi. The zvinhu (kusiyana kubva pakutanga) yakawanikwa panguva gadzira zvavo, izvo zvinoita kuti kuziva Kunyepa. Mienzaniso chitsotsi zvinogona kuitwa:

• yokunyepedzera Prints kuti inoratidza uye zvisimbiso, vakasaina;
• Pavanotsiva zvikamu gwaro (mapeji, mifananidzo), kugadzirisa, overprinting, mamwe manotsi, makemikari etching chorugwaro;
• erasures, zviratidzo izvi zvinogona kuzivikanwa forensic nzira.

Munguva kushandiswa mabhuku, chitsotsi magwaro uye mamiriro ayo vanorondedzerwa sezvinotevera. Kana erasures kushandisa zvokuimba kubviswa rugwaro (kunyanya sitiroko, nhamba, mumwe tsamba) kuburikidza tichibvisa unopinza chinhu (banga, reza) kana vadzime chokudzimisa. Pepa iri pamusoro rukoko raputsika uye chikamu akabvisa panguva kudzimwa wenyaya. Zviratidzo erasures dzinosanganisira: residues madhayi Kurohwa chinyorwa zvakamoniwa ingi munyika itsva murugwaro, iyo rinoshandisirwa vakadzima nzvimbo, kutyora mamiriro afoot, nokuderedza bepa ukobvu shanduko hukawanika ruffled nechepamusoro rukoko fibers.

Kuonekwa rinoitwa erasures zviratidzo pataidzidza mapepa ari kuipa vakapararira, zvitange, oblique jekeso ari ultraviolet uye michini mwaranzi, vachishandisa maikorosikopu uye zvishwe pamwe multiplicities siyana.

chitsotsi mushonga etching rinoitwa Flushing kana chinyorwa bleaching namakemikari reagents (alkali, acid). Panguva makemikari kukanganisa kunouraya rugwaro, asi pamusoro zvinoumba gwaro (nechekumashure afoot paper). Zviratidzo kwemakemikari etching zvinoreva kuchinja ruvara bepa uye nechekumashure afoot, chiso nokuputsa ingi sitiroko, fragility, ari fragility ari papepa. Zvakaziviswa zviratidzo kwemakemikari etching kushandisa rinokudza Manyiminya mano, oblique chiedza, filters.

Overprint kana mamwe manotsi noruoko rinoitwa kuchinja umboo huri gwaro. Ndivo kazhinji mupfupi, asi anogona yekudyidzana zvairehwa pakutanga mashoko. Main zvinhu okuwedzera anoti: kusiyana private uye zvakafanana zvinhu chinosimbisa (chitsotsi nezviratidzo kudzivirira kumugumo tsamba, kunonoka kuti kuchiva, kumhanyisa manyorero, saizi tsamba). Signs overprinting pamusoro yetapureta: mismatch mu dhayi Hue kusiyana uye zvokudhinda muenzaniso saizi.

Kururamiswa, overprint, mamwe manotsi rugwaro dzakaonekwa ne pakukudza Manyiminya mano, vachishandisa michini uye UV filters, nokudzidza makemikari anoumba madhayi.