Chirungiso Technology: tsananguro, tsanangudzo, uye chikumbiro inoratidza ratings. Chirungiso ruzivo mune indasitiri

Michina 3D-kudhinda wakatangwa muna 1986, apo boka 3D Systems yakatanga yokutanga inokosha aidhinda - stereolithography muchina, izvo zvinowanzoshandiswa mupomerwi indasitiri. The michina vokutanga dzaidhura chaizvo uye kusarudza mashoko pakusikwa zvivezwa yaiva duku. Kukurumidza kukura-dimensional matatu kudhinda akatanga kukura zvakagadzirwa technology (CAD), Masvomhu uye simulation (CAE) uye machine (Cam). Uye nhasi zvakaoma kuwana nzvimbo inoshandiswa, izvo zvingadai zvisina kushandiswa 3D-vaidhinda :. Shandisa kuti kubudisa zvikamu ndege, chitundumusere-musere, Ngarava dzepasi pemvura, maturusi prostheses uye anodyara, zvishongo nezvimwewo The Tarisiro pachena - chirungiso michina munguva yemberi iri pedyo achava yokutanga pakati zvokuimba okugadzira michina .

The vaitungamirira nyika zvenyika zviri kuitika mune 3D-Mujaho. Saka, muna 2012, Yangstoune, Ohio, akazarura National Innovation Institute chirungiso kugadzira NAMII - muzinda wokutanga chirungiso michina ine gumi anogadzirwa muUnited States. Machine paka Institute anotova 10 chirungiso michina zvitatu inova zvemberi michina kusika zvikamu zvesimbi.

Mazwi uye kupatsanura

Musimboti chirungiso michina iri chokubatanidza zvokuvakisa rokusika umboo zvinhu kubva 3D-womuenzaniso rukoko kubudikidza rukoko. Izvi zvakasiyana kwakajairika subtractive kugadzira mitoo sechinoreva machine - kubvisa zvinhu kubva workpiece.

Chirungiso Michina iri Classified:

• kubudikidza zvakashandiswa (mvura, particulate, polymeric, simbi upfu);
• kubudikidza pamberi Laser;
• nokuda nzira kugadzira zvakaturikidzaniswa kuvaka (thermal zvazviri, irradiation pamwe ultraviolet kana kuonekwa chiedza, kuti bhainda akafanana);
• nokuda nzira paumbwe zvakaturikidzaniswa.

Pane nzira mbiri rokuumba marongera. Chokutanga ndechokuti wokutanga pachikuva uchidururwa pamusoro upfu zvinhu, zviri partitioned kana chinotenderera banga kuti uvhure kunyange paiva achida Ukobvu zvinhu. It kunoitika zvokusarudza Laser upfu kubudiswa kana zvimwe nzira upfu tudonhwe remubatanidzwa (utsotso kana gluing) maererano Muchikamu kwazvino CAD-yokutevedzera. Construction Plane ndiye kuzochinja, uye dzimwe upfu anoramba yakasimba. Izvi zvinonzi kwetunhu zvokusarudza uyewo zvokusarudza Laser sintering, kana remubatanidzwa wenyika chokushandisa chiri Laser. nzira yechipiri ine iri zvakananga deposition kwemashoko ari Achipfupikisa pfungwa simba.

Sangano ASTM, izvo anovandudza bhizimisi mitemo, rwokuyera 3D-chirungiso michina kupinda 7 mhando.

1. Extruding zvinhu. In rokuvaka pfungwa preheated extruder vaifudza namatidza acho, musanganiswa bhainda uye upfu simbi. Akavaka muenzaniso ichakasangana nezvimwewo anoiswa muvira kubvisa bhainda uye sinter upfu - saizvozvo sezvo zvinoitika mune zvetsika ruzivo. Izvi chirungiso zvemichina iri rakatangwa pasi trademarks MJS (Multiphase Jet Solidification, multiphase ndege solidification), FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling, simulation nokuda layerwise akakonzera kubatana kwe), FFF (Fused Filament nhema kugadzirwa nzira akakonzera kubatana kwe filaments).
2. Spraying zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, muna Polyjet Wakisi kana photopolymer michina kuti multi-ndege musoro rinoshandisirwa pfungwa kuvaka. Izvi chirungiso zvemichina Anonziwo Multi jetting Material.
3. Nekusaswa bhainda. Izvi zvinosanganisira jeti Ink-Jet-jekiseni michina iri kuvakwa mapazi asingadi zvinoedza zvinhu, mumwe bhainda mumiririri (chirungiso kugadzira michina ExOne).
4. Remubatanidzwa wenyika shisha zvinhu. Kuvaka zvinhu ari polymer firimu, simbi foil, pepa nevamwe. Rinoshandiswa Somuenzaniso, mune ultrasonic Michina chirungiso Fabrisonic. Marata matete vari welded pamwe Ultrasound, pashure kwokunatsiridza simbi yabviswa ne azvikuya. Chirungiso Michina rinoshandiswa pachiimbwa subtractive.
5. Photopolymerization kugeza. The zvemichina anoshandisa mvura Modelling zvinhu - photopolymer nebwe. Muenzaniso ndiye Gem-Michina kambani 3D Systems uye DLP-Michina Envisiontec kambani, Digital Light nomudungwe.
6. Kunyunguduka zvinhu nenzira pre-yakaumbwa rukoko. Rinoshandiswa SLS-zvigadzirwa, vachishandisa seinokonzera simba Laser kana chafariz musoro (SHS kambani Blueprinter).
7. Direct simba Paaipedzisa kutaura kunzvimbo kuvakwa. Material uye simba zvokudya kwayo utsotso pfungwa pakuvaka panguva imwe chete. The muviri rinoshandiswa senzira kushanda musoro, akashongedzerwa pamwe marongedzero achipa simba uye zvinhu. Energy zvinouya munhu kuramba danda kubva maerekitironi (Sciaky) kana Laser danda (POM, Optomec,). Dzimwe musoro akatasva ari "ruoko" ari robhoti.

kupatsanura Izvi zvakawanda hurukuro pamusoro nezvehukorokodzwa chirungiso michina pane yapfuura vaya.

Minda chikumbiro

chirungiso Michina pamusika simba rinomutsa okukura mberi mamwe maindasitiri. Its avhareji kukura gore negore vanofungidzirwa 27%, maererano IDC kambani rinofungidzira kuti kubudikidza 2019 zvichaita kwakafanana mabhiriyoni 26.7 madhora zvichienzaniswa mabhiriyoni 11 muna 2015

Zvisinei, AT musika ane asi kuzivisa untapped zvinogona kubudisa mutengi nhumbi. Kusvikira 10% of emisasa kukosha kugadzirwa zvinhu zvaparadzwa kwayo prototyping. Uye makambani akawanda akatowana ichi musika chidimbu. Asi akasara 90% unopinda kugadzirwa, saka kutanga zvikumbiro nokukurumidza kugadzira mishonga vachava huru inoenda kukura maindasitiri ichi mune ramangwana.

Muna 2014, nhamba nokukurumidza prototyping michina pamisika pamusoro chirungiso kunyange yadzikira, yakaramba soro - 35%, mugove kugadzirwa akakura kutsanya uye akasvika 31% mugove pakusikwa zvekushandisa akaramba akaramba 25%, vamwe kunonzi nokuti kutsvakurudza uye dzidzo.

By zvoupfumi sectors, kuti AT-Tech zvikumbiro akagoverwa sezvinotevera:

• 21% - nevatengi zvinhu uye Electronics;
• 20% - motokari;
• 15% - mushonga, kusanganisira dentistry;
• 12% - aeronautics uye nzvimbo kugadzira indasitiri;
• 11% - kugadzirwa zvokurarama kugadzirwa;
• 8% - uto midziyo;
• 8% - inotungamirwa;
• 3% - kuvakwa.

Amateurs uye nyanzvi

AT-Tech musika rakakamurwa mudzidzi uye nyanzvi. musika Amateur kunosanganisira 3D-vaidhinda dzavo yokuzvigadzirisa, izvo zvinosanganisira basa, consumables, software, uye rakagadzirirwa nomumwe iyi, dzidzo uye Visualization pfungwa uye kufambisa kutaurirana panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kukura bhizimisi idzva.

Professional 3D-vaidhinda vari anodhura uye akakodzera kwenguva kubereka. Vane guru nzvimbo yaivakwa, mabasa, yakarurama, kuvimbika, nevazukuru Range muenzaniso zvinhu. Michina ava zvikuru akaoma uye zvinoda pokumuka unyanzvi kushanda Namano pachavo, pamwe muenzaniso zvinhu uye software. Kazhinji, asi opareta ari mumuchina inova nyanzvi nyanzvi chirungiso ruzivo pamwe dzakakwirira rwokugadzira dzidzo.

Chirungiso Technology muna 2015

Maererano nomushumo Wohlers Report 2015, 1988 uye 2014, 79.602 indasitiri pamusoro 3D-vaidhinda kunge yakaiswa pose. . Panguva iyoyowo 38,1% of mano mari dzinopfuura zviuru 5 US zvamadhora vari kubva USA, 9.3% - nokuti Japan, 9.2% - kuna China, uye 8.7% - kuGermany. Rest enyika vari kure mberi vatungamiri. Kubva 2007 kusvika 2014 gore negore Vhoriyamu rokutengesa ose pakombiyuta vaidhinda yakawedzera kubva 66 kusvika 139 584 dzakabatana. Muna 2014, 91,6% wokutengesa chakaita kuti pakombiyuta 3D-vaidhinda, uye 8.4% - nokuti maindasitiri mafomu ose chirungiso kugadzira, mubereko iyo, zvisinei, chakaita kuti 86,6% of yose, kana mabhiriyoni 1.12 US madhora Mhedziso mazwi. Desktop michina Kugutsikana mamiriyoni 173,2 US madhora uye 13.4%. Muna 2016, rokutengesa vanotarisirwa kukura kusvika $ 7,3 billion, muna 2018 - mabhiriyoni 12.7, muna 2020 pamusika kuchasvika $ 21.2 billion.

Maererano Wohlers, FDM-zvemichina rikunde avhareji vanenge 300 pezvitsiga pose, zuva achiwedzera okunatsiridza idzva. Vamwe vavo dzinotengeswa chete munharaunda, saka zvakaoma chaizvo, kana kwete hazviiti, kuwana ruzivo pamusoro nhamba kugadzirwa mavanga 3D-vaidhinda. With chivimbo tinogona kutaura kuti nokuwanda pamusoro musika kunowedzera roga zuva. Pane kusiyana kukuru pakukura uye michina inoshandiswa. Somuenzaniso, Berlin kambani unobereka chikuru BigRep FDM-aidhinda rinonzi BigRep ONE.2 ari mutengo 36 zviuru. Euro, vaikwanisa yokudhinda anoramba kukwira 900 X 1055 X 1100 mm pamwe chisarudzo pamusoro 100-1000 microns, pamwe extruders maviri uye kukwanisa kushandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana.

Industry - nokuti

The avhiyesheni indasitiri iri bhizimisi kwazvo kweShanduro chirungiso. Kushandiswa chirungiso michina kuchaderedza kudyiwa nezvinhu kupedzerwa kugadzirwa zvikamu ne 10 nguva. Zvinotarisirwa kuti GE Aviation Company achaita pagore kubudisa 40 zviuru. Injectors. Uye Airbus kubudikidza 2018 kambani aienda kudhinda kusvika 30 matani zvikamu pamwedzi. The kambani inodaro chinokosha mberi hunhu kugadzirwa zvikamu nenzira yakadai zvichienzaniswa zvetsika. Zvakaitika kuti bracket the, rakanga rakagadzirirwa matani 2.3 mutoro, chokwadi, vanogona kukunda mitoro matani 14 apo yokuderedza kwayo uremu nehafu. Mukuwedzera, kambani rinobudisa mashoko aruminiyamu jira huni connectors. The Airbus ndege ine 60 zviuru. Pieces, atodhinda 3D-aidhinda Stratasys Fortus Company. Other Makambani Aerospace indasitiri vari kushandisa chirungiso mukugadzira michina. Pakati pavo: Bell Helicopter, Bae Systems, Bombardier, Boeing, Embraer, Honeywell Aerospace, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce uye SpaceX.

Digital chirungiso ruzivo vakatobatana kushandiswa kugadzirwa-siyana nevatengi nhumbi. Company miviri, ichipa mabasa chirungiso kugadzira, pamwe Hoet Eyeware ari kugadzirwa ekuverengesa kuti chiratidzo kururamiswa uye Sunglasses. 3D-mhando anopiwa akasiyana-siyana gore mabasa. chekambani 3D Warehouse uye Sketchup chete kupa mamiriyoni 2,7 ivhu. Regai kuramba ari mubato uye nokurongerwa indasitiri. RS Print anoshandisa hurongwa kuti anoyera kumanikidzwa inotsika, kudhinda nomumwe insoles. Designers vari kuedza bikinis, shangu uye madhirezi.

nokukurumidza prototyping

Under nokukurumidza prototyping kunzwisisa pakasikwa kumumvuri zvigadzirwa mu pfupi zvichibvira nguva. Zviri mumwe chikuru mafomu ose chirungiso mukugadzira michina. Kumumvuri - mufananidzo chigadzirwa kunodiwa kuti optimize chimiro chikamu chacho kunyatsoongorora ergonomics, gungano ongororo nezvaanogona uye yakarurama pamusoro marongerwo mhinduro. Ndokusaka rutapudzo kuti kugadzira zvikamu upenyu anogona kuderedza budiriro nguva. Uyewo, zvikabva anogona kuva muenzaniso yakagadzirirwa aerodynamic uye hydrodynamic vachindiedza kana ongororo functionality zviruva dzeimba uye zvokurapa michina. prototypes zhinji akasikwa sezvo exploratory magadzirirwo yokutevedzera pamwe nuances vari configuration, mavara uye coloring uye zvichingodaro. D. For nokukurumidza prototyping anoshandisa chipa 3D-vaidhinda.

nokukurumidza kugadzira

The chirungiso michina iri indasitiri vane tarisiro huru. Small pamwero kugadzirwa mishonga pamwe kunzwisisa geometry uye wakananga zvokuvakisa chakajairika shipbuilding, simba engineering, reconstructive oparesheni uye mushonga mazino, Aerospace indasitiri. Direct kurimwa simbi zvigadzirwa kunobva ezvoupfumi kwokugamuchirwa, sezvo iri nzira inoshandiswa yaisadhura. Nokushandiswa chirungiso michina kuti kushanda miviri turbines uye miseve, anodyara uye prostheses, handingadariki pagondobwe motokari uye ndege.

The Kugadzirwa nokukurumidza kugadzira uye vakabatsira kuwedzera nhamba dziripo simbi upfu zvinhu. Kana muna 2000 kwaiva 5-6 mhando Nezvakakuyiwa, zvino anopa kunosanganisira, uwandu kune makumi ezviuru pamakwara kubva STRUCTURAL simbi kuti simbi dzinokosha uye superalloys.

Kuvimbisa uye chirungiso michina iri zvokuimba engineering, apo vanogona kushandiswa kugadzirwa zvekushandisa uye Zvaitibatsira dzakatevedzana Kugadzirwa - inoisa kuti jekiseni pehata michina, achitanga, templates.

Ultimaker 2 - yakanakisisa 3D-purinda muna 2016

In maonero magazini CHIP, izvo yaiitisa yokuedzwa uye akaenzanisa hunhu neveimba 3D-vaidhinda, yakanakisisa vaidhinda 2016 muenzaniso Ultimaker vari 2 makambani Ultimaker, Reniforce RF1000 kambani Conrad uye Replicator Desktop 3D MakerBot Printer kambani.

Ultimaker 2+ zvayo nani womuenzaniso anoshandisa simulation michina kubudikidza akakonzera kubatana kwe. 3D-aidhinda akasiyana dukusa rukoko Ukobvu 0.02 neMM, duku nguva kukarukureta, pasi mari yokudhinda (2600 kwiza pa 1 kg zvinhu). Key Features:

• ukuru kushanda mukamuri - 223 X 223 X 305 mm;
• uremu - 12.3 makirogiramu;
• Saizi musoro - 0,25 / 0,4 / 0,6 / 0,8 mm;
• kufa tembiricha - 180-260 ° C;
• chisarudzo rukoko - 150-60 / 200-20 / 400-20 / 600-20 microns;
• Print Speed - 8-24 mm ³ / s;
• nemazvo xyz - 12,5-12,55 microns;
• zvinhu - pla, ABS, CPE dhayamita 2.85 mm;
• Software - Cura;
• Akatsigira faira mhando - STL, OBJ, AMF;
• Power kunwa - 221 W;
• mutengo - 1895 euro, nechigadziko womuenzaniso 2495 Euro unoratidzwa.

Maererano mutengi ongororo, kuti aidhinda ndiye chiedza kuisa uye kushandisa. Vachipemberera mukuru chisarudzo, kuzvicheka-kuchinja mubhedha, hombe dzakasiyana-siyana inoshandiswa, kushandiswa rakavhurika mabviro software. Zvazvakaipira dzinosanganisira aidhinda kuzarura aidhinda design, izvo zvingaita kuti kutsva kubva inopisa zvinhu.

LulzBot Mini 3D Printer

In kudzokorora magazini PC Magazine Ultimaker 2 uye Replicator Desktop 3D Printer akazopinda'wo pamusoro matatu, asi pano pakutanga aiva aidhinda LulzBot Mini 3D Printer. nokurondedzerwa kwayo ndeinotevera:

• ukuru kushanda mukamuri - 152 X 152 X 158 mm;
• Weight - 8,55 makirogiramu;
• kufa tembiricha - 300 ° C;
• rukoko ukobvu - 0.05-0.5 mm;
• Print Speed - 275 mm / s ari nekukwirira 0,18 mm rukoko;
• zvinhu - pla, ABS, hudyu, PVA, PETT, polyester, zvinhu zvenaironi, polycarbonate, PETG, PCTE, PC-ABS, uye vamwe dhayamita 3 mm.
• Software - Cura, OctoPrint, BotQueue, Slic3r, Printrun, MatterControl nezvimwewo.
• Power kunwa - 300 W;
• mutengo - $ 1 250.

Sciaky EBAM 300

Mumwe yakanakisisa maindasitiri michina chirungiso kugadzira ndiyo EBAM makambani 300 Sciaky. Erekitironi danda pfuti kunokonzera simbi akaturikidzana ari kumhanya anosvika 9 makirogiramu paawa.

• ukuru kushanda mukamuri - 5791 x 1219 X 1219 mm;
• kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu vacuüm chamber - 1x10 ^-4 Torr;
• simba rakawanda - kusvika 42 KW ari voltage 60 KV;
• Michina - extrusion;
• zvinhu - titanium uye titanium alloys, tantalum, inconel, tungsten, niobium, Stainless simbi, aruminiyamu, simbi, mhangura-nickel chiwanikwa (70/30 uye 30/70);
• kufadza mari - 8605,2 litres;
• mutengo - 250 zviuru US zvamadhora ..

Chirungiso ruzivo muRussia

maindasitiri-mugwaro michina muRussia zvisina akabudiswa. Nepo chete kuitwa muhurukuro "Rosatom", iro Laser centre MSTU. Bauman University "STANKIN" Polytechnic University of St. Petersburg, iro Urals Federal University. "Voronezhselimmash", kugadzira zvedzidzo uye mumhuri 3D-vaidhinda "Alpha", iri kugadzira zvokutenga chirungiso chirimwa.

The chete mamiriro ezvinhu zvokuyamura. Mutungamiri pokumuka Nezvakakuyiwa uye upfu Formulations mu Russia ndiyo VIAM. Avaindipa madota pamusoro chirungiso michina zvinoshandiswa kudzorerwa turbine mashizha, kubudikidza sezvakarayirwa Permian "injini ndege». Progress uye panguva All-Russian Institute chiedza alloys (nemavhiri). Dzepamutemo vari ouinjiniya akasiyana nzvimbo yose Russian Federation. "Rostec", Ural Branch wokuRussia Academy of Sciences, UFU kutungamirira kukura kwavo. Asi zvakadaro havagoni kusangana kunyange chiduku vaida matani 20 upfu pagore.

Panyaya iyi, hurumende akarayira reBazi Redzidzo, Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Industry, Ushumiri Communications, Russian Academy of Sciences, there, "Roscosmos", "Rosatom", "Rosstandart" kukura masangano vagadze kwakarongeka chirongwa kukura uye tsvakurudzo. Nokuti ndaizvipira govera mamwe bhajeti allocations, uyewo kufunga mukana co-mari tichiregeredza National Welfare Fund uye kumwewo. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti kutsigira itsva kugadzirwa michina, muna Vol. H. Kuwedzera, MERs, "Rosnano" Fund "Skolkovo", aina sangano "EXIAR", "Vnesheconombank". Hurumende iri anomirirwa Industry uye Trade Muushumiri achagadzirira chikamu chirongwa mamiriro nokuda kukura uye kuvandudzika kuti maindasitiri makwikwi.