Bone ive nhengo: mamiriro ehupfumi, mabasa,

Bone sezvo muviri chikamu hurongwa zvomukati rwokufamba rutsigiro, uye nokudaro anosiyana zvachose akasiyana chimiro uye mamiriro, zvakarurama kwese architectonic tsinga nemidziyo ropa. It inovakwa kuitwa zvinhu zvakadai sekuimba rinokosha pfupa rinenge riri akafukidza kunze periosteum, uye mukati unotora mwongo.

Key zvinhu

pfupa rimwe nerimwe somunhu nhengo ane imwe saizi, chimiro uye nzvimbo mumuviri womunhu. izvi zvose zvikuru mamiriro siyana umo vari kukura, uyewo siyana yaishandiswa mitoro noruzivo mapfupa kuti muviri womunhu.

Chero mapfupa vanowanzotevedzera imwe mari ropa wedzerai panonyuka, kuvapo dzakananga nzvimbo nzvimbo dzavo, uyewo kumbonyanya randinenge architectonic midziyo. All zvinhu izvi zvakangofanana zvinoshanda kuti tsinga kuti innervate mafupa.

mamiriro

Bone ive nhengo rinosanganisira zvimwe micheka vari zvimwe ukama, asi chokwadi, chinonyanya kukosha pakati pavo ndiye lamellar mapfupa rinenge mamiriro anogona kunzi muenzaniso diaphysis (nechepakati dhipatimendi, muviri) refu mapfupa tubular.

The chikuru Chikamu riri pakati yomukati dzokunze mahwendefa uye akapoteredza ari kutaridza gusset ndiro uye osteons. Ekupedzisira chinhu STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka chairema pfupa uye kunoonekwa pamusoro kushandiswa zvinyama specimens kana matete zvikamu.

Kunze chero pfupa akapoteredzwa akawanda akaturikidzana tsika kana mukuru zvinyorwa, izvo zvakananga pasi periosteum. Pashure akaturikidzana aya specialized perforating mugero kuti ane chete nemidziyo zita ropa. At muganhu pamwe medullary mhango pakati mapfupa refu dzine chimwezve rukoko wakakomberedza yomukati mahwendefa wakabaya neboka muzvizhinji kuti migero siyana, kuwedzera masero.

Medullary mhango mudungwe zvakakwana vainzi endosteum vaimiririra chinhu chaizvo mutete paiva connective zvinyama, izvo zvinosanganisira basa flattened osteogenic masero.

osteons

Osteon aimiririrwa concentrically kurongwa pfupa ndiro kuti Dzakafanana sepombi diameters siyana nested kupinda mumwe uye dzakapoteredza Haversian canal, kuburikidza izvo siyana tsinga uye tsinga. Kazhinji zvinobatsira osteons dlinniku akaronga akaererana pfupa, sezvamakaropafadzwa vakawanda interconnected anostomoziruya.

Uwandu osteons ndiyo nomumwe mumwe nomumwe pfupa. Saka, somuenzaniso, kuti femur , muviri sezvo rine navo imwe mari 1,8 chete 1 mm², uye mugove Haversian canal iyi chinoita 0.2-0.3 mm².

Between osteons vari zvenguva kana intercalated ndiro anomuitira mumativi ose uye vanoumba dzasara akare osteons ayo kare kuparadzwa. Sechivako pfupa sezvo muviri inopa kuramba tichiwana pezvakaitwa kuparadza uye inotungamirwa itsva osteons.

Bone ndiro vane chimiro sepombi, uye osseinovye fibrils yakabatana mumwe ivo zvakasimba uye zvakafanana. Between mahwendefa akaronga akarara concentrically osteocytes. Pezvakaitwa pfupa masero uye anoparadzira zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro dzakawanda tubules, kutamira akananga yakavakidzana-yakatesvera panyanga dzacho osteocytes uye zvinobatanidzwa muchitokisi-muchitokisi kubatana. Nokudaro ivo akaumba spatially nezvatinovavarira lacunary-canalicular hurongwa paakapiwa avepo siyana metabolic kwendangariro.

Osteon sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira zvinopfuura 20 akasiyana concentric mapfupa kwamahwendefa. mapfupa Human Apfuura imwe kana mbiri dzeimba microvasculature osteon nenzira, uyewo siyana unmyelinated tsinga fibers uye chinokosha node capillaries, ayo achiperekedzwa akaturikidzana pakati connective unzenza zvinyama, kusanganisira osteogenic siyana zvinhu zvakadai osteoblasts, masero perivascular uye nevamwe vakawanda.

osteons channel vane zvakakwana zvakasimba kuonana nemumwe uye medullary mhango uye periosteum nokuda pamberi chaiyo probozhdayuschih migero, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise pfupa anastomosing midziyo.

periosteum

Sechivako pfupa sezvo muviri kunoratidza kuti externally nokufukidzwa chaiyo periosteum, iyo yakaumbwa kubva fibrous connective zvinyama uye ane wokunze uye yomukati rukoko. Last zvinosanganisira cambial wokutsauka masero.

Huru mabasa zvinosanganisira periosteum inobatanidzwa patsva, uyewo kupa kudzivirirwa uye trophic basa, izvo zvakabatsira pano nokuisa siyana midziyo ropa. Saka, ropa uye mapfupa nekutaurirana.

Ndezvipi mashandiro ari periosteum

The periosteum iri rinenge chose anofukidza chokunze chikamu pfupa, uye chete Kusara pano ndidzo nzvimbo pane articular shwashwa, uyewo wakaiswa shwashwa kana tsandanyama mudzira. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti achibatsirwa neropa uye mapfupa periosteum parinoperera akapoteredza tishu.

In pacharo zviri zvikuru mutete, asi panguva imwe chete, simba firimu iyo rinoumbwa connective zvikuru gobvu rinenge izvo riri node uye ropa midziyo uye utano hwake. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pakupedzisira kupinda munzvimbo pfupa fuma nokuda periosteum. Pasinei vaiona nasal pfupa, kana vamwe, periosteum ane chaizvo zvikuru kukura pezvakaitwa mu Ukobvu uye simba.

Yomukati rukoko pamusoro osteogenic unhani ndiyo nzvimbo huru panguva iyo mapfupa aumbwa, uye pachayo mairi zvikuru innervated chokuita utetsa kwayo. Kana pfupa anobviswa periosteum, pakupedzisira wafa kuva musoro uye zvakazara sphacelating. Pakuitisa chero zvomusejari kupindira pamusoro pfupa, yakadai mitswe, ari periosteum anofanira kuchengetedzwa musingadariki, kuti nechokwadi wavo wenguva kukura uye akaramba utano.

Other patani zvinhu

Chero pfupa (kunze guru vazhinji cranial, izvo zvinosanganisira nasal mapfupa) vane articular pamusoro, iyo inopiwa nekunyatsotsanangura dzavo nevamwe. hukawanika kwakadaro panzvimbo periosteum pane kushandiswa kwemajoini shwashwa, izvo ayo Dendere iri fibrous kana hyaline.

Inside vakawanda zvaunoda mwongo riri iro anoiswa pakati mahwendefa riri chirambe chakapfava fuma kana zvakananga kupinda medullary mhango, uye zvingava tsvuku kana tsvuku.

In neonates uye fetuses mu pfupa aripo chete tsvuku mumwongo ndoupi hematopoietic uye chinomiririra homogeneous guru, zvine kuumbwa zvinhu rwengarava ropa, uyewo inokosha reticular tishu. Red mwongo rine vakawanda osteocytes, mapfupa masero. The Vhoriyamu tsvuku mapfupa mozag anenge 1500 CC.

Munhu mukuru ndiani kwakatoitika kukura pfupa, tsvuku mwongo iri zvishoma nezvishoma kuchatsiviwa tsvuku, aimiririra vainyanya nokuda chaiyo mafuta masero, apo kodzero iri kucherechedza kuti yakatsiva zvachose mumwongo riri mune medullary mugero.

osteology

In kuti chinhu marangwanda yomunhu, kuti mapfupa Fusion, uye zvimwe chero pezvakaitwa aibuda chokuita navo, mubasa osteology. The nhamba chaiyo miviri vanorondedzerwa muvanhu hazvigoni kutsunga pamwe chokwadi, nokuti anochinja panguva vasachembera. vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti kubva pauduku kusvika akwegura muvanhu inongogara kuitika pfupa maronda, zvinyama rufu uye nemamwe maitiro zhinji. Kazhinji, muupenyu zvingamuka anopfuura 800 mhou siyana okunze, 270 iyo - kunyange utero.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti ruzhinji vavo fused nemumwe, apo munhu ari vaduku uye kuyaruka. The mukuru kwevanhu marangwanda ine vanosvika 206 mapfupa, izvo kuwedzera dzose vakura kunogona kuoneka chinji mijenya, panowanikwa uko kukonzerwa dzakasiyana-siyana nomumwe zvinhu uye mashandiro anoita muviri.

marangwanda

Mapfupa maoko nemakumbo uye dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri pamwe chete kwokubatana kwavo kuumba marangwanda kwevanhu, inova gobvu akagadzirwa anatomical zvivako, izvo kurarama muviri tisafunge substantially chete nomuviri mabasa. Muchiitiko chino, sayenzi yemazuva inomira marangwanda hwakasimba kuti anouya pacharo mapfupa, uye munyoro, zvinosanganisira ose nemarunda, membranes uye cartilaginous vadyi inokosha.

The nomumwe mapfupa uye mapfundo, uyewo vanhu marangwanda seboka, kungava mumuviri kuita zvakasiyana-siyana mabasa. Saka, mapfupa maoko nemakumbo maduku uye hunde Anonyanyowanika kuva nyoro zvinyama rutsigiro, apo vakawanda mapfupa vari levers, sezvo tsandanyama vari kuda kwavari, ichipa locomotor chaitika. Zvose zvinhu kubvumira kuti kodzero vakapiwa kudana marangwanda zvachose kungogara che zvetsandanyama nemapfupa dzevanhu hurongwa.

Human marangwanda inomiririra antigravity mamiriro counteracting simba regiravhiti. Kuva pasi nawo, muviri womunhu anofanira waitsimbirira pasi, asi tichiregeredza zvinhu kutakura munhu masero pfupa uye marangwanda yose, muviri chimiro kuchinja vasiri kuitika.

pfupa basa

The mapfupa dehenya, chiuno uye hunde zvinopa rwokudzivirira basa pamusoro siyana kukuvadza zvinokosha zvomukati, tsinga hunde dzacho kana midziyo guru:

• dehenya ari mudziyo zvakakwana zvakanyatsoenzana zvomukati, kuona, kunzwa, uye pfungwa;
• musana Canal kunosanganisira musana;
• rumbabvu keji chinodzivirira mumapapu, mwoyo uye tsinga huru nemidziyo ropa;
• mapfupa pelvic vanodzivirirwa kukuvadza dundira, mugaranhoko, uyewo siyana dzakawanda sikarudzi.

Zvaunoda mapfupa vakawanda mukati rine tsvuku mumwongo riri chaiwo nhengo hematopoiesis uye rokuzvidzivirira dzemuviri. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mapfupa kuidzivirira kubva zvakakanganisika, uyewo kusika akanaka ezvinhu kuti achikura masero siyana ropa uye trophism.

Uyezve, vainyatsotarisirwa inofanira kubhadharwa kuti chokwadi kuti mapfupa dzinoshanda chicherwa muviri, sezvo ivo rakachengetedzwa yakawanda zvine maatomu akafanana, ramakagadzwa kanoda inogarwa calcium phosphorus. Saka, kana nhengo chinotarisirwa radioactive karusiyamu pashure maawa anenge 24 anopfuura 50% of pfuma iri vaunganidza mapfupa.

budiriro

Bone inotungamirwa ari kuitwa osteoblasts, uye kunongova anoverengeka Ossificação em:

• Endesmalnoe. Voitakura kunze zvakananga connective zvinyama chifukidzo, chikuru mapfupa. Kubva siyana pfungwa Ossificação em mu connective zvinyama mudumbu nzira Ossificação em anotanga kupararira nemwaranzi kunhivi dzose. Pamusoro akaturikidzana pakati connective zvinyama Saka yakasara chimiro periosteum kubva pfupa unotanga kukura ukobvu.
• Perichondral. Pane pamusoro rokunze pemvura shwashwa pedzidziso dzekutanga rakananga Kupinda perichondrium. Nemhaka nezvebasa osteoblasts, izvo riri pasi perichondrium, zvishoma nezvishoma kunonoka pfupa, shwashwa yokutsiva nokuita zvikuru tsindirana mapfupa fuma.
• Periosteal. Akafanirwa kuti periosteum, ndiko kushandurwa perichondrium. Previous uye mhando osteogenesis vari kutevera mumwe.
• Endochondral. Chinozoiswa mukati shwashwa pedzidziso dzekutanga rakananga Kupinda perichondrium kupa chikafu munzvimbo shwashwa pezvakaitwa ane chaiyo nemidziyo. Izvi kosteobrazovatelnaya rinenge zvishoma nezvishoma anoparadza izvetshaly shwashwa Ossificação em nokuumba pfungwa zvakananga pakati cartilaginous mapfupa yokutevedzera. With mberi vachigovera endochondral Ossificação em kubva pakati kusvika arikunze rinoitwa trabecular mapfupa inotungamirwa.

iri sei kuenda?

Mumwe munhu ari vakuru kunokonzerwa Ossificação em kunotanga Neine Basa Chaizvo nzvimbo nechepakati mapfupa. Around nomwedzi upenyu mudumbu wechipiri atange kuoneka chikuru pfungwa iyo kukura diaphyseal, metaphyseal uye mitumbi mapfupa refu. Gare gare ivo ossified nokuda endochondral pfupa inotungamirwa uye perichondral, asi zvakanaka asati aberekwa kana pakutanga mashoma apfuura pashure pokuberekwa, kutanga kuonekwa yechipiri pfungwa, iro epiphyseal kukura.

In vana, uyewo vanhu pauduku uye munhu mukuru anogona kuonekwa yokuwedzera Ossificação em zviwi, apo budiriro anotanga apophyses. mapfupa Various vavo mumwe zvikamu, ina chirambe chakapfava fuma chaiyo, pamusoro nguva endochondral Ossificação em, ukuwo masangano kuti vanoumba kwayo nhengo chirambe chakapfava uye chiine fuma, ossify peri- uye endochondral. Ossificação em repfupa nerimwe riri zvakazara zvinoratidza zvayo dzichipfekeka yakafanira dzinotsanagura phylogeny.

kukura

Panguva kukura rinoitwa kuvakazve duku pfupa misha. Dzinotanga kuumbika osteons itsva, uye izvi zvakare kuitwa yakafanana rezorbatsiya rinomirira resorption kubva osteons yekare, uko zvinoberekwa osteoclasts. Nokuda kwavo vanoshingaira basa chose endochondral mapfupa diaphysis pakupedzisira urwa, uye pachinzvimbo aumba yakakwana mwongo mhango. Uyewo kucherechedza ndechokuti kutsunga uye akaturikidzana perichondral mapfupa, asi pachinzvimbo haazombotaurwi pfupa rakachengetedzwa zvimwe akaturikidzana kubva periosteum. In rezultatet mapfupa anotanga kukura ukobvu.

Bone kukura pakureba inopiwa epiphyseal shwashwa, chaiyo rukoko pakati metaphysis uye epiphysis, kuramba vechiduku uye nevana.