Ancient Greek chivezwa, ayo unhu, budiriro nzendo. zvivezwa Ancient Greek uye vanyori vavo

Chinyorwa chekare chechiGiriki chinoshandisa nzvimbo inokosha pakati pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupenyu hwemararamiro enyika ino. Mariri, kunaka kwemuviri wemunhu, zvakakosha zvinoridzwa uye zvakarongedzwa nerubatsiro rwemifananidzo. Zvisinei, kwete chete kubwinya kwemitsara uye kukwidzika ndiwo maitiro anoratidza chifananidzo chekare chechiGiriki. Saizvozvowo hukuru hwakanga huri nounyanzvi hwevadziri vayo, kuti vakakwanisa kuratidza kunyange mumatonhora ane hutano maitiro akawanda, kupa zvakadzika, zvinorehwa kune zviyero, sekunge kana kufema hupenyu mavari. Zvose zvekare zvechiGiriki zvakavezwa zvakavanzika, zvichikwezva kusvika ikozvino. Zvisikwa zvemasters makuru vanosiya pasina munhu asina hanya.

Greece yekare, semamwe tsika, yakaona nguva dzakasiyana pakukura kwayo. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akacherechedzwa nekuchinja mumarudzi ose emhando dzakanaka, kusanganisira kuvezwa. Nokudaro, kutsvaga matanho makuru ekuvandudzika kwechimiro ichi chemhando, zvichida nekutsanangura muchidimbu zvinhu zvekare zvechiGiriki zvakavezwa munguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuitika kwenyika ino.

Archaic period

Archaic period - nguva kubva pa8 kusvika kuzana remakore rechitanhatu BC. Chimiro chekare chechiGiriki panguva ino chaive nechimiro chinosanganisira zvimwe zvinhu. Yakaratidzwa nokuti mifananidzo yakaitwa mumabasa yakanga isina kusiyana mune zvakasiyana-siyana, iyo yakanga yakawandawo (zviyero zvevasikana vainzi mhou, majaya acho aiva kuros).

Apollo of the Shadow

Chifananidzo cheApollo cheShadow ndicho chakakurumbira kupfuura zvose, chinopona kusvikira panguva yedu, zviyero zveyi nguva. Mazana gumi nemaviri aanozivikanwa ikozvino. Iyo yakaitwa nemarble. Apollo inoratidzwa semurume wechidiki ane maoko ake pasi, zvigunwe zvakanamirwa mumatanda. Meso ake akazaruka, uye chiso chake chinoratidza kunyemwerera kwechikafu, zvinowanikwa zvifananidzo zvine chokuita nenguva ino.

Mifananidzo chikadzi

Mifananidzo yevakadzi nevanasikana yakaratidza bvudzi rawov, vhudzi refu, asi vakakweverwa zvikuru nezvose nekukwirira nekushongedza kwemitsara, kuratidzwa kwenyasha nevakadzi.

Archaic yekare maGreece mifananidzo yakave nemafungiro akasiyana, zvirongwa. Basa rimwe nerimwe, kune rimwe divi, rinonakidza nekudzivirira mafungiro uye nyore. Nokuda kwenguva yakatarwa, mumifananidzo yevanhu, sezvatakatoona, hafu-kunyemwerera chiratidzo, chinovapa zvakadzika uye zvakavanzika.

"Mwarikadzi ane Pomegranate" iri nhasi muBerlin State Museum ndiyo imwe yemhando dzakanakisisa dzakachengetedzwa pakati pezvimwe zvifananidzo zvekare. Nezvo "zvakashata" zvakaenzana uye kukanganiswa kwekunze kwechifananidzo, maoko, zvakanyanyisa kuurayiwa nemunyori, kutora pfungwa dzevateereri. Chiratidzo chinotsanangura chinoita kuti zvifananidzo zvive zvakanyatsonzwisisika uye zvine simba.

"Kuros kubva Piraeus"

Inowanikwa muAthenum Museum "Kuros kubva Piraeus" - gare gare, naizvozvo, zvakasikwa zvakakwana, zvakagadzirwa nemufananidzo wekare. Murwi ane simba uye ane simba anotarisana nesu. Zviratidzo zvemaoko uye kutengesa zvishoma kwomusoro kutaura pamusoro pehurukuro yaanotungamirira. Kuregererwa kwemazana hakusi pachena. Archaic vekare maGreece mifananidzo, sezvatakambotaura, vane maziso ezvisikwa zvekare. Zvisinei, chiyero ichi hachionekwi sezvisikwa zvepakutanga kwenguva yeArchaic.

Classical period

Chikoro chechipiri ndeye nguva kubva pa5 kusvika kuzana remakore rechina BC. Mabasa emifananidzo yakare echiGiriki panguva ino yakave nokuchinja, izvo zvatichakuudza zvino. Pakati pevanyori veiyi nguva imwe yevanhu vanozivikanwa zvikuru ndeyePythagoras Regiysky.

Pythagorean zvakavezwa zvifananidzo

Zvisikwa zvake zvinoratidzirwa nehutano uye hutsika, izvo panguva iyoyo zvaive zvitsva. Mamwe mabasa emunyori uyu anotorwawo kunyange asingatyi panguva ino (somuenzaniso, mufananidzo wemukomana anotora splinter). Kuvhiringidza kwepfungwa uye tarenda inoshamisa kwakabvumira muvezi uyu kuti adzidze zvinoreva kubatana achishandisa masvomhu nzira dzekuverenga. Akavatungamirira pamusana pechikoro chefilosofi uye chemasvomhu, chaakavamba. Pythagoras, achishandisa nzira idzi, akaongorora zvakasiyana-siyana zvekubatana: mimhanzi, zvigadziriswa, muviri wemunhu. Paiva nechikoro chePythagorean pachirevo chehamba. Yakaonekwa seheyo yenyika.

Vamwe vagadziri veklasi yepanguva

Chikoro chechiGiriki, kunze kwezita rePythagoras, chakapa nyika tsika tsika dzakadaro dzakakurumbira saPhidia, Polyclet naMiron. Mabasa emifananidzo yakare echiGiriki yevanyori ava vakabatana nehukuru hunotevera hukuru-kuratidzira kwekubatana kwemuviri wakanaka uye mweya wakanaka wakaiswa mukati maro. Ndicho chirevo ichi ndicho chikuru, chakatungamirira vatenzi vakasiyana-siyana venguva iyoyo mukusika zvisikwa zvavo. Chimiro chekare chechiGiriki ndicho chakanaka chekuwirirana uye kunaka.

Myron

Kukurudzira kukuru pane unyanzvi hweAtene hwezana remakore rechi5 BC. E. Yakapa basa reMyron (zvakakwana kuti tifunge nezveDecco yakakurumbira, yakaitwa nendarira). Uyu tenzi, kusiyana nePurisa, watinozotaura naye, akada kuratidzira zviyero zviri kufamba. Semuenzaniso, mumufananidzo wakataurwa pamusoro apa we Discobolus, uchibva kune zana remakore rechi5 BC. E., akaratidza murume wechidiki akanaka panguva iyo akazununguka kuti akande dhoni. Mumuviri wake wakazara uye akavezwa, akabatwa nekufambisa, sechitubu, akagadzirira kutendeuka. Mishonga yacho yaibhururuka pasi peganda rakasimbiswa remaoko, iro rakadzorerwa. Kuumba rutsigiro rwakatendeka, zvigunwe zvakanyura zvakaderera mujecha. Ichi chifananidzo chekare chechiGiriki (Discobol). Chifananidzo chacho chakakandwa kubva mumhangura. Asi zvakadaro, kopi yemabhiza yakaitwa nevaRoma kubva pakutanga yakasvika kwatiri. Chifananidzo chiri pasi apa chifananidzo cheMinotaur chebasa iri.

Policklet

Chigadzirwa chekare chechiGiriki Polikleta ane chinhu chinotevera chechimiro - chimiro chemurume akamira noruoko rwake akasimudzwa pamakumbo ose, chikamu chacho chinowanikwa. Chimiro chekuita kwake kwakanaka ndiyo chifananidzo chaDorifor the Spearman. Poliklet mumabasa ake akaedza kubatanidza nharo yakakodzera yemweya pamwe nekunamata uye kunaka. Ichi chido chakamufuridzira kuti aparidze mutauro wake unoti "Canon", zvinosuruvarisa, haana kupona kusvikira panguva yedu.

Yakazara noupenyu hwakaoma hwechifananidzo chePolisi. Akafarira kuratidza vatambi pazororo. Somuenzaniso, "Spearman" - murume ane simba rakagadzirwa, iro rakazara nekuzviremekedza. Anomira asingatenderi pamberi pomutaridzi. Zvisinei, runyararo urwu harusi runyararo, rinowanzoitwa zvifananidzo zvekare zveEgipita. Sezvo zviri nyore uye nounyanzvi uine muviri wake pachake, pfumo rinopfugama zvishoma nezvishoma rutsoka rwake, richichinja kuyerwa kweiyo kune imwe. Zvinoratidzika kuti nguva shomanana ichapfuura, uye iye achadzorera musoro wake oenda mberi. Pamberi pedu tinoonekwa munhu akanaka, akasimba, asingatyi, akachengetwa, anozvikudza - kuenzanisa kwezvinangwa zvevaGiriki.

Phidia

Iwe unogona kunyatsofungisisa Fidia semusiki mukuru, muumbi wemifananidzo, achifambidzana nezana remakore rechi5 BC. E. Ndiye iye aikwanisa kunyatsogadzira unyanzvi hwekukanda ndarira. Fidium yakakandirwa 13 zvifananidzo zvakavezwa, izvo zvakabva zvashongedzwa zvakafanira zve Delphic Temple yeApollo. Rinotsanangura kuwanda kwemabasa edzidzisi uyu zvakare mufananidzo weAtena Virgo muChenenon, iyo yakakwirira mamita gumi nemaviri. Iyo yakaitwa nenyanga dzenzou uye ndarama yakachena. Iyi nzira yekuita zvifananidzo yakanzi chryso-elephantine.

Mumifananidzo ye tenzi uyu, inonyanya kuratidza kuti muGrisi vanamwari mifananidzo yevanhu vakakodzera. Pamabasa ePhidhiasi, iyo yakachengetedzwa yakanakisisa 160-mita yemarabha ibhoni rekusunungurwa kwemhepo, iyo inoratidzira rwendo rwemwarikadzi Athena, kuenda kutembere yeChenhenon.

Statue yaAthena

Chifananidzo chetemberi ino chakavhiringidzwa zvikuru. Kunyange munguva yekare, "Athena Parthenos" yakarasika . Ichi chimiro chakamira mukati memutemberi. Phidhiasi akazvisika. Chigadzirwa chekare chechiGiriki cheAthena chaiva nezvinhu zvinotevera: musoro waro nechigunwe chakakomberedzwa uye huma yakanyorova pasi, pamwe nemaoko uye mutsipa zvakaitwa nenyanga dzenzou, uye helmete, nhoo, zvipfeko nevhudzi - kubva pamashizha endarama.

Kune dzakawanda nyaya dzakabatana nemufananidzo uyu. Saka mukurumbira uye mukuru waiva uyu unyanzvi hwekuti pakarepo Phidiasi aiva nevanhu vazhinji vane godo vaiedza nenzira dzose kuti vatsamise muvezi, nokuti ivo vakatsvaga zvikonzero zvekumupomera chinhu chipi zvacho. Uyu tenzi, somuenzaniso, akatopomerwa kuti akavanza chikamu chegoridhe chakanga chagadzirirwa kugadzirwa kweAthena. Phidhiasi, mukuratidza kwekusachena kwake, akatora zvese zvendarama kubva pamufananidzo ndokuzviyera. Uyu uremu hwakanyatsoenderana nehuwandu hwegoridhe rakapiwa kwaari. Ipapo muvezi akapomerwa kusada Mwari. Nhoo yeAtena yaiva chikonzero cheizvi. Yakaratidza nzvimbo yehondo neVaAmazoni vevaGiriki. Phidhiasi akazviratidza pakati pevaGiriki, pamwe naPericles. Vanhu vose veGreece, pasinei nezvose zvakakosha zve tenzi uyu, vakaramba vachipikisa. Kuuraya kwakashata kwakagumisa hupenyu hwemuvezi uyu.

Hazvirevi kune zvakagadziriswa zvezvifananidzo zvePhidias zvakaitwa muCarthenon. Nokudaro, akasika chimiro cheAthena Promachos chendarira, iyo yakavakwa mukati ma460 BC. E. MuAcropolis.

Statue yaZeus

KuFidia kwakasvika mukurumbira wechokwadi mushure mekusikwa kwei tenzi chifananidzo cheZeus chetemberi, iri muOlmia. Kureba kwemufananidzo waiva mamita 13. Zvinyorwa zvakawanda, nhamo, hazvina kupona, zvinongororwa chete uye makopi zvave zvichiripo kusvikira nhasi. Mune dzimwe nzira, izvi zvakasimudzirwa nekuparadzwa kwechisimba kwemabasa ekugadzirwa nevaKristu. Uye chifananidzo chaZeusi hachina kupona. Inogona kurondedzerwa sezvinotevera: mamiriyoni gumi nemaviri akagara pachigaro chegoridhe. Musoro wemwari wakanga wakashongedzwa nemucheka kubva pamatavi emuorivhi, uyo waiva chiratidzo chekuzorora kwake. Bofu, maoko, mapepa, chiso chakanga chakaitwa nenyanga dzenzou. Nguo yeZeusi yakakandwa pamusoro pefudzi rake rekuruboshwe. Nendebvu nekorona zvakaitwa nendarama inopenya. Ichi chifananidzo chekare chechiGiriki, chinotsanangurwa muchidimbu. Zvinoratidzika kuti Mwari, kana akasimuka uye achiparadzira mapepa ake, haazokwanisi muimba iyi huru-denga richava rakaderera kwaari.

Nguva yeHenenenism

Nhanho dzekugadzirwa kwechifananidzo chekare chechiGiriki chakapedziswa neGreekenistic. Iyi nguva ndiyo nguva munhoroondo yeGreece yekare kubva kumakore 4 kusvika kuma100 BC. Chifananidzo panguva ino chakanga chichiri chinangwa chikuru chekushongedza zvivakwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Asi zvakaratidzawo kuchinja kunoitika muhurumende yenyika.

Mumifananidzo, iyo yaiva panguva iyo imwe yemhando huru yemifananidzo, nekuwedzera, kune mazano akawanda uye zvikoro. Vaivapo muRhodes, muPegamo, Alexandria. Mabasa akanakisisa anopiwa nezvikoro izvi anoratidza matambudziko anotya panguva iyoyo pfungwa dzevanhu venguva ino. Iyi mifananidzo, zvakasiyana neyekudzikama yakagadzikana chinangwa, inotakura kushushikana kunotyisa, kushungurudzika mupfungwa, simba.

Nguva yekupedzisira yechiGiriki yekare inoratidzirwa nechisimba chakasimba cheEast pane zvose zveunyanzvi. Kune mitsva yezvakavezwa zvechiGiriki chekare: zvinhu zvakawanda, micheka yakaisvonaka, mashizha akaoma. Muhukuru uye runyararo rwemakirasi anopinda mukati mehutano uye manzwiro eEast.

Inowanikwa mumusimamende weRoma weChirungu "Aphrodite yeCyrene" yakazadzwa nemafungiro ezvimwewo, mamwe mapeji.

"Laocoon nevana Vake"

Chinyorwa chinonyanya kuzivikanwa, chemazuva ano, "Laocoon nevanakomana varo", chakaitwa naAgesandr weRhodes. Iyi inoyevedza inochengetwa muVatican Museum. Iyo yakagadzirwa izere yemutambo, uye chimiro chacho chinotora mafungiro. Iyo hero nevanakomana vake, vachirwisa zvikuru nyoka dzakatumirwa kuAthena, dzinoita sekunzwisisa nguva yavo yakaipa. Nenguva yakajeka, chifananidzo ichi chakaitwa. Ichokwadi uye mapurisa epurasitiki. Zviso zvema heroes zvinokurudzira zvakasimba.

Vatatu vakuru vezvigadziri

Mumabasa evagadziri vezana remakore rechina BC. E., Nzira yevanhu yekuchengetedza inochengeterwa, asi panguva imwechete kubatana kwevanhu vanobatana nehurumende kunopera. Manzwiro ekupedzwa kwehupenyu uye kuvimbika kwemaonero enyika inorasikirwa nemifananidzo yakare yeGreek uye vanyori vavo. Masters makuru, avo vaigara muzana remakore rechina BC. E., Ita unhu hunobudisa hutsva hutsva hwemweya. Kunyanya zvakajeka, kutsvakurudza uku kwakaratidzwa nevanyori vatatu - Lysippos, Praxitel uye Skopas.

Skopas

Scopas yakazova munhu akakurumbira kupfuura vamwe vose vezvigadziri vaishanda panguva iyoyo. Mune unyanzvi hwake, kusava nechokwadi kwakadzika, kurwa, kushungurudzika, kushushikana uye kufarira kufema. Ichi chizvarwa chechitsuwa cheParos chakashanda mumaguta akawanda munharaunda yeHellas. Kubata kwemunyori uyu kwakaitwa mufananidzo unonzi "Nika Samothrace". Iri zita rakagamuchirwa muchirangaridzo chekukunda muna 306 BC. E. The Rhodes fleet. Ichi chiyero chakasungirirwa pamusoro pedenga, chiyeuchidzo chekugadzirwa kwemhino yegwagwa.

Izvo "kutamba Maenad" yeSopopas inowanikwa mumasimba akaoma, akaoma.

Praxiteles

Vamwe vagadziri ve Praxitel vaive nekusiyana kwakasikwa. Uyu munyori akaimba kunaka kwechimiro chemuviri uye mufaro weupenyu. Praxitel aifarira mukurumbira mukuru, akanga akapfuma. Nyaya yakakurumbira yaiva chifananidzo cheAphrodite, chakagadzirwa naiye kuchitsuwa cheKernidos, kumufananidzo uyu. Akanga ari wekutanga muChiGiriki chinyorwa chemwarikadzi wakashama. Beauty Frina, iro rakakurumbira hetaera, Praxitel anodikamwa, akashanda semuenzaniso wechifananidzo cheAphrodite. Uyu musikana aipomerwa mhosva yekunyomba, ndokubva aruramiswa nekuyemura kunaka kwake vatongi. Praxitel muimbi wekunaka kwevakadzi, izvo vaGiriki vaikudzwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, chete pamakopi Aphrodite a Knidskaya anozivikanwa kwatiri.

Leohar

Leohar - Athenian master, mukuru pane vose vepanguva yePrxitel. Uyu muvezi, achishanda mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana echiGiriki, akasika zvinyorwa zvinyorwa nemifananidzo yevanamwari. Akaita mifananidzo yakawanda yemifananidzo mu chryso-elephantine nzira, ichiratidza nhengo dzemhuri yaFiripi, mambo weMacedonia . Mushure meizvozvo, akava dare reAlexander Mukuru, mwanakomana wake. Panguva ino, Leohar akagadzira chifananidzo cheApollo, chakakurumbira munguva dzekare. Yakanga yakachengetedzwa mumapepa e marble, akaitwa nevaRoma, uye yaizivikanwa munyika yose pasi pezita raApollo Belvedere. Leohar mune zvisikwa zvake zvose zvinoratidza nzira dzakanaka.

Mushure mokutonga kwaAlexandro Mukuru, nguva yechiGiriki yakazova nguva yekukurumidza kupenya kwemafoto. Vakagadzira zvigadziro zvevanyori vakasiyana-siyana, vanyori, vazivi, vatungamiri, vatongi vematunhu mumakamuri emaguta. Vadzidzisi vaida kugona kufanana kwepamwechete uye panguva imwechete kusimbisa zviitiko zvinogadzira mufananidzo chimiro chemufananidzo.

Vamwe vagadziri uye zvisikwa zvavo

Zvifananidzo zvekare zvekare zvakazova mienzaniso yemabasa akasiyana-siyana evatenzi vaishanda munguva yevaGiriki. Zvakajeka kuonekwa mumabasa ezuva iro gigantomania, ndiko kuti, chido chekuisa chifananidzo chaidiwa mumufananidzo mukuru. Kunyanya kakawanda inoratidzika apo kare maGreece zvigadzirwa zvevamwari zvakasikwa. Chifananidzo chewari Helios muenzaniso wakanaka. Inoumbwa nendarira yakashongedzwa, yakasvikira pavanopinda muRhodes Harbor. Kureba kwechifananidzo chiri mamita 32. Pamusoro pake wakashanda kwemakore gumi nemaviri, asinganeti, Hares, mudzidzi weRippo. Iri basa reunyanzvi rakatora nzvimbo yakakodzera kunoremekedzwa mubhuku rezvishamiso zvenyika.

Vakawanda mifananidzo mushure kubatwa yeRoma vakundi Greece yekare dzakanga aivigirwa kunze kwenyika. Kwete chete zvivezwa, asiwo ounyanzvi ane painting, gungano Imperial mumaraibhurari nezvimwe nemagariro zvinhu akatambudzikawo zvinoitirwa. Vanhu vazhinji kushanda mumunda redzidzo nesayenzi, vakabatwa. MuRoma yekare tsika Saka zvakanyatsobatana, kuchikosha kukanganisa kukura kwayo, dzakasiyana zvinhu chiGiriki.

mhedziso

Chokwadi, dzakasiyana nguva kukura zvakabuda kuburikidza Ancient Greece, akaita zvinhu zvavo paumbwe chivezwa, asi chimwe chinhu anobatanidza Artists enzvimbo eras zvakasiyana - chido kunzwisisa unyanzvi spatiality, rudo kutaura achishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri womunhu chivezwa. Ancient Greek chivezwa, pikicha rakapiwa kumusoro, zvinosuruvarisa achiripo chete aoma. Kazhinji aishanda mashoko machena nemifananidzo, pasinei kwayo fragility. Chete nenzira iyi zvaibvira abudise runako uye runako dzemuviri. Bronze, kunyange zviri zvikuru hwakavimbika uye anokudzwa zvinhu, ndoda kushandiswa.

Greek chivezwa Ancient uye kupenda chepakutanga uye hunakidze. Mienzaniso Various ounyanzvi kupa pfungwa upenyu nyika yomudzimu.