Alphonse Bertillon uye mupiro wake kukura kwemhosva

WokuFrance Izvi akaburuka munhau somunhu yakakurumbira kwemhosva, akasika nzira chaiyo, maererano izvo matsotsi Kuzivikanwa ikaitika nokuyera nomumwe nhengo dzemuviri uye musoro. Alphonse Bertillon - Funny kuvanhu vazhinji - vaiva kuwana mumajeri kwaakanga chaibatanidzwa kuyerwa parameters vasungwa chaiko.

Iye kuronga anthropometric asian vaifanira 15 kuyerwa. Somuenzaniso, kuti uzive zvinhu Kureba thumbs kana pinky, kuona dhayamita musoro, upamhi pahuma, uye zvichingodaro. D. fidgeting wake akaita kunyemwerera, uye dzimwe nguva majee anonyadzisa vasungwa, asi hapana aigona kufungidzira ruchasveerera nondescript murume ane rakamonana musoro uye nifty ndebvu - Alphonse Bertillon. Mupiro kwemhosva kuti munhu zvechokwadi guru chaizvo. Ndiye muvambi nzira kuziva anthropometric data, iyo gare gare ainzi kwaari bertilonazhem.

Alphonse Bertillon: Biography, upenyu nyaya

Nzvimbo yechizvarirwo of criminalist muna 1853, April 24, muguta guru French. baba vake - chiremba inozivikanwa uye Statistician Lui Adolf Bertillon. Aiva nhengo Anthropological Society of Paris, uye sekuru, achilles Giyar - anokudzwa yemasvomhu dzinongoitika musayendisiti, aizivikanwa vezvesayenzi muEurope. In shoko, mukomana aiva majini anoshamisa, asi kana kuchikoro kana yunivhesiti, haana kubudirira zvikuru, akanga kunyange adzingwa Imperial Lyceum muna Versailles. Ipapo jaya Alphonse Bertillon kwemakore achidzungaira kumaruwa French.

mutambi

Alphonse Bertillon (mufananidzo wake unogona kuona munyaya) mukusiyana yeMharidzo mhuri akanga havatombodi kuti sayenzi. Akanga nyararisa, pedantic, anamakuhwa, havavimbiki - zvemo munhu anonyara. Warehouse aiva bhendesera hunhu, yakanga anokakavara chaizvo uye tsamwisa, aigona chinyadzo pamusana kunyengedzazve. Imhaka yokuti izvi aifanira kuchinja chikoro katatu. In upenyu vakura sezvo kamwe akadzingwa pasina tsananguro kubva kubhengi apo baba vake yakaronga. Zvino Alphonse Bertillon vakasarudza kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu uye akasiya France, mudzidzisi French agere mumhuri akapfuma Chirungu. Asi ukama uye kwakanga haripo, saka akanga asina sarudzo, asi kudzokera kunyika yokumusha kwavo.

Alphonse haana kuziva sei kutaura nevakadzi, kana zvinonakidza kupedzera nguva. Rave kunyimwa chose nzeve mimhanzi, uyewo omumwe runako. The-Gore 22 jaya akwegura akanzi kupinda Royal Army. Pachena, uye pano zvakanga zvisiri nyore, nokuti anokakavara hunhu.

basa Search

Papera makore mashomanana, vachisiya basa, Alphonse Bertillon vari uchitsvaga basa, asi pasinei vakaedza, aisakwanisa kuwana chinhu akakodzera. Kunze, akanga asina kugamuchira dzidzo yepamusorosoro, uye ichi zvinoomesa kutsvaka. Pakupedzisira, jaya vakasarudza kamwe zvakare kukumbira kubatsirwa baba vake.

Kwapera nguva, Lui Bertilonu ndaronga mwanakomana wake Police Prefecture kweParis kusvikira pambiru mabharani mubatsiri. Saka, Bertillon muna 1879 ari mapurisa zvakatipoteredza.

basa

Apo Alphonse yaiva nguva yokutanga iri raida forensic kuzivikanwa, ndakanga mwoyo chaizvo, sezvo stultifying uye anongoda maturo sokuti basa rake ramangwana. Oddly zvakakwana, hazvina chete makaparadzaniswa naye kubva basa, asi nekusiyana, anomanikidzwa kufungisisa dambudziko kwemhosva ano. Vashandi kuti dhipatimendi yake dzimwe nguva akasekwa pakuedza vatinoshanda navo kushandura chinhu, uye vaisagona kunyange kufungidzira kuti pamberi pavo muvambi nzira itsva - Alphonse Bertillon. Forensics ake chiedza ruoko panguva iyoyo aiva yakawanda mberi.

pfungwa itsva

Zuva nezuva, vashandi redhipatimendi ake akanga akanyorwa akaongorora mazana ezviuru makadhi nematsananguriro vanhu vanenge nokusingaperi vakapara mhosva. Zvisinei, akaberekerwa uye amutswa pakati mathematicians Bertillon ainzwa mubasa rake kuti chinhu chakaipa, kuti hakuna systematization, izvo zvinogona kubatsira mumabasa ayo. Uye, vachiyeuka anthropometric parameters, akatanga gauging nezvevamwe nhengo dzomuviri uye vakafunga kuti mashoko anozadza iri remibvunzo, iyo akazarurwa pamusoro matsotsi.

Kuziva Biography murume, kunodokuva kusingabviri kutenda kuti ndiye muvambi itsva nenguva kwemhosva. Pashure nzira yake aronga rakazoshandiswa uye awana kukurumbira pachaunga nyaya yakaonekwa nenzwi guru misoro - "shasha reFrance Alphonse Bertillon uye ake dzidziso kuziva kupfupfudzika ruramisiro", "kurarama nzira Long" bertilonazh "- chikuru Zvakawanikwa remakore rechi19" .

The nzira

Panguva apo Bertillon akasika nzira itsva haana pikicha mukana kana fingerprinting - kuona munhu maererano zveminwe. Sezvo mashoko pamusoro matsotsi havasi systematized, kadhi hwakanyorwa mamwe mashoko kuti inomiririrwa yoku asian. Zvisinei, tsananguro iyi zvinonyatsoenderana zviuru zvizhinji zvevanhu, uyezve, pakanga rakapotsa pasina ruzivo avo anthropometric mashoko.

Alphonse akanzwisisa kuti mano achinyora pamusoro zvinoitwa mukuru-yakaderera mhando, nemvumi-mutete. Zvikuru kukosha kunyora pamusoro fomu chairo pakakwirira, mafudzi upamhi, maoko urefu kune nyore, uye zvichingodaro. D. Ndiko kuti kuyerwa parameters ari munhu, izvo kugara. Uye chiratidzo mune ramangwana harifaniri pfungwa imwe kana mbiri parameters, uye 14-15. Mukana zvikanganiso achashongedzwa kushoma. More zvakananga, A. Bertillon akawana kuti wemishonga namana parameters akadai kukura, rokumusoro muviri urefu, musoro sekamufarenzi uye urefu, kureba kwemaoko nemakumbo, uyewo nerimwe minwe, uye zvichingodaro. E. Mature kwevanhu mukana zvinongoitika zvoga akaenzana 1 kusvika mamiriyoni 250.

Workflow

Chokwadika, kupfimbwa ake pamusoro pakagadzwa anthropometric asian akabatwa aine tsanga yomunyu. Zvisinei, akapiwa mukana kushanda ichi uye kuti aratidze simba raro. Nevamwe mafaro nzira akatora rwokuyera muruoko, tichienzanisa chiso mifananidzo vemhosva, anoyera daro pakati pameso, kureba uye upamhi mhino uye mhuno zambuko uye t. D.

Ipapo zviremera vakagamuchira forensic mvumo uye masero kushanyira jeri, obmerivaya akasungwa. Chokwadi, nguva imwe neimwe vakapiwa mamwe sebaceous majee parutivi vasungwa, asi haana kuteerera uye painstakingly akaenda chinangwa chake.

Pose, iye yainyatsoziva Kururama pfungwa yake kukura 5 nhengo dzomuviri hadzisi zvakafanana panguva imwe chete. Nechekare ane kuruoko uchapupu kutsigira dzidziso yake, iye akapa ake budiriro zviremera. Asi zvakanga zvakakodzera kuronga zvose, zvakanga zvakakunakira kushandisa umboo ari kuziviswa matsotsi. Zvechokwadi, uyewo yakanga kukurira Alphonse Bertillon.

Mharidzo yokupedzisira shanduro nzira yake yaiva kuitika chete pashure akaisa zvose pamusoro echiShinto, uye vachakwanisa kushandisa forensic nyika yose.

systematization

Kamwe kuyerwa kunge aunganidzwa, zvakanga zvakafanira kuti pave indekisi kadhi umo zvaibvira kuwana nyore zvinodiwa profile.

Maererano Bertillon dzidziso, kana kushandisa kadhi faira ose 90 000 Profiles vanogona kuva pakutanga kuti vanyore somunhu chikuru chepfungwa kureba musoro, uye ipapo vose siyana zvinogona kukamurwa mapoka makuru matatu. Muchiitiko chino, mumwe nomumwe achava 30 000 makadhi.

Zvadaro, kana yechipiri wedzerai parameter akadai upamhi musoro, pachishandiswa nzira iyi, iyo chikwata vachafanira mapoka 9, mumwe nomumwe riri 10,000 makadhi.

Kana ukashandisa 11 parameters, bhokisi rimwe vachatitaka 10-12 chete profiles. izvi zvose Akauya wevarume rechiFrench tsotsi mapurisa, Mr. Surete. Zvisinei, chii zvakanga zvakaoma kunzwisisa pakutanga rusingaperi manhamba akanyorwa muna mbiru, uye iye vamurayira hatichamuzivi vanetseke chero maturo. Zvisinei, Alfonso haana kurega uye akaedza zvaaigona kuti aratidze Kururama dzidziso yake. Zvino akapiwa-mwedzi 3 kutongwa nguva.

Uchapupu efficacy dzidziso

Chokwadi, mukana wokuratidza dzidziso yake vamwe mitatu vakanga vashomashoma, asi Alfonso rombo. Aifanira kuziva chinenge mashoko mhosva iyo ine wayo kunzwisisa faira cabinet. Izvi zvaireva kuti mutadzi anofanira kunge akaita mhosva nokuda mitatu uye date Bertillon kuvharirwa nemapurisa.

Mufaro mukuru Alphonsus ichi nyaya chaipiwa kuna 80-zuva kutongwa nguva, pashure pokunge tariro. Akakwanisa kuratidza dzidziso yake, uye akanga nokukurumidza akagadza mukuru French basa mapurisa zvitupa. Zvino paiva mukuru-Profile nyaya "Ravachol", iro vakauya kwaari mbiri kwete chete muFrance, asi Europe yose. forensic maitiro akadana shasha, uye iye pachake kwainzi gamba renyika. Zvisinei, "kuonga" kune zvinotyisa hasha dzake pasi anovengwa. Asi kwakanga Alphonse Bertillon!

Fingerprinting, iyo yakagadzirwa Papera, wakawanikwa kuva yakarurama, uye chete namarudzi sumo bertilonazh hurongwa kuzoserera kupinda necheseri.

Alphonse Bertillon: Book

Muna 1893, Alfonso yakabudiswa kubatsira forensic masayendisiti, iyo akadana "Kuraira pamusoro zvichikurukura hurongwa". Munyori wakapiwa mairi nepurani yakadhirowewa papepa avo Ezvemutauro zvakange zvakafanira pataidzidza, uyewo mifananidzo, iyo pakuyera nenyanzvi dzemiviri kuonekwa.

Zvinoitawo rinoudza mapurisa, registrars, sei zvakakodzera kuti zadza remibvunzo. Sezvineiwo, panguva ino yakanga yakaitwa A. Bertillon signaliticheskoy kurekodha nzira sezvinoitirwa iyo mutadzi akanga mifananidzo vachishandisa unokosha kamera arşive muna 3 siyana: mu Profile, frontal (1/7 yepakutanga kukura) uye renguva urefu (1/20 Nat. tsika). Mifananidzo iyi aifanirawo kuva vasiyana Profiles vanhu, kamwe vakapara mhosva uye vakanotora wakamirira Donongodzo Bertillon.